Renal cyclooxygenase 2. Medical search. Frequent questions

This assertion is borne out by recent clinical studies showing that the COX-2 inhibitors rofecoxib and celecoxib procedure qualitative changes in urinary prostaglandin excretion, glomerular filtration rate, sodium retention, and their consequences similar to nonselective NSAIDs. (nih.gov)
It, therefore, seems unlikely that these COX-2 inhibitors (and perhaps their successors) will offer renal safety benefits over nonselective NSAID therapies, and, at this juncture, it is reasonable to assume that all NSAIDs, including COX-2-selective inhibitors, share a similar risk for adverse renal effects. (nih.gov)
Selective cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibitors have fewer gastrointestinal adverse effects. (medscape.com)
Although increased cost can be a negative factor, the incidence of costly and potentially fatal GI bleeds is clearly less with COX-2 inhibitors than with traditional NSAIDs. (medscape.com)
Ongoing analysis of cost avoidance of GI bleeds will further define the populations that will find COX-2 inhibitors the most beneficial. (medscape.com)
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) and COX-2 inhibitors: Increased risk of renal impairment. (nih.gov)
1 Moreover, ACE inhibitors, NSAIDs and diuretics, individually or in combination, are involved in over 50% of cases of iatrogenic acute renal failure reported to ADRAC. (antidepressantsfacts.com)
More specifically, the combined use of ACE inhibitors, diuretics and NSAIDs, termed the "triple whammy", is implicated in a significant number of reports to ADRAC of drug-induced renal failure. (antidepressantsfacts.com)
Emerging studies have shown that increased intensity and duration of acute pain may be correlated with a higher incidence of chronic pain, and regional anesthesia, ketamine, gabapentinoids, and cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors may be helpful for prevention of chronic postsurgical pain. (mhmedical.com)
NSAIDs or COX inhibitors are at the top of the list, with the lowest number-needed-to-treat. (mhmedical.com)
It belongs to the class of COX- 2 inhibitors and stops the production of inflammatory mediators that causes pain and inflammation. (qrxpharma.com)
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin-II receptor blockers (ARBs), diuretics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) all have the potential to decrease renal function. (bpac.org.nz)
The term "triple whammy" refers to the concurrent use of an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or an angiotensin-II receptor blocker (ARB), with a diuretic and a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), including cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors. (bpac.org.nz)
ACE inhibitors or ARBs generally preserve renal function. (bpac.org.nz)
Pharmacologically, the drug is thought to be more "COX-2 selective" than conventional NSAIDs such as ibuprofen and naproxen but less so than the highly selective COX-2 inhibitors celecoxib and rofecoxib. (medscape.com)
Additionally, these drugs, both non-selective inhibitors and selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, are frequently associated with side effects, impairing patients' compliance to their use 6 . (bvsalud.org)
Patients refusing to discontinue treatment with NSAIDs or cox-2 inhibitors during the follow-up period. (who.int)

NSAID-induced gastrointestinal toxicity is generally believed to occur through blockade of COX-1 activity, whereas the anti-inflammatory effects of NSAIDs are thought to occur primarily through inhibition of the inducible isoform, COX-2. (nih.gov)
Inhibition of COX-1 may contribute to NSAID GI toxicity. (medscape.com)
At therapeutic concentrations, COX-1 isoenzyme is not inhibited, thus GI toxicity may be decreased. (medscape.com)
Inhibition of COX-1 is thought to be associated with gastrointestinal and renal toxicity while inhibition of COX-2 provides anti-inflammatory activity. (drugs.com)
Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition prevents renal toxicity but not hypertension during sunitinib treatment. (amedeo.com)
APOL1 risk allele RNA contributes to renal toxicity by activating protein kinase R. (nih.gov)
Doses may be increased every 2 weeks according to clinical response, serum drug levels, and toxicity. (guidelinecentral.com)

Although nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) effectively treat a variety of inflammatory diseases, these agents may cause deleterious effects on kidney function, especially with respect to solute homeostasis and maintenance of renal perfusion and glomerular filtration. (nih.gov)
NSAIDs act by reducing prostaglandin biosynthesis through inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) which exists as two isoforms (COX-1 and COX-2). (nih.gov)
Drugs that selectively inhibit COX-2 might, therefore, be expected to produce effects on renal function similar to nonselective NSAIDs which inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2. (nih.gov)
Except for the COX-2 NSAIDs, most have similar adverse effect profiles, and most have the same effect on prostaglandins. (medscape.com)
In 2005, the FDA issued a memorandum concluding that risks for serious cardiovascular (CV) events seem to be as great for nonselective NSAIDs as for COX-2-selective agents such as rofecoxib, according to long-term, controlled clinical trials. (wikipedia.org)
Based on data up to 2015, the FDA reasserted the likelihood of an increased risk of serious adverse CV events from COX-2=selective and nonselective NSAIDs, dependent on dose and duration. (wikipedia.org)
By creating "selective" NSAIDs that inhibit COX-2, but not COX-1, the same pain relief as traditional NSAIDs is offered, but with greatly reduced risk of fatal or debilitating peptic ulcers. (wikipedia.org)
The mechanism of action of Carprofen, like that of other NSAIDs, is believed to be associated with the inhibition of cyclooxygenase activity. (drugs.com)
NSAIDs (e.g. indomethacin) reduce cyclooxygenase activity and may interfere with loop diuretic action through decreasing renal prostaglandin synthesis. (pharmacology2000.com)
NSAIDs are associated with an increased risk of AKI, due to blockade of the COX-2 enzyme preventing prostacyclin synthesis, which causes afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction. (bpac.org.nz)
Mobic is classified as a COX-2 inhibitor in some countries but not in the US, where it is included in the category of nonselective NSAIDs. (medscape.com)

The results of the present study revealed that ketamine treatment induced NF‑κB p65 translocation to nuclei and activated COX‑2 expression and prostaglandin (PGE)2 production in bladder tissue, whereas COX‑2 inhibitor suppressed the inflammatory effect. (spandidos-publications.com)
The Cox-2 inhibitor, celecoxib (Pfizer Inc., N.Y., USA), is a promising chemopreventive agent [Arber et al. (karger.com)
Renoprotective effects of a novel Nox1/4 inhibitor in a momodel of type 2 diabetes. (ohri.ca)
Recent studies have reported that mild hyperuricemia in normal rats induced by the uricase inhibitor, oxonic acid (OA), results in hypertension, intrarenal vascular disease, and renal injury. (scienceopen.com)
To examine the effect of hyperuricemia on renal disease progression, rats were fed 2% OA for 6 wk after 5/6 remnant kidney (RK) surgery with or without the xanthine oxidase inhibitor, allopurinol, or the uricosuric agent, benziodarone. (scienceopen.com)
In in vitro studies, cultured vascular smooth muscle cells incubated with uric acid also generated COX-2 with time-dependent proliferation, which was prevented by either a COX-2 or TXA-2 receptor inhibitor. (scienceopen.com)
In using VASOTEC consideration should be given to the fact that another angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, captopril, has caused agranulocytosis, particularly in patients with renal impairment or collagen vascular disease, and that available data are insufficient to show that VASOTEC does not have a similar risk (see WARNINGS ). (rxlist.com)
Ibuprofen is a selective COX 2 (cyclooxygenase 2) enzyme inhibitor. (qrxpharma.com)

Therefore, COX - also known as prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS), fatty acid COX, prostaglandin H (PGH) synthase, and EC 1.14.99.1 - is implicated in the production of fever, inflammation, and pain. (medscape.com)
COX-1 mediates the synthesis of prostaglandins responsible for protection of the stomach lining, while COX-2 mediates the synthesis of prostaglandins responsible for pain and inflammation. (wikipedia.org)
The inducible cyclooxygenase, COX-2, generates prostaglandins involved in inflammation. (drugs.com)
In this study, we investigated the role of the NF-κB signaling pathway and inflammation in the amelioration of renal IRI using pioglitazone. (frontiersin.org)
Eicosanoids play pivotal roles in parturition, inflammation, hemodynamics, and renal function, and our appreciation of their bioimpact and relevance to human diseases is still evolving. (jci.org)
These results suggest that RSV prevents diabetes-induced renal inflammation and mesangial cell proliferation possibly through Akt/NF- κ B pathway inhibition. (hindawi.com)
In the present study, therefore, we aimed to determine whether RSV treatment attenuated renal inflammation and mesangial cell proliferation under diabetic condition both in vivo and in vitro . (hindawi.com)
In various mouse and rat models of obesity and type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus, eCBs generated in various renal cells activate CB 1 receptors and contribute to the development of oxidative stress, inflammation, and renal fibrosis. (degruyter.com)
Uric acid (UA) is known to induce endothelial dysfunction by reactive oxygen production,(9) inflammation and vasoconstriction by various mechanisms,(10, 11) and increased cyclooxygenase-2 expression. (researchsquare.com)

Renal Cell Carcinoma. (iiarjournals.org)
Risk of renal cell carcinoma following exposure to metalworking fluid s among autoworkers. (cdc.gov)
We examine how MWF influence the rate of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in a large prospective study. (cdc.gov)

WNK kinases, renal ion transport and hypertension. (medscape.com)
Gain-of-function mutations within the WNK-SPAK/OSR1-NKCC2/NCC pathway lead to renal salt retention and hypertension, whereas loss-of-function mutations have been associated with salt-losing tubulopathies such as Bartter or Gitelman syndromes. (bvsalud.org)
Hypertension was defined as 2 elevated blood pressure readings (systolic 140 mmHg/diastolic 90 mmHg) during 2021 and/or on anti-hypertensive medication recorded in their EHR 5 years. (cdc.gov)

5-9 Data also indicate that Carprofen inhibits the production of osteoclast-activating factor (OAF), PGE 1 , and PGE 2 by its inhibitory effects on prostaglandin biosynthesis. (drugs.com)
The eCB system is comprised of eCBs, anandamide, and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol, their cannabinoid-1 and cannabinoid-2 receptors (CB 1 and CB 2 , respectively), and the enzymes involved in their biosynthesis and degradation. (degruyter.com)

Regardless of the etiology, a deficiency of cyclooxygenase (COX), a key regulatory enzyme in the synthetic pathway of eicosanoid production, results in beneficial and detrimental physiologic conditions relative to imbalances of the eicosanoids. (medscape.com)
Podocyte-specific overexpression of human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 attenuates diabetic nephropathy in mice. (ohri.ca)
Increased urinary angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in renal transplant patients with diabetes. (ohri.ca)

Rofecoxib is a COX-2-selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). (wikipedia.org)
The specificity of a particular NSAID for COX-2 versus COX-1 may vary from species to species. (drugs.com)
2 The risk of AKI is highest in the first month of NSAID treatment. (bpac.org.nz)

Normally, activation of the CB 1 receptor regulates renal vascular hemodynamics and stimulates the transport of ions and proteins in different nephron compartments. (degruyter.com)

COX-2 is considered an inducible isoenzyme, induced during pain and inflammatory stimuli. (medscape.com)

Am J Physiol Renal Physiol (2018 Jul 1) 315:F140-F150. (nih.gov)

Cyclooxygenase-2 Selectively Controls Renal Blood Flow Through a Novel PPARβ/δ-Dependent Vasodilator Pathway. (unil.ch)
[ 1 ] Thus, tracing research of the COX pathway is essential to an understanding of COX deficiency, and examining the variable effects of COX inhibition are advantageous. (medscape.com)
Collectively, these landmark discoveries provided initial insight into the COX pathway of arachidonate metabolism. (medscape.com)
Advances in genomic analysis have led to a clearer understanding of the COX pathway. (medscape.com)
Thus, pioglitazone ameliorates renal IRI by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway and inflammatory response in rats. (frontiersin.org)
Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying pioglitazone hydrochloride-mediated amelioration of renal IRI with respect to the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) signaling pathway and inflammatory response using a rat model. (frontiersin.org)
PACAP promotes both survival and neuritogenesis in PC12 cells by activating NF-kappaB pathway, most likely via classical and alternative signaling cascades involving ERK1/2 kinases, Ca(2+), and c-Rel/p52 dimers. (genscript.com)

Dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin system: Increased risk of renal impairment, hypotension, and hyperkalemia. (nih.gov)

By 1964, after recognition of this basic structure, Bergstrom and colleagues successfully synthesized series 2 prostaglandins from arachidonic acid using sheep seminal fluid. (medscape.com)
Their distinct biosynthetic activity includes an endoperoxidase synthase reaction that oxygenates and cyclizes polyunsaturated fatty acid precursors (eg, arachidonic acid) to form prostaglandin G 2 (PGG2), and a peroxidase reaction that converts PGG2 to prostaglandin H 2 (PGH2), as shown below. (medscape.com)
Cyclooxygenase conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandin H2 (PGH2). (medscape.com)

Though the class of coxibs includes several agents, degrees of COX-2 selectivity vary among them, with celecoxib (Celebrex) being the least COX-2 selective, and rofecoxib (Vioxx), valdecoxib (Bextra), and etoricoxib (Arcoxia), being highly COX-2 selective. (wikipedia.org)

Nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients: The most common adverse reactions which were more frequent than placebo were hyperkalemia dizziness, orthostatic dizziness, and orthostatic hypotension. (nih.gov)
In addition, 13 reports have been received of neonatal adverse effects probably resulting from breast-milk transfer of an SSRI (sertraline 9, paroxetine 2, fluoxetine 2). (antidepressantsfacts.com)
Because the therapeutic potential of globally acting CB 1 receptor antagonists in these conditions is limited due to their neuropsychiatric adverse effects, the recent development of peripherally restricted CB 1 receptor antagonists may represent a novel pharmacological approach in treating renal diseases. (degruyter.com)

Goal is to inhibit the cox-me-diated generation of pro-in-fla-mmatory eicosa-noids and to limit extent of inflam-mation, pain and fever. (cheatography.com)

Prostanoids, as they are known today, are a specific class of bioactive mediators generated via initial actions of cyclooxygenase. (jci.org)
Here, we focus on newly uncovered pathways, involving either the cyclooxygenases (COXs) or nonenzymatic chemical transformations, that lead to the formation of bioactive prostanoids and of previously unknown lipid mediators produced by COX-2. (jci.org)

2 The constitutive cyclooxygenase, COX-1, synthesizes prostaglandins necessary for normal gastrointestinal and renal function. (drugs.com)

Consider tolerance of medication (which may result in epigastric distress), prior history of gastric ulceration, renal disease, possible interaction with other medications, and cost. (medscape.com)

Small dosages initially are indicated in small and elderly patients and in those with renal or liver disease. (medscape.com)
Treatment of diabetic nephropathy in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes, an elevated serum creatinine, and proteinuria. (nih.gov)
Most reports to ADRAC of drug-induced renal failure relate to elderly patients, and this applies as well to renal failure associated with the triple therapy (median age 76 years). (antidepressantsfacts.com)
While IBD-related colorectal cancers account for only 1-2% of all CRC cases, CRC accounts for 10-15% of deaths in patients with IBD. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
We surveyed 188 renal patients using 36 multiple-choice questions in 2 hospitals in the United Arab Emirates. (who.int)
RÉSUMÉ La présente étude a examiné les connaissances et la compréhension actuelles des patients en matière de substitution par des génériques. (who.int)
Nous avons enquêté auprès de 188 patients atteints d'une maladie rénale à l'aide de 36 questions à choix multiples dans deux hôpitaux des Émirats arabes unis. (who.int)
À notre avis, la substitution par des génériques ne doit pas être mise en œuvre de manière aléatoire en raison de l'incertitude et des faibles connaissances des patients. (who.int)
Living donor kidney transplantation is one of the established treatment options for patients with end-stage renal diseases (ESRDs). (researchsquare.com)
The recommended starting maintenance dose in adults and pediatric patients over 10 years old with normal renal function is given in Table 2 . (guidelinecentral.com)
Table 3 provides the recommended (once daily) maintenance dose for adults and pediatric patients over 10 years old (to be given once daily) according to lean body weight and renal function. (guidelinecentral.com)
This first update of the ASAS/EULAR recommendations on the management of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is based on the original paper, a systematic review of existing recommendations and the literature since 2005 and the discussion and agreement among 21 international experts, 2 patients and 2 physiotherapists in a meeting in February 2010. (bmj.com)
Patients receiving treatment with diacerhein, avocado and soy unsaponifiables, glucosamine or chondroitin initiated less than 2 months prior to inclusion. (who.int)
Patients with renal insufficiency. (who.int)

These include a "black-box" warning on cardiovascular (CV) and gastrointestinal (GI) risks and additional "warnings" language about potential CV, GI, renal, and skin problems associated with the drug. (medscape.com)
14 mmol/L, hyperbilirubinaemia in the several undesirable consequences, includ- level of exchange transfusion [ 3 ], bleeding ing haemodynamic, pulmonary, cerebral, tendency, evidence of necrotizing entero- renal and gastrointestinal disturbances [ 3 ]. (who.int)

Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is considered as a major cause of acute kidney injury. (frontiersin.org)
It is considered as a major cause of acute renal failure and the main factor in early recovery of renal graft function and long-term survival post renal transplantation. (frontiersin.org)
3 In 2002, 28 of the 129 reports to ADRAC of acute renal failure implicated one of these combinations. (antidepressantsfacts.com)

The transcription of COX-1 yields a 2.7-kilobase (kb) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) that encodes a 576-residue, 65-kd protein. (medscape.com)
Conversely, the transcription of COX-2 yields a 4.5-kb mRNA that encodes a 70-kd protein with roughly 70-75% homology to the COX-1 protein. (medscape.com)
HIV viral protein R induces loss of DCT1-type renal tubules. (nih.gov)
found that RSV decreased the activity of PI3K/Akt phosphorylation, resulting in a decrease in BCL-2-associated X protein (BAX) and increases in BCL-2 and superoxide dismutase production in diabetic kidney [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
Both CB 1 and CB 2 receptors, which share a low level (44%) of sequence homology [6], are G protein-coupled receptors that mainly signal via G i /G o proteins, even though they may also activate G s , G q/11 , and G protein-independent signaling pathways [ 7 ]. (degruyter.com)

Benziodarone reduced uric acid levels less effectively and only partially improved BP and renal function, with minimal effect on the vascular changes. (scienceopen.com)
To better understand the mechanism for the vascular disease, the expression of COX-2 and renin were examined. (scienceopen.com)

They have been defined as monotropic integral membrane proteins located primarily in the endoplasmic reticulum (COX-1) and the perinuclear envelope (COX-2). (medscape.com)

Evidence suggests that COX-1 and COX-2 are similar in structure and function but that they exist as 2 distinct enzymatic entities. (medscape.com)
Monitor renal function and serum potassium. (nih.gov)
Renal function and histologic studies were performed at 6 wk. (scienceopen.com)
The current review focuses on the role of the eCB system in normal kidney function and various diseases, such as diabetes and obesity, that directly contributes to the development of renal pathologies. (degruyter.com)
The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between preoperative serum UA levels and post-donation long-term events and renal function. (researchsquare.com)
Therefore, in the present study, we hypothesized that preoperative serum UA levels would be associated with post-donation long-term events and renal function. (researchsquare.com)
LANOXIN dose is based on patient-specific factors (age, lean body weight, renal function, etc. (guidelinecentral.com)
In selecting a LANOXIN dosing regimen, it is important to consider factors that affect digoxin blood levels (e.g., body weight, age, renal function, concomitant drugs) since toxic levels of digoxin are only slightly higher than therapeutic levels. (guidelinecentral.com)

However, these medicines can also decrease glomerular filtration by causing vasodilation of the efferent renal arteriole. (bpac.org.nz)

In this study of the therapeutic effects of oral treatments, 20 preterm infants were randomized to oral ibuprofen (1 × 10 mg/kg, then 2 × 5 mg/kg at 24-hour intervals) or oral indomethacin (3 × 0.2 mg/kg at 24-hour intervals). (who.int)
Iran, and a comparative study was therefore mg in 5 mL (Hakim Pharmaceutical Com- conducted to evaluate the therapeutic ef- pany, 75-HM-30) was given as an initial fects of oral administration of indomethacin dose of 10 mg/kg, followed by 2 further capsules or ibuprofen suspension on closure doses of 5 mg/kg at 24-hour intervals [ 8 ]. (who.int)

Accumulated data suggest that the predicted evolution of diabetic glomerulopathy is comprised of an early, transient mesangial cell proliferation and subsequent hypertrophy of these cells that herald the slow progression into glomerulosclerosis [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
26-28) We have also reported that preoperative hyperuricemia was strongly associated with suboptimal renal compensatory hypertrophy at 12 months after renal donation. (researchsquare.com)

At 24 h post-operatively, we assessed the serum levels of creatinine and urea nitrogen, expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) and NF-κB-related (p-IKK-β and IκB-α) proteins, and mRNA expression levels of the inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and MCP-1, in the renal tissue of various study groups. (frontiersin.org)
Pioglitazone also decreased the mRNA expression of TNF-α and MCP-1 in the renal tissue. (frontiersin.org)
Here, we have compiled gene lists of the acetyltransferases and deacetylases in the mammalian genomes and mapped their mRNA expression along the renal tubule. (bvsalud.org)

Nox and renal disease. (ohri.ca)
NADPH oxidase 5 and renal disease. (ohri.ca)
A role for uric acid in the progression of renal disease. (scienceopen.com)
Hyperuricemia is associated with renal disease, but it is usually considered a marker of renal dysfunction rather than a risk factor for progression. (scienceopen.com)
This led to the hypothesis that uric acid may contribute to progressive renal disease. (scienceopen.com)
Some of the common names of gout throughout the years include 'The Disease of Kings' and 'The Unwalkable Disease' by Hippocrates, and eventually, the term 'gout' was used by a Dominican monk named Randolphus of Bocking in the 1200s [2]. (researchgate.net)
There are now 11 bullet points including 2 new ones, one related to extra-articular manifestations and one to changes in the disease course. (bmj.com)
Innumerous biological systems have been suggested as alternatives to modulate the host's immune-inflammatory response involved in periodontal disease 2 . (bvsalud.org)

In rat renal tissue, pioglitazone treatment decreased the serum levels of post-renal IRI creatinine and urea nitrogen, as well as necrosis. (frontiersin.org)

Therapeutic approaches targeting chronic hypoxia in the kidney should be effective against a broad range of renal diseases. (scienceopen.com)

Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were subjected to bilateral renal artery clamping for 45 min followed by perfusion restoration for establishing a simulated renal IRI model. (frontiersin.org)
RK rats developed transient hyperuricemia (2.7 mg/dl at week 2), but then levels returned to baseline by week 6 (1.4 mg/dl). (scienceopen.com)
Hyperuricemic rats showed increased renal renin and COX-2 expression, the latter especially in preglomerular arterial vessels. (scienceopen.com)

In contrast, activation of the renal CB 2 receptors reduces the deleterious effects of these chronic diseases. (degruyter.com)
Gout is one of the earliest diseases to be documented and was first identified by the Egyptians as early as 2640 BC [2] . (researchgate.net)

Upon culture in endothelial growth media, these cells expressed endothelial lineage markers, such as CD31, Tie2, and VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2), and incorporated into blood vessels in ischemic tissues. (hindawi.com)

Moreover, DNA hypomethylation of the COX‑2 promoter region located from ‑1,522 to ‑829 bp might contribute to transcriptional regulation of COX‑2 expression and induce a pro‑inflammatory response in KIC. (spandidos-publications.com)
ApoL1 renal risk variants induce aberrant THP-1 monocyte differentiation and increase eicosanoid production via enhanced expression of cyclooxygenase-2. (nih.gov)

Initial investigations by Miyamoto and Simmons demonstrated that 2 isoforms exist: COX-1 (PTGS-1) and COX-2 (PTGS-2), respectively. (medscape.com)
Cyclooxygenase (COX) has two well-studied isoforms, called COX-1 and COX-2. (wikipedia.org)

In turn, PGH2 is converted to biologically active products (ie, prostaglandin E 2 [PGE2]) by individual synthase and reductase reactions. (medscape.com)
Glutaredoxin-2 is Required to Control Oxidative Phosphorylation in Cardiac Muscle by Mediating Deglutathionylation Reactions. (ohri.ca)
The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) elicits a number of adaptive reactions to increased plasma Ca2+ levels including the control of parathyroid hormone release and regulation of the renal calcium handling. (bvsalud.org)

Biomarkers of organ damage or dysfunction for the renal, hepatobiliary, and immune systems. (cdc.gov)

Risk Factors Amenable to Primary Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Among Disaggregated Racial and Ethnic Subgroups in the U.S. (amedeo.com)
APOL1 renal risk variants exacerbate podocyte injury by increasing inflammatory stress. (nih.gov)
APOL1 renal risk variants promote cholesterol accumulation in tissues and cultured macrophages from APOL1 transgenic mice. (nih.gov)
2 Overall risk of colon cancer is approximately 5% in the general population without family history, with 92% of colorectal cancers diagnosed after age 50. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
Those at greatest risk for colon cancer are carriers of 1 of 2 familial genetic disorders, familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) or hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer (HNPCC), also known as Lynch syndrome. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
1, 2) Given the projected lifetime risk of ESRD in living donors,(3-6) their safety is of utmost importance, as highlighted in the existing guidelines. (researchsquare.com)

The histopathological evaluation of renal tissue was also conducted. (frontiersin.org)
In addition to the brain-type CB 1 receptor, a second cannabinoid receptor was identified in lymphoid tissue and was named CB 2 [ 6 ]. (degruyter.com)

URAT1, a molecular therapeutic target for gout/hyperuricemia, was initially derived from research into hereditary renal hypouricemia (RHUC). (researchgate.net)

The present study investigated the methylation of CpG sites in the cyclooxygenase (COX)‑2 promoter via nuclear factor (NF)‑κB transcriptional regulation and elucidated its effect on the COX‑2 transcriptional expression in a ketamine‑induced ulcerative cystitis (KIC) animal model. (spandidos-publications.com)
Furthermore, the increased expression of PAI-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in diabetic renal cortex were also reduced by RSV administration. (hindawi.com)

These compounds are synthesized in vivo through what can now be regarded as the "orthodox" cyclooxygenase pathways, which came to light largely through the work of Sune Bergström, who led a team then based at the Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm. (jci.org)
Volume 2: Molecular Analysis and Pathways. (iiarjournals.org)

25) Other studies from Korea and Turkey suggested that preoperative hyperuricemia predicted impaired postoperative renal functions at 6 and 12 months in living donors. (researchsquare.com)

Ketamine treatment increased the binding of NF‑κB and permissive histone H3 lysine‑4 (H3K4)m3, but caused a decrease in the repressive histone H3K27m3 and H3K36m3 on the COX‑2 promoter ranging from ‑1,522 to ‑1,331 bp as determined by a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. (spandidos-publications.com)

ADRAC has received 26 reports of neonates with symptoms attributed to withdrawal effects due to maternal third trimester ingestion of SSRIs (paroxetine 10, sertraline 7, fluoxetine 7, citalopram 2). (antidepressantsfacts.com)

Anatomy31

Organisms13

Diseases11

Chemicals and Drugs166

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment7

Phenomena and Processes25

Disciplines and Occupations1

Inhibitors17

Toxicity7

NSAIDs11

Inhibitor8

Inflammation9

Cell carcinoma3

Hypertension3

Biosynthesis2

Enzyme3

NSAID3

Hemodynamics1

Inducible1

Physiol1

Pathway7

Impairment1

Arachidonic acid3

Celecoxib1

Adverse3

Inhibit1

Mediators2

Constitutive1

Ulceration1

Patients14

Gastrointestinal2

Acute3

Protein5

Vascular2

Membrane Proteins1

Function8

Glomerular filtration1

Indomethacin2

Hypertrophy2

MRNA expression3

Disease8

Serum1

Kidney1

Rats3

Diseases2

VEGF1

Induce2

Isoforms2

Reactions3

Dysfunction1

Risk6

Tissue2

Hereditary1

Expression2

Pathways2

Hyperuricemia1

Ketamine1

Effects1