Relationship gestational age association between maternal maternal age. Medical search. Frequent questions

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as glucose intolerance of variable degree with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. (medscape.com)
Gestational diabetes mellitus accounts for 90% of cases of diabetes mellitus in pregnancy, while preexisting type 2 diabetes accounts for 8% of such cases. (medscape.com)
The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends screening for gestational diabetes mellitus after 24 weeks of pregnancy. (medscape.com)
Women with prediabetes identified before pregnancy should be considered at extremely high risk for developing gestational diabetes mellitus during pregnancy. (medscape.com)
Pathogenesis of obesity is multifactorial but some risk factors have been associated with maternal health during pregnancy. (napcrg.org)
The 2011 update to the American Heart Association guideline for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women recommends that risk assessment at any stage of life include a detailed history of pregnancy complications. (medscape.com)
The emphasis of the report Nutrition During Pregnancy (IOM, 1990) was on the short-term consequences of gestational weight gain (GWG). (nationalacademies.org)
Our results suggest that coffee consumption during pregnancy might not itself contribute to adverse outcomes such as stillbirth, sporadic miscarriages and pre-term birth or lower gestational age or birthweight of the offspring. (ntnu.no)
There were no significant interactions with maternal pre-pregnancy overweight or pregnancy weight gain. (nih.gov)
Elevated levels of maternal cortisol have been hypothesized as the intermediate process between symptoms of depression and psychosocial stress during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes. (researchsquare.com)
Therefore, we examined associations between cortisol levels in the second trimester of pregnancy and risks of three common birth outcomes in a nested case-control study. (researchsquare.com)
The results of this study showed no suggestions of associations between maternal awakening cortisol levels in mid-pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes, except for an increased risk of SGA. (researchsquare.com)
Throughout pregnancy, maternal cortisol levels increase twofold, and cortisol crosses the placenta, accounting for 30-40% of the variability in fetal concentrations [10]. (researchsquare.com)
That study, by the way, found that the statistically significant association with GDM disappeared after adjusting for gestational age and other factors and was weakened in women with pre-pregnancy diabetes (odds ratios: 1.87 vs. 1.65). (lamaze.org)
Pregnancy-associated malaria is a leading cause of maternal anemia and low birthweight ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
Quality reproductive and maternal health care throughout pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period can effectively ensure positive health outcomes for women and their children [ 1 , 4 , 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
We previously reported that maternal birthweight, smoking, fat stores, and physical activity during pregnancy predict neonatal bone mass. (ox.ac.uk)
After adjusting for maternal age, marital status, education, pregnancy intention, stressful life events, third-trimester use of tobacco and alcohol and gestational age at delivery, physical violence by an intimate partner around the time of pregnancy was positively but non-significantly associated with excessive (but not deficient) gestational weight gain. (cdc.gov)
After stratifying by age group, positive and significant associations between physical violence by an intimate partner around the time of pregnancy and inadequate gestational weight gain were observed only among women 35 years and NIH-PA Author Manuscript older. (cdc.gov)
Prospective cohort studies are needed to establish whether other forms of violence, including emotional and sexual abuse, can affect gestational weight gain and whether gestational weight gain can mediate the effect of physical, sexual and emotional abuse on pregnancy, labor and delivery outcomes. (cdc.gov)
Maternal alcohol intake prior to and during pregnancy and risk of adverse birth outcomes: evidence from a British cohort. (alcoholresearchforum.org)
This paper aimed to investigate the association between alcohol intake before and during pregnancy with birth weight and gestational age and to examine the effect of timing of exposure. (alcoholresearchforum.org)
There have been literally hundreds of epidemiologic studies relating the maternal use of alcohol during pregnancy and outcomes among the offspring. (alcoholresearchforum.org)
We therefore examined the relationship between maternal MedDiet adherence during pregnancy and anthropometric measures and small-for-gestational-age (SGA) at birth in a Spanish population on the north-eastern Mediterranean coast of Spain. (urv.cat)
In women with high pre-gestational BMI and twin pregnancy, our aims were to explore the biochemical and hematological parameters and to study the rate of obstetric adverse outcomes. (mdpi.com)
Previously we found that certain fetal imprinted genes represented as an allele score are associated with maternal pregnancy glucose concentrations. (biomedcentral.com)
Recently it was reported that fetal polymorphisms with strong associations with birth weight tend to mediate these independently of increases in maternal pregnancy glucose concentrations. (biomedcentral.com)
Genetics can have roles in regulating both maternal glucose concentrations in pregnancy and fetal growth expressed as offspring birth weight. (biomedcentral.com)
We recently reported associations between fetal imprinted genes represented as an allele score and both gestational diabetes and maternal glucose concentrations in late pregnancy [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In the current study we therefore examined relationships between our fetal imprinted gene allele score and measures of size at birth, in particular investigating whether any allele score associations with size at birth appear to be attenuated by maternal glucose concentrations in pregnancy. (biomedcentral.com)
WRAP-Association-between-fetal-abdominal-growth-trajectories-maternal-metabolite-signatures-early-in-pregnancy-and-childhood-growth-and-adiposity-Zammit-2022.pdf - Published Version - Requires a PDF viewer. (warwick.ac.uk)
Early pregnancy maternal blood and umbilical cord venous blood samples were collected for untargeted metabolomic analysis. (warwick.ac.uk)
Early pregnancy lipid biology associated with fetal abdominal growth trajectories is an indicator of patterns of growth, adiposity, vision, and neurodevelopment up to the age of 2 years. (warwick.ac.uk)
Preventing exposure to arsenic contaminated drinking water during pregnancy could improve maternal health. (oregonstate.edu)
The suggested link between maternal exposure to Zika virus infection during the first trimester of pregnancy and the increased birth prevalence of microcephaly provide additional evidence for congenital infection with Zika virus. (cdc.gov)
Based on the peak number of reported cases of microcephaly, and assuming an average estimated pregnancy duration of 38 weeks in Brazil ( 1 ), the first trimester of pregnancy coincided with reports of cases of febrile rash illness compatible with Zika virus disease in pregnant women in Bahia, Paraíba, and Pernambuco states, supporting an association between Zika virus infection during early pregnancy and the occurrence of microcephaly. (cdc.gov)
Additional studies are needed to further elucidate the relationship between Zika virus infection in pregnancy and microcephaly. (cdc.gov)
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between acculturation and adverse pregnancy outcomes, and whether these relationships differ across racial or ethnic groups. (utmb.edu)
The adverse pregnancy outcomes of interest were preterm birth (less than 37 weeks of gestation, both iatrogenic and spontaneous), preeclampsia or eclampsia, gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes, stillbirth, small for gestational age, and large for gestational age. (utmb.edu)
Multivariable regression modeling was performed, as was an interaction analysis focusing on the relationship between acculturation and adverse pregnancy outcomes by maternal race or ethnicity. (utmb.edu)
4 , 5 , 6 Owing to these harmful effects, malaria in pregnancy is a significant driver of maternal and neonatal health in endemic areas. (glowm.com)
We searched the PubMed and MEDLINE up to August 20 2011 using combinations of the following keywords: vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency and pregnancy, reproduction, fertility/infertility, polycystic ovary syndrome, endometriosis, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, preterm birth and bacterial vaginosis. (vitamindwiki.com)
Studies have reported the relationship between anemia during pregnancy and small for gestational age (SGA). (ac.ir)
Therefore, the present systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to determine the relationship between maternal anemia during pregnancy and SGA. (ac.ir)
The overall relationship between maternal anemia during pregnancy and SGA was not significant (RR = 1.11 95%CI: 0.99-1.24, p = .074). (ac.ir)
The relationship between anemia during pregnancy and SGA based on pregnancy trimester showed that maternal anemia was significant in the first trimester, (RR = 1.11 95%CI: 1-1.22, p = .044), but this relationship was not significant in the second trimester (RR = 1.11 95%CI: 0.85-1.18, p = .91). (ac.ir)
CONCLUSIONS: Maternal anemia in the first trimester of pregnancy can be considered as a risk factor for negative pregnancy outcomes (SGA). (ac.ir)
Experimental work with animal models shows that restricting prenatal nutrition, or imposing acute stress during pregnancy, replicates many of these long-term outcomes in offspring, showing that gestational conditions can have lasting effects on health in the next generation [ 7 , 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Three previous reviews on the association of vitamin D insufficiency in pregnancy with preterm birth (PTB) and stillbirth were limited in scope and deemed inconclusive. (vitamindwiki.com)
The present study aimed to assess the association between weight retention at 6 weeks postpartum and the risk of GDM in a subsequent pregnancy. (biomedcentral.com)
For each pregnancy, we calculated weight retention at 6 weeks postpartum after the first pregnancy, the interpregnancy BMI change between pregnancies, and the gestational weight gain in the second pregnancy. (biomedcentral.com)
We then determined the relationship between postpartum weight retention at 6 weeks after the initial pregnancy, and the interpregnancy change in BMI between pregnancies. (biomedcentral.com)
The Brazil Ministry of Health (MoH) established a task force to investigate the possible association of microcephaly with Zika virus infection during pregnancy and a registry for incident microcephaly cases (head circumference ≥2 standard deviations [SD] below the mean for sex and gestational age at birth) and pregnancy outcomes among women suspected to have had Zika virus infection during pregnancy. (cdc.gov)
Further studies are needed to confirm the association of microcephaly with Zika virus infection during pregnancy and to understand any other adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with Zika virus infection. (cdc.gov)
We further presume that this trend continues during the third trimester of pregnancy and postnatally, up until ovulation, thereby explaining the maternal age effect in Down syndrome. (edu.au)
No significant relationships were identified between depression symptoms and any of demographic variables or pregnancy/birth characteristics studied. (who.int)
Objective(s): To evaluate the relationships between SARSCoV- 2 infection in pregnancy and pandemic-related stress with birth outcomes. (bvsalud.org)
Description of System: The National Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System was initiated in 1988 by CDC in collaboration with the CDC/American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Maternal Mortality Study Group. (cdc.gov)
Older women, particularly women aged greater than or equal to 35 years, were at increased risk for pregnancy-related death. (cdc.gov)
The gestational age-adjusted risk for pregnancy-related death was 7.7 times higher for women who received no prenatal care than for women who received 'adequate' prenatal care. (cdc.gov)
To further understand and evaluate the risk factors for and leading causes of pregnancy-related death, the National Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System was initiated in 1988 by CDC's Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, in collaboration with the CDC/American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) Maternal Mortality Study Group (8). (cdc.gov)
For example, they analyzed use of maternal vitamin supplementation before but not during pregnancy, during but not before pregnancy, and before and during pregnancy. (medscape.com)
They also examined exposure during the period from 4 weeks before pregnancy to 8 weeks into pregnancy, and maternal vitamin supplementation 2 years before pregnancy, during pregnancy, and 2 years before and during pregnancy. (medscape.com)
CDC, our planners, and presenters wish to disclose they have no financial relationships with ineligible companies whose primary business is producing, marketing, selling, reselling, or distributing healthcare products used by or on patients with the exception of Dr. Naima Joseph who would like to disclose that she is a coinvestigator on a Paxlovid in pregnancy study for Pfizer. (cdc.gov)

The prevalence of obesity continues to rise and its direct association with multiple co-morbidities has substantial effect on disease outcomes and increased health care spending. (napcrg.org)
Our results add to the growing body of research in humans on the relationship between in utero exposure to OCs and reproductive outcomes. (cdc.gov)
Our findings provide evidence of a causal relationship between filtration of drinking water containing high levels of exposure to PFASs and improved reproductive outcomes. (biomedcentral.com)
Some studies have identified relationships between PFAS exposure and reproductive outcomes, although the evidence regarding the pathway and significance of associations is mixed. (biomedcentral.com)
The discussions in this chapter review the current evidence and strive to quantify, wherever possible, potential causal relationships between GWG and childhood outcomes. (nationalacademies.org)
Only by knowing the magnitude of causal relationships can one say with certainty that recommending a certain amount of GWG will result in altered frequency of adverse child health outcomes. (nationalacademies.org)
It is possible that associations of GWG with outcomes do not result from GWG itself, but rather to underlying factors that influence both weight gain and the outcomes (e.g., maternal diet composition or physical activity level). (nationalacademies.org)
When considering potential causal relationships between GWG and the various child outcomes reviewed, the committee relied on the same conceptual model that it utilized when evaluating the determinants of GWG (see Figure 6-1 ). (nationalacademies.org)
Additionally, a one-sample genetic risk score (GRS) analysis of coffee consumption in UKBB women (N up to 194 196) and the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (N up to 6845 mothers and 4510 children) and its relationship with offspring outcomes was performed. (ntnu.no)
Multivariable linear and logistic regression was performed to assess the associations between continuous and categorized cortisol levels and the selected outcomes. (researchsquare.com)
Common adverse birth outcomes, including preterm birth, low birth weight, and small-for-gestational age (SGA), are associated with neonatal mortality and long-term health problems, including neurodevelopmental impairments, respiratory and gastrointestinal complications, and higher sympathetic activity, which is considered a risk factor for cardiovascular disease [1-4]. (researchsquare.com)
Previous research linked maternal psychosocial problems with increased risks of these birth outcomes, but the underlying mechanisms have not been fully understood yet [5]. (researchsquare.com)
Much stronger associations were observed between PCE exposure and both birth weight outcomes among the infants of mothers who were 35 years of age or older and among the infants of mothers who had histories of fetal deaths, especially mothers who had had two or more fetal deaths. (cdc.gov)
In male infants, the association between long-term TCE exposure and these study outcomes was much more pronounced. (cdc.gov)
Despite the overall finding of no association between PCE and birth weight outcomes, there were two clinically distinct subgroups in which PCE exposure was associated with birth weight outcomes-mothers 35 years of age or older and mothers with a history of fetal deaths. (cdc.gov)
Evidence is conflicting regarding the relationship between low maternal alcohol consumption and birth outcomes. (alcoholresearchforum.org)
In addition, a proper control of gestational weight gain would improve the outcomes in mothers with high pre-gestational body mass index (BMI). (mdpi.com)
Associations between air pollution metrics and birth outcomes were investigated using generalized additive models, adjusting for maternal age, parity, race/ethnicity, insurance status, poverty, gestational age and sex of the infants. (biomedcentral.com)
Maternal Interleukin Genotypes Are Associated With NICU Outcomes Among" by Kelley L. Baumgartel, Maureen W. Groer et al. (usf.edu)
Background: Maternal interleukin (IL) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with obstetrical outcomes. (usf.edu)
Little is known about relationships between maternal SNPs and neonatal outcomes. (usf.edu)
Purpose: To examine the relationships between maternal IL genotypes and neonatal outcomes. (usf.edu)
Multivariate analyses examined the relationships between maternal IL SNPs and outcomes, controlling for gestational age and the ratio of maternal milk to total milk. (usf.edu)
Conclusion: Maternal IL SNPs are associated with NICU outcomes. (usf.edu)
Previous studies indicated a range of risk factors associated with these poor outcomes, including maternal psychosocial and economic wellbeing. (springer.com)
Since the VDR and 1a-hydroxylase are expressed in reproductive tissues including ovary, uterus, placenta, testis and hypophysis an association with vitamin D and many potential pathways linking vitamin D to reproductive health outcomes almost suggests itself [19-21]. (vitamindwiki.com)
The aims of this review are to critically summarize the most recent data regarding the association of vitamin D deficiency and female reproductive outcomes. (vitamindwiki.com)
Adverse birth outcomes, such as early gestational age and low birth weight, can have lasting effects on morbidity and mortality, with impacts that persist into adulthood. (biomedcentral.com)
Identifying the maternal factors that contribute to adverse birth outcomes in the next generation is thus a priority. (biomedcentral.com)
Epigenetic clocks, which have emerged as powerful tools for quantifying biological aging and various dimensions of physiological dysregulation, hold promise for clarifying relationships between maternal biology and infant health, including the maternal factors or states that predict birth outcomes. (biomedcentral.com)
Nevertheless, studies exploring the relationship between maternal epigenetic age and birth outcomes remain few. (biomedcentral.com)
Birth outcomes like birth weight, length, and gestational age predict both short- and long-term health. (biomedcentral.com)
Understanding the association between GDM and the current obesity epidemic among pregnant women could help us establish effective and appropriate preventative strategies with which to improve maternal-fetal outcomes. (biomedcentral.com)
Interestingly, recent studies suggest that increasing paternal age (father's age) can also have affects on childhood mortality [4] and neurodevelopmental outcomes. (edu.au)
Associations with LBW sustained in sensitivity analyses limited to pre-vaccine samples, and PTS symptoms were not associated with birth outcomes. (bvsalud.org)
Background: Variations in cardiovascular disease risk (CVD) are suggested to be partly influenced by factors that affect prenatal growth patterns and outcomes, namely degree of maternal investment (proxied by birth weight and gestational age). (zu.ac.ae)

High paternal age has been suggested as a risk factor for type 1 diabetes, but research findings are inconsistent, and a clear association has not been established. (wikipedia.org)
If maternal diabetes is longstanding or associated with known microvascular disease, obtain a baseline maternal electrocardiogram (ECG) and echocardiogram. (medscape.com)
The primary aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between birth weight for gestational age and weight gain trajectories in early childhood and long term incidence of multiple chronic conditions including cardiometabolic disease risk factors (as Types 1 & 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, adult obesity, and hyperlipidemia), Asthma and Polycystic ovarian Syndrom. (napcrg.org)
The Cumulative Incidence of different chronic diseases in this cohort by age 30 year are as follows: Hypertension 3.1%, Hyperlipidemia 4.2%, Types 1&2 Diabetes: 1.9%, Asthma 18.0%, PCOS 2.4% (among 4839 females). (napcrg.org)
Gestational diabetes, preeclampsia , preterm birth, and birth of an infant small for gestational age are ranked as major risk factors for CVD. (medscape.com)
Do Very High BMI and Gestational Diabetes Increase the Likelihood of Having a Child with Autism? (lamaze.org)
Are pregnant people who have a high BMI and are diagnosed with gestational diabetes more likely to have children with autism? (lamaze.org)
Maternal Obesity, Diabetes Associated with Higher Risk for Autism " and " Maternal Obesity and Gestational Diabetes May Raise Risk of Autism ," no doubt alarming any pregnant person with a GDM diagnosis who ran across them. (lamaze.org)
Pooled analysis of the population studies found that maternal diabetes increased the likelihood of having a child with autism by nearly 50% (odds ratio: 1.48). (lamaze.org)
Four of the 12 studies made no adjustments or matching for confounding factors, that is, factors that could obscure the true relationship between diabetes and autism. (lamaze.org)
In-utero hyperglycemia exposure influences later cardiometabolic risk, although few studies include women with pre-existing type 2 diabetes (T2D) or assess maternal body mass index (BMI) as a potential confounder. (nature.com)
To explore the association of maternal T2D and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) with childhood anthropometry, and the influence of maternal BMI on these associations. (nature.com)
Fetal ovarian cysts have been associated with pregnancies complicated by maternal diabetes, toxemia, and Rh isoimmunization, probably due to the increased production of hCG by the placenta and are rarely associated with other congenital anomalies [2, 4, 6, 12-14]. (degruyter.com)
Associations have been reported between intrauterine growth restriction and the incidence of several chronic conditions in later life such as type 2 diabetes mellitus[ 1 ] or cardiovascular diseases[ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common cause of maternal morbidity, and can lead to the development of diabetes later in life. (biomedcentral.com)
Effects of individualized nutritional standard meal intervention on the prevention of gestational diabetes in overweight and obese pregnant women [J]. JOURNAL OF SHANGHAI JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY (MEDICAL SCIENCE), 2021, 41(3): 360-365. (shsmu.edu.cn)

Information on the impact of maternal, gestational or neonatal characteristics on milk macronutrient composition could help identify mother-infant pairs at higher risk of extrauterine growth restriction and move towards a more individualized nutritional support [ 24 ]. (nature.com)
Several biological mechanisms have been proposed for linking elevated maternal cortisol levels to infant birth weight. (researchsquare.com)
The present study, while not large (1,303 pregnant women) evaluated reported alcohol intake to birth weight and the risk that an infant is small for gestational age (SGA). (alcoholresearchforum.org)
it is also associated with increased maternal and neonatal and infant mortality through both direct and indirect mechanisms. (glowm.com)
The global action plan for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases 2013-20202 calls for a halt in the rise in obesity among adolescents, and the comprehensive implementation plan on maternal, infant and young child nutrition3 sets a target of no increase in childhood overweight by 2025. (who.int)

Altered early growth likely influences the metabolic syndrome pathway, with obesity and T2D both occurring at a younger age [ 7 ]. (nature.com)
The risk of childhood obesity is increased among infants who had overweight or obesity at birth, but in low-resource settings one in five infants are born small for gestational age. (warwick.ac.uk)
Which new data are needed to explore the relationships of diet and dietary patterns to obesity and weight gain? (who.int)
1 http://www.who.int/end-childhood-obesity/implementation-plan/en/ (accessed 8 December 2016). (who.int)
Almost three quarters of the 42 million children under 5 years of age who are overweight and obese, live in Asia and Africa.5 In countries where prevalence of overweight and obesity is plateauing, there are growing economic and health inequities, and rates of obesity continue to increase among people with low socioeconomic status and minority ethnic groups. (who.int)

Compared with a paternal age of 25-28 years as a reference group, the odds ratio for low birthweight was approximately 1.1 at a paternal age of 20 and approximately 1.2 at a paternal age of 50. (wikipedia.org)
However, there were no adverse associations between maternal serum OC levels and birthweight, length, head circumference or ponderal index. (cdc.gov)
gestational age and pre-term birth (N = 43 568 from the 23andMe, Inc cohort) and birthweight (N = 297 356 reporting own birthweight and N = 210 248 reporting offspring's birthweight from UKBB and the Early Growth Genetics Consortium). (ntnu.no)
Although both analyses showed an association between increased coffee consumption and higher birthweight, the magnitude of the effect was inconsistent. (ntnu.no)

Survival to adulthood was approximately 65% for infants born less than 32 weeks gestational age in a recent longitudinal study from Norway ( 5 ). (atsjournals.org)
16 weeks gestational age [WGA]), arsenic was measured in personal drinking water using inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry. (oregonstate.edu)

2010) Prenatal and postpartum depression in fathers and its association with maternal depression: A Meta-analysis. (chkd.org)
Therefore, it is necessary to divide PTB into three categories and examine the relationships between prenatal PM 2.5 exposure and PTB subtypes. (biomedcentral.com)
Serology for SARS-CoV-2 was assessed in a convenience sample of prenatal maternal, cord serum or dried blood spots from births occurring between January 2020-September 2021. (bvsalud.org)
Using the life history trajectory model, this study investigates whether maternal investment in early prenatal life associates with menarcheal age and whether maternal investment affects CVD risk in adulthood and predicts adult size and adiposity levels. (zu.ac.ae)
The data were collected among low- income households as part of an evaluation of the government's Oportunidades poverty reduction program.4 Using information about prenatal care procedures received from 3,553 women of reproductive age, we predicted the average proce- dures received by clinical setting and individual characteristics in multivariate analyses. (who.int)

Association of in utero organochlorine pesticide exposure and fetal growth and length of gestation in an agricultural population. (cdc.gov)
No association was observed between PCE exposure and MBW, and a weak association was observed between PCE exposure and SGA infants, overall. (cdc.gov)
A modest association was observed between long-term TCE exposure and decreased MBW and increased SGA births, overall. (cdc.gov)
No association was observed between short-term exposure to TCE and MBW or SGA births. (cdc.gov)
No association was observed between any exposure group and preterm delivery. (cdc.gov)
Given the lack of an association between PCE exposure and birth weight in the overall study population, and given the large number of persons in the study, it is unlikely that maternal exposure to the unique combination of contaminants in the Tarawa Terrace water system had much of an effect on birth weight except in some small subgroups. (cdc.gov)
In addition, a variety of exposure categories were examined and at most a very weak association was observed among the births in which exposure occurred for the longest duration. (cdc.gov)
In this study, we utilized a land use regression (LUR) model to assess individual exposure, and explored the association between PM 2.5 exposure during each time window and the risk of preterm birth in Wuhan city, China. (biomedcentral.com)
Logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the association between women exposure to PM 2.5 and the risk of different subtypes of PTB. (biomedcentral.com)
Maternal exposure to PM 2.5 increased the risk of PTB, and this risk was stronger for VPTB than for MPTB, especially during the first trimester. (biomedcentral.com)
Further, some, but not all, follow-up studies of pre-natal alcohol use by women have shown some physical and/or behavioral defects that have been attributed to lesser degrees of maternal alcohol use, and classified as Fetal Alcohol Exposure (FAE). (alcoholresearchforum.org)
Upon examining individual symptoms, only nausea/vomiting and abdominal cramping showed consistent associations with arsenic exposure. (oregonstate.edu)

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this prospective cohort study of a nationally representative sample of US adults, there was a graded positive association between depressive symptoms and mortality. (cdc.gov)
CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that older maternal age increases risk for most common childhood cancers. (oregonstate.edu)

There was no association of paternal age with preterm births or with small for gestational age births. (wikipedia.org)
Misclassification of gestational age was also possible, especially among the preterm births. (cdc.gov)
About 62% of these deaths occurred in sub-Saharan Africa where the maternal mortality ratio still stands at 510 deaths per 100,000 live births. (hindawi.com)
In 2011, the maternal mortality ratio in Ethiopia was estimated at 676 deaths per 100,000 live births [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
The Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives for the United States listed maternal mortality as a priority area for improvement, including specific goals of no more than 3.3 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births overall, and no more than 5.0 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births among black women (1). (cdc.gov)

Course of maternal and paternal perinatal depression. (chkd.org)
Objectives Preterm birth (PTB) and small for gestational age (SGA) are major causes of perinatal mortality and morbidity. (springer.com)
The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians. (ac.ir)

In a sample of 119 infants from the cohort, we related cord serum IGF-1 and insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-3 concentrations to neonatal body composition measured by DXA and evaluated the extent to which this cytokine mediates the previously reported effects of maternal diet and lifestyle on neonatal bone mass. (ox.ac.uk)
ABSTRACT Micronutrient deficiencies exist among women of childbearing age in the United Arab Emir- ates but the effects of maternal micronutrient deficiency on fetal growth are not well documented. (who.int)

We hypothesize that BM antioxidants are adapted to gestational age and are negatively influenced by maternal age. (mdpi.com)
The allele score was also positively associated with risk of being large for gestational age at birth (odds ratio 1.60 (1.19-2.15) per risk allele, p = 2.1 × 10 −3 , n = 660) and negatively associated with risk of being small for gestational age at birth (odds ratio 0.65 (0.44-0.96) per risk allele, p = 0.03, n = 660). (biomedcentral.com)
Contrary to expectation, maternal distress in Pakistani women was negatively associated with SGA (OR 0.65: CI 0.48-0.88). (springer.com)
Regarding DBP, the relationship was negatively and significantly associated with only FFMI (β = − 1.6111 kg/m2, 95% CI (− 2.63, − 0.60), p = 0.002). (zu.ac.ae)

Background: Maternal behaviors and exposures affect fetal growth and development. (syr.edu)

2011). Parental Depression, Relationship Quality, and Nonresident Father Involvement with their Infants. (chkd.org)
BPD is defined as oxygen dependence for at least 28 postnatal days for infants 32 weeks or greater postmenstrual age or oxygen dependence at 36 weeks postmenstrual age for infants born before 32 weeks ( 10 ). (atsjournals.org)
The infants' health, growth, and development were monitored from birth to age 2 years. (warwick.ac.uk)
From Feb 8, 2012, to Nov 30, 2019, we enrolled 3598 pregnant women and followed up their infants to 2 years of age. (warwick.ac.uk)
An increase in the prevalence of infants born with microcephaly has been reported in Brazil since October 2015, in association with clusters of febrile rash illness in pregnant women. (cdc.gov)
For example, early gestational age at birth predicts the two largest causes of death in premature infants: underdevelopment of mature organs and bronchopulmonary dysplasia, a chronic lung disease that damages alveolar tissue [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Only with large, well-designed, and carefully controlled randomized studies can causal relationships be inferred with a high degree of confidence. (nationalacademies.org)
mental data from randomized controlled trials in humans, however, impedes efforts to determine how much of any observed association is causal. (nationalacademies.org)
They also provide weak evidence that the association between maternal height and gestational age is causal. (immport.org)
Assessing the Causal Relationship of Maternal Height on Birth Size and Gestational Age at Birth: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis. (immport.org)

Methods: We investigated this relationship in the CHAMACOS birth cohort of low-income Latinas living in the Salinas Valley, an agricultural community in California. (cdc.gov)
METHODS: We assessed the relationship between parental age and childhood cancer in a case-control study using pooled population-based data. (oregonstate.edu)

Recent longitudinal studies has shown that small for gestational age newborns are at a higher risk of mortality compared to normal or large for gestational age newborns. (napcrg.org)
Maternal mortality is a major health problem in sub-Saharan Africa. (hindawi.com)
According to the recent estimate by the maternal mortality estimation interagency group, the number of maternal deaths worldwide has declined to 289,000 in 2013, representing 45% decline from the 1990 level [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
Moreover, majority of the countries with the highest maternal mortality are in sub-Saharan Africa, including Ethiopia [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
Although efforts have been made to achieve the Millennium Development Goal (MDG5) on maternal health to reduce the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) by three-quarters by 2015, this goal has not been achieved yet. (hindawi.com)
What is the relationship between usual caffeine consumption and total mortality? (health.gov)
Evidence suggests a significant inverse relationship between coffee consumption of 1-4 cups/day with total mortality, especially cardiovascular disease mortality. (health.gov)
In addition, Je (2013) found a significant inverse association between coffee consumption and cardiovascular disease mortality. (health.gov)
However, no association was found for cancer mortality. (health.gov)
OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between depressive symptoms and mortality in a large, diverse, nationally representative sample of US adults, and to examine how lifestyle factors mediate this association. (cdc.gov)
Approximately 11.0% to 16.1% of the associations between depression and mortality could be explained by lifestyle factors. (cdc.gov)

The paternal age effect is the statistical relationship between the father's age at conception and biological effects on the child. (wikipedia.org)
A 2017 review found that while severe health effects are associated with higher paternal age, the total increase in problems caused by paternal age is low. (wikipedia.org)
While paternal age has increased since 1960-1970, this is not seen as a major public health concern. (wikipedia.org)
The paternal age effect was first proposed implicitly by physician Wilhelm Weinberg in 1912 and explicitly by psychiatrist Lionel Penrose in 1955. (wikipedia.org)
Evidence for a paternal age effect has been proposed for a number of conditions, diseases and other effects. (wikipedia.org)
Conditions proposed to show correlation with paternal age include the following: Advanced paternal age may be associated with a higher risk for certain single-gene disorders caused by mutations of the FGFR2, FGFR3 and RET genes. (wikipedia.org)
The FGFR genes may be particularly prone to a paternal age effect due to selfish spermatogonial selection, whereby the influence of spermatogonial mutations in older men is enhanced because cells with certain mutations have a selective advantage over other cells (see § DNA mutations). (wikipedia.org)
Several studies have reported that advanced paternal age is associated with an increased risk of miscarriage. (wikipedia.org)
that is, the highest risks occur at low and at high paternal ages. (wikipedia.org)
Schizophrenia is associated with advanced paternal age. (wikipedia.org)
Some studies examining autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and advanced paternal age have demonstrated an association between the two, although there also appears to be an increase with maternal age. (wikipedia.org)
A 2010 study found the relationship between parental age and psychotic disorders to be stronger with maternal age than paternal age. (wikipedia.org)
A 2017 review concluded that the vast majority of studies supported a relationship between older paternal age and autism and schizophrenia but that there is less convincing and also inconsistent evidence for associations with other psychiatric illnesses. (wikipedia.org)
Paternal age may be associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, but the association is weak and there are confounding effects. (wikipedia.org)
According to a 2017 review, there is consistent evidence of an increase in incidence of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia with paternal age. (wikipedia.org)
Paternal age was not independently associated with most childhood cancers after adjustment for maternal age. (oregonstate.edu)

BACKGROUND: Arsenic, a common groundwater pollutant, is associated with adverse reproductive health but few studies have examined its effect on maternal health. (oregonstate.edu)
Conclusion: Although the results do not fully support that Emirati females fast-life history is associated with increased chronic disease risk, the data does suggest a link between restricted fetal growth in response to low maternal investment and metabolic and reproductive health. (zu.ac.ae)

Greater maternal antenatal BMI was associated with increased anthropometric measures in offspring independent of maternal glycemic status. (nature.com)

A prospective cohort in Leeds, UK, of 1303 pregnant women aged 18-45 years. (alcoholresearchforum.org)
For pregnant women it is essential to develop attachment to the fetus, this being the prototype of the mother-child relationship. (bvsalud.org)
Objective: To test if there is an association between the level of anxiety and maternal-fetal attachment of pregnant women who submit to fetal heart disease screening to promote health. (bvsalud.org)
Method: Cross-sectional study, with 219 pregnant women to screen for fetal heart disease through a form with sociodemographic data, Cranley's Maternal-Fetal Attachment Scale and anxiety using the BAI Scale (Beck Anxiety Inventory). (bvsalud.org)
In 83.6% of the pregnant women the mean maternal-fetal attachment level and 82.6% minimum level of anxiety were evidenced. (bvsalud.org)

We examined the associations of average maternal OPE metabolite concentrations with OPE metabolite concentrations in childhood, characterized childhood OPE trajectories with latent class growth analysis (LCGA), and examined factors related to trajectory membership. (cdc.gov)
RESULTS: Bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP) had the lowest median concentrations over time (0.66-0.97 mg/L) while the median concentrations of bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) increased with age (1.44-3.80 mg/L). The median concentrations of diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) fluctuated between 1.96 and 2.69 mg/L. Intraclass correlation coefficients for urinary metabolites measured at five time points indicated high variability within individuals (0.13-0.24). (cdc.gov)
Average maternal urinary BCEP and BDCIPP were associated with concentrations in early childhood. (cdc.gov)
We therefore investigated whether potential associations between the fetal allele score and birth weight were related to maternal glucose concentrations in the Cambridge Baby Growth Study. (biomedcentral.com)
This association was partially attenuated by adjusting for maternal glucose concentrations (β = 50 (4-95) g/risk allele, β′ = 0.089, p = 0.03, n = 405). (biomedcentral.com)
The large for gestational age at birth association was also partially attenuated by maternal glucose concentrations. (biomedcentral.com)
However none of the fetal variants used to construct the gene score in this study were independently associated with maternal glucose concentrations. (biomedcentral.com)

and gestational hypertension (OR 1.68, aOR 1.48, 95% CI 1.22-1.79). (utmb.edu)

A second study also found a risk of schizophrenia in both fathers above age 50 and fathers below age 25. (wikipedia.org)
and to observe the relationship between ASB prevalence and risk factors such as socioeconomic level and personal hygiene. (bmj.com)
Both the two-sample MR and one-sample GRS analyses showed no change in risk of sporadic miscarriages, stillbirths, pre-term birth or effect on gestational age connected to coffee consumption. (ntnu.no)
Childhood cancer (377 cases diagnosed prior to age 15 years) risk was analysed by type (all sites, leukaemia, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, and non-leukaemia) and age at diagnosis. (nih.gov)
This association was stronger in women (16% lower risk) than in men (8% lower risk). (health.gov)
In addition, consistent observational evidence indicates that regular consumption of coffee is associated with reduced risk of cancer of the liver and endometrium, and slightly inverse or null associations are observed for other cancer sites. (health.gov)
A previous study found that different subtypes of PTB, defined by gestational age, have been associated with different risk factors, including air pollution [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In this brief, universal screening is defined as a clinician screening every female patient through age 64 for domestic violence, as opposed to only screening certain patients because of risk factors or warning signs. (hhs.gov)
Parental age and risk of childhood cancer: a pooled analysis. (oregonstate.edu)
We investigated whether advancing parental age increases childhood cancer risk. (oregonstate.edu)
A number of risk factors have been identified for small for gestational age and preterm birth. (springer.com)
This paper finds an association between maternal financial strain and risk of preterm birth that is as high as that for smoking. (springer.com)
Vitamin D insufficiency was not associated with risk of spontaneous abortion and stillbirth (RR of 1.04 [95% CI: 0.95,1.13] and 1.02 [95% CI: 0.96,1.09], respectively), as well as short gestational length (ES = -0.24, 95% CI: -0.69, 0.22), and low Apgar score . (vitamindwiki.com)
The table below shows the correlation of maternal age (mother's age) and the potential risk of human genetic abnormalities in children. (edu.au)
Advanced maternal age and risk of non-chromosomal anomalies: data from a tertiary referral hospital in Turkey [8] "The purpose of this study is to determine if there is a relationship between non-chromosomal fetal anomalies of various organ systems and advanced maternal age. (edu.au)
Taking zinc by mouth, especially with antioxidant vitamins, might help slow vision loss and prevent age-related vision loss from becoming advanced in people at high risk. (medlineplus.gov)

We also examined associations between maternal serum OC levels and low birth weight, preterm delivery, and small for gestational age, but numbers were small. (cdc.gov)
Of the mothers aged 35 years and older, the number of women studied was relatively small. (cdc.gov)
Severe small-for-gestational-age and cognitive function: A Catch-Up Phenomenon Possible. (chkd.org)

Documented maternal determinants of neonatal bone mass seem to mediate their effects independently of variations in cord serum IGF-1 in healthy pregnancies. (ox.ac.uk)
New pregnancies were identified prospectively, dried blood spot samples were collected during the third trimester, and information was obtained on gestational age at delivery and offspring weight after birth. (biomedcentral.com)

Adjustment for maternal BMI strengthened the negative association between GDM and child weight, BMI and circumferences. (nature.com)
Maternal T2D was no longer associated with greater child mean skinfolds ( p = 0.14) or waist circumference ( p = 0.18) after adjustment for maternal BMI. (nature.com)

Additionally, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) released a recommendation in January 2013 calling for clinicians to "screen women of childbearing age for intimate partner violence" (U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, 2013). (hhs.gov)

Immediately postpartum, the delivery of the placenta increases afterload by removing the low resistance circulation and increases the preload by returning placental blood to the maternal circulation. (medscape.com)

For example, there are, a few studies in humans that suggest that OCs, in particular DDT/DDE, can reduce foetal growth or gestational duration, but results are not consistent. (cdc.gov)

The etiology of fetal ovarian cysts is still unknown, although a linkage with fetal gonadotrophin stimulation derived from maternal estrogens or placental human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) has been suggested. (degruyter.com)
There was no statistical significance between placental localization and maternal age, gestational age, fetal weight, gender, fetal presentation and heart rate. (bvsalud.org)

Sources of uncertainty remained, not only for the subgroups in which elevations were found, but also because some potentially important confounders (e.g., maternal smoking, alcohol consumption, and height) were not controlled for in the analysis. (cdc.gov)

Data collected included mother's age and ciencies exist in women of childbearing parity, infant's birth weight and gestation age [ 8,9 ]. (who.int)

The authors of this study concluded that for any level of maternal glucose concentration fetal genetics has a major impact on growth but acts predominantly through mechanisms independent of maternal glucose. (biomedcentral.com)

Results for associations with other childhood cancers are more mixed (e.g. retinoblastoma) or generally negative. (wikipedia.org)
We aimed to investigate this association, exploring the potential modifying roles of age at diagnosis and maternal anthropometrics, using prospectively collected data from the International Childhood Cancer Cohort Consortium. (nih.gov)
Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated by logistic regression for the association between parental age and childhood cancer after adjustment for sex, birth weight, gestational age, birth order, plurality, maternal race, birth year, and state. (oregonstate.edu)

With the exception of mothers 35 years of age, deficient and excessive gestational weight gains were not significantly related to experiences with physical violence by an intimate partner prior to delivery. (cdc.gov)
kids who were Black, on Medicare or Medicaid, or with mothers younger than age 20 when delivering -- all were more likely to have high screen time and to have a TV or computer in the bedroom. (medpagetoday.com)
There were no differences in gestational age (GA), birth weight, preterm birth (PTB), or low birth weight (LBW) among seropositive mothers. (bvsalud.org)

A two-sample MR study was performed using summary results data from a genome-wide association meta-analysis of coffee consumption (N = 91 462) from the Coffee and Caffeine Genetics Consortium. (ntnu.no)
This study aimed to investigate the evolutionary relationships among shisa family genes in zebrafish (TU strain) using phylogenetic and syntenic analyses. (bvsalud.org)
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This was a prospective cohort study of a nationally representative sample of US adults using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005 to 2018 data linked with the National Death Index through 2019 for adults aged 20 years and older. (cdc.gov)
In a birth weight-related genome wide association study (GWAS) Beaumont et al. (biomedcentral.com)
The researchers cited another study published in 2019 that linked high levels of screen time to abnormal "microstructural integrity" in white matter in preschool-age children. (medpagetoday.com)
The study authors reported no relationships with commercial entities. (medpagetoday.com)
The purpose of this study was to determine if in utero effects on muscle mass, muscle function, or both are responsible for the relationship between size at birth and adult muscle strength. (syr.edu)
Study design: One hundred adults (ages 18-40), who were singletons born at term (37-42 weeks), participated. (syr.edu)
In reality, there has never been a scientific study anywhere that has shown any benefit whatsoever to sleeping through the night at young ages, or even sleeping through the night as adults. (platypusmedia.com)
Here, we attempt to replicate a series of analyses previously reported in a US-based sample, using a larger similarly aged sample ( n = 296) of participants of a long-running study in the Philippines. (biomedcentral.com)
One hundred women between the ages of 20yrs and 42yrs with a mean age of 28.60±4.95 on their routine antenatal visit were used for the study. (bvsalud.org)

Average birth weight and average gestational age were statistically significantly lower in the highly exposed population than in the control area prior to filtration of municipal water supply. (biomedcentral.com)
Using a suite of 15 epigenetic clocks, we only found one significant relationship: advanced age on the epigenetic clock trained on leptin predicted a significantly earlier gestational age at delivery ( β = − 0.15, p = 0.009). (biomedcentral.com)
When investigating the associations of birth weight SDS and age at menarche with growth indices, it was found that only birth weight was positively and significantly associated with both height (β = 1.342 cm, 95% CI (0.12, 2.57), p = 0.032) and leg length (β = 0.968 cm, 95% CI (0.08, 1.86), p = 0.034). (zu.ac.ae)

It was demonstrated that maternal-fetal attachment increases with gestational age, but this does not interfere in the correlation between anxiety and attachment (r=0.005, p=0.942). (bvsalud.org)

The metabolites had a reciprocal relationship with the early accelerating growth phenotype, with statistically significant odds ratios close to 0.6 (ie, suggesting downregulation of fetal growth acceleration). (warwick.ac.uk)
Of the other 29 relationships tested predicting gestational age and offspring birth weight, none were statistically significant. (biomedcentral.com)

Children exposed to maternal T2D had smaller mean head circumference (−0.82 cm, 95% CI: −1.33, −0.31) than children exposed to normoglycemia. (nature.com)
There was no association between rMedDiet and birth weight, length, head circumference or anthropometric indices (weight/length ratio and ponderal index). (urv.cat)
In SINASC, microcephaly is defined as a head circumference ≥3 standard deviations (SDs) below the mean for age and sex. (cdc.gov)
The Brazil Ministry of Health developed a case definition for Zika virus-related microcephaly (head circumference ≥2 standard deviations [SD] below the mean for sex and gestational age at birth). (cdc.gov)

More severe disturbances in glucose metabolism may have an association. (lamaze.org)
That may be true, but I wouldn't let medications that manipulate maternal and possibly fetal glucose metabolism off the hook so easily. (lamaze.org)
These results suggest that associations between the fetal imprinted gene allele score and size at birth are mediated through both glucose-dependent and glucose-independent mechanisms. (biomedcentral.com)

The mean gestational age at first antenatal care attendance was 5 ± 1.5 months. (hindawi.com)

Maternal adiposity, currently widespread, was not demonstrated to substantially modify these associations. (nih.gov)

A 2016 review concluded that the mechanism behind the reported associations was still not clear, with evidence both for selection of individuals liable to psychiatric illness into late fatherhood and evidence for causative mutations. (wikipedia.org)
n=65), and 260 randomly selected controls, among the participants who provided a single awakening saliva sample in approximately gestational week 19 in 2012-2016. (researchsquare.com)

In the African Region alone over the same period, the number of overweight or obese children under 5 years of age increased from 4 million to 10 million. (who.int)

A set of tools called epigenetic clocks have recently been shown to reflect various domains of physiology and metabolism, and thus could be useful for gauging the intergenerational impacts of chronic maternal physiological and metabolic dysregulation [ 17 , 18 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

0.001) after adjusting for gestational age and sex. (ox.ac.uk)

Mendelian randomization analysis was conducted to assess the relationship between maternal height, gestational age and fetal growth measures. (immport.org)

The strength of the association differs between studies. (wikipedia.org)
Studies span different gestational ages, analyze single or pooled samples and use a variety of techniques to determine macronutrient content. (nature.com)
The results of previous studies on the associations between elevated maternal cortisol, fetal growth, and gestational age at birth were inconsistent [7, 20-23]. (researchsquare.com)
It makes no sense that milder cases would have a stronger association, nor have other studies found this, which makes this finding questionable. (lamaze.org)
Additional studies are warranted to confirm the association and to more fully characterize the phenotype. (cdc.gov)

Results: There was no association between birth weight standard deviation score (SDS) and age at menarche. (zu.ac.ae)
Results: Ages ranged between 15 and 45 years, mean 27.7 ± 6.6 years. (bvsalud.org)

To investigate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and central haemodynamic indices in physical examination population. (shsmu.edu.cn)

Profound changes occur in the maternal circulation that have the potential to adversely affect maternal and fetal health, especially in the presence of underlying heart conditions. (medscape.com)
This is mainly because of the low utilization of maternal health services. (hindawi.com)
These figures included adjustments for a host of covariates, including sex, gestational age, and social determinants of health. (medpagetoday.com)
Data regarding maternal socio-demographic and mental health were recorded. (springer.com)
It was designed to provide national estimates of the health and nutritional status of the United States' civilian, noninstitutionalized population aged two months and older. (cdc.gov)

Anatomy21

Diseases66

Chemicals and Drugs6

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment75

Psychiatry and Psychology13

Phenomena and Processes55

Disciplines and Occupations1

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena11

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science10

Named Groups19

Health Care60

Geographicals10

Pregnancy64

Outcomes36

Diabetes16

Infant5

Obesity5

Birthweight4

Weeks gestational age2

Prenatal5

Exposure12

Conclusions2

Births5

Perinatal3

Effects of maternal2

Negatively4

Fetal growth and development1

Infants6

Causal4

Methods2

Mortality11

Paternal16

Reproductive2

Anthropometric measures1

Pregnant5

Concentrations7

Hypertension1

Risk16

Small3

Pregnancies2

Adjustment for maternal2

Preventive Services Task Force1

Placenta1

Foetal growth1

Placental2

Alcohol1

Parity1

Independent of maternal1

Childhood3

Mothers3

Study11

Significantly3

Increases1

Statistically significant2

Head circumference4

Glucose3

Antenatal1

Adiposity1

20162

Overweight1

Chronic1

0.0011

Assess1

Studies5

Results2

Investigate1

Health5