• RELA, or v-rel avian reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A, is also known as p65 or NFKB3. (wikipedia.org)
  • RPS6KA5/MSK1 and RPS6KA4/MSK2 can directly phosphorylate and activate transcription factors such as CREB1, ATF1, the NF-kappa-B isoform RELA/NFKB3, STAT1 and STAT3, but can also phosphorylate histone H3 and the nucleosomal protein HMGN1. (icr.ac.uk)
  • NF-kappa-B is composed of NFKB1 or NFKB2 bound to either REL, RELA, or RELB. (nih.gov)
  • NF- kappa-B is a homo- or heterodimeric complex formed by the Rel-like domain-containing proteins RELA/p65, RELB, NFKB1/p105, NFKB1/p50, REL and NFKB2/p52 and the heterodimeric p65-p50 complex appears to be most abundant one. (hmdb.ca)
  • NF-kappa-B heterodimeric p65-p50 and RelB-p50 complexes are transcriptional activators. (hmdb.ca)
  • NFKB1 or NFKB2 is bound to REL, RELA, or RELB to form the NFKB complex. (avivasysbio.com)
  • The NF-κB/Rel family consists of five members (p50 p52 p65 [RelA] c-Rel and RelB) which can form various homo- or heterodimeric complexes. (bibf1120.com)
  • The first subfamily of proteins (c-Rel, RelB, p65/RelA) contains a C-terminal transactivation domain. (oncotarget.com)
  • In a non-canonical activation pathway, the MAP3K14-activated CHUK/IKKA homodimer phosphorylates NFKB2/p100 associated with RelB, inducing its proteolytic processing to NFKB2/p52 and the formation of NF-kappa-B RelB-p52 complexes. (cusabio.com)
  • The NF-kappa-B heterodimeric RelB-p52 complex is a transcriptional activator. (cusabio.com)
  • Transcription factor p65 also known as nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p65 subunit is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RELA gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nuclear factor kB p65 (NF-kB p65) is encoded by the RELA gene and is present on chromosome 11 in humans. (thermofisher.com)
  • The most abundant form of NF-kappa-B is NFKB1 complexed with the product of this gene, RELA. (nih.gov)
  • Using fibroblasts from RelA (p65)-deficient mice generated by gene targeting, we have investigated the role of this subunit of NF-κB in gene activation by microbial lipopolysaccharide, tumor necrosis factor α, and in possible synergism with the IFN-γ-signaling pathway. (rupress.org)
  • It specifically plays a key role in transcription of immunoglobulin k (kappa) gene in mature B-lymphoid cells. (thermofisher.com)
  • Taken together these data indicate dependency for Gq/11 in early phosphorylation of p65 NFκB and this subsequently affects initial NFκB-dependent gene transcriptional activity, however later regulation of p65 is unaffected. (strath.ac.uk)
  • Several observations have suggested a role of the NF-κB and IκB gene products in cell proliferation transformation and tumor development (47 53 NF-κB controls the expression of a number of growth-promoting cytokines. (bibf1120.com)
  • In its quiescent state NF-κB is found in the cytoplasm bound to two proteins, IκBα and IκBβ (Inhibitor kappa B alpha and beta) that prevent it from translocating to the cell's nucleus for gene expression (Barnes & Karin, 1997). (nature-nurture.org)
  • Like other proteins in this complex, RELA contains a N-terminal REL-homology domain (RHD), and also a C-terminal transactivation domain (TAD). (wikipedia.org)
  • In vivo studies revealed that RELA is also under acetylation modification in the nucleus, which is just as important as phosphorylation as a post-translational modification of proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • NFKB1 appears to have dual functions such as cytoplasmic retention of attached NF-kappa-B proteins by p105 and generation of p50 by a cotranslational processing. (hmdb.ca)
  • The NFKB complex is inhibited by I-kappa-B proteins (NFKBIA or NFKBIB), which inactivate NF-kappa-B by trapping it in the cytoplasm. (avivasysbio.com)
  • Phosphorylation of serine residues on the I-kappa-B proteins by kinases (IKBKA, or IKBKB) marks them for destruction via the ubiquitination pathway, thereby allowing activation of the NF-kappa-B complex. (avivasysbio.com)
  • NF-kB P65 is also known as RelA (v-rel avian reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A) and belongs to the Rel family of proteins. (thermofisher.com)
  • Rel frequently combines with other related proteins (NF-KAPPA B, I-kappa B, relA) to form heterodimers that regulate transcription. (bvsalud.org)
  • Acts as a cysteine-protein sulfhydrase by mediating sulfhydration of target proteins: sulfhydration consists of converting -SH groups into -SSH on specific cysteine residues of target proteins such as GAPDH, PTPN1 and NF-kappa-B subunit RELA, thereby regulating their function. (nih.gov)
  • NF-κB is usually activated by the release from cytoplasmic IκB proteins and subsequently translocates into the nucleus (3 5 34 Activation is usually brought on by signal-induced phosphorylation of IκB which targets the inhibitor for rapid degradation by the proteasome (49). (bibf1120.com)
  • The NFKB complex is inhibited by I-kappa-B proteins (NFKBIA, MIM 164008 or NFKBIB, MIM 604495), which inactivate NFKB by trapping it in the cytoplasm. (affbiotech.cn)
  • 2001). The most prominent, NF-κB, is a heterodimer that consists of two proteins, p65 (also called RelA) and p50. (nature-nurture.org)
  • Proteins encoded by the v-Rel viral oncogene and its cellular homolog, c-Rel, are members of a family of transcription factors that include the two subunits of the transcription factor NF kB (p50 and p65) and the Drosophila maternal morphogen, dorsal. (sabbiotech.cn)
  • IκBζ, an atypical member of the nuclear IκB family of proteins, is expressed at low levels in most resting cells, but is induced upon stimulation of Toll-like/IL-1 receptors through an IRAK1/IRAK4/NFκB-dependent pathway. (oncotarget.com)
  • NFKB2 appears to have dual functions such as cytoplasmic retention of attached NF-kappa-B proteins by p100 and generation of p52 by a cotranslational processing. (cusabio.com)
  • Upon degradation of the inhibitor, NF-kappa-B moves to the nucleus and activates transcription of specific genes. (nih.gov)
  • RHD is involved in DNA binding, dimerization and NF-κB/REL inhibitor interaction. (wikipedia.org)
  • NF-kappa-B complexes are held in the cytoplasm in an inactive state complexed with members of the NF- kappa-B inhibitor (I-kappa-B) family. (hmdb.ca)
  • Pre-treatment of cells with the novel Gq/11 inhibitor YM-254890 and Gq/11 siRNA caused a similar pattern of inhibition and also reduced PAR-2-mediated NFκB transcriptional activity. (strath.ac.uk)
  • Through this constitutive activity, NF-κB p50/p65 acts in tumors mainly as an inhibitor of apoptosis [ 8 , 14 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • NLRC3 deficiency promotes hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension development via IKK/NF-kappaB p65/HIF-1alpha pathway. (nih.gov)
  • CCL2 release by TNF-α-stimulated MSCs was mediated by TNF-RI and TNF-RII, through the NF-κB but not via the AP-1 pathway. (nih.gov)
  • In a conventional activation pathway, I-kappa-B is phosphorylated by I-kappa-B kinases (IKKs) in response to different activators, subsequently degraded thus liberating the active NF-kappa-B complex which translocates to the nucleus. (hmdb.ca)
  • Upon the occupancy of ACE2 by SARS-CoV-2, the increased serum level of free Angiotensin II (Ang II) due to a reduction of ACE2-mediated degradation promotes activation of the NF-kappa B pathway via Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R), followed by interleukin-6 (IL-6) production. (kegg.jp)
  • Overall these novel data demonstrate an IKK2-dependent, predominantly G-protein-independent pathway involved in PAR-2 regulation of NFκB phosphorylation in keratinocytes. (strath.ac.uk)
  • Hydrogen sulfide protected gastric epithelial cell from ischemia/reperfusion injury by Keap1 s-sulfhydration, MAPK dependent anti-apoptosis and NF-kappaB dependent anti-inflammation pathway. (esmed.org)
  • ZJL acted by inhibiting NF-KB and MAPK signaling pathway activity. (kspbtjpb.org)
  • Triggered by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), protein kinase A (PKA) specifically phosphorylates serine 276 in the RHD domain in the cytoplasm, controlling NF-κB DNA-binding and oligomerization. (wikipedia.org)
  • On the other hand, mitogen and stress-activated kinase 1 (MSK1) are also able to phosphorylate RELA at residue 276 under TNFα induction in the nucleus, increasing NF-κB response at the transcriptional level. (wikipedia.org)
  • In response to DNA damage, ribosomal subunit kinase-1 (RSK1) also has the ability to phosphorylate RELA at serine 536 in a p53-dependent manner. (wikipedia.org)
  • A couple of other kinases are also able to phosphorylate RELA at different conditions, including glycogen-synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β), AKT/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and NF-κB activating kinase (NAK, i.e. (wikipedia.org)
  • RSV has also been found to regulate other molecular targets such as AMP-activated protein kinase, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, nuclear factor- (NF-) κ B, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase and has also been considered to have powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. (hindawi.com)
  • Both form a complex called nuclear inhibiting kinase (NIK), that releases IκB's ability from inhibiting NF-κB. (nature-nurture.org)
  • In this study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of Z. jujuba leaf in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells and identified the regulatory mechanisms of NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa B) and MAPK (mitogen activated protein kinase) as molecular targets. (kspbtjpb.org)
  • The p50 (NFKB1)/p65 (RELA) heterodimer is the most abundant form of NFKB. (affbiotech.cn)
  • An essential role for NF-kappaB in preventing TNF-alpha-induced cell death. (esmed.org)
  • Binding sites for the nuclear factor (NF)-κB transcription factor have been identified within control regions of many genes involved in inflammatory and immune responses. (rupress.org)
  • Microbial LPS and viral dsRNA are potent inducers of nuclear factor (NF)-κB transcription factors, which have been implicated in regulation of host defense mechanisms in diverse species ranging from insects to mammals ( 3 ). (rupress.org)
  • It is one of the two subunits of NF-kB (Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) that heterodimerizes with the other subunits p50 or p52. (thermofisher.com)
  • Under pathophysiological conditions, mitochondrial dysfunction results in overproduction of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and further stimulates nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activity, thus leading to cellular damage and tissue dysfunction [ 2 , 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-κB has been suggested to be a key mediator of the development of lymph nodes and Peyer's patches. (rupress.org)
  • Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) has been implicated in the regulation of cell proliferation transformation and tumor development. (bibf1120.com)
  • On a molecular level many Th1 cytokines are permitted expression with the activation of transfer factors, such as AP-1 and NF-κB (nuclear factor-kappa B) (Liz-Grana et al. (nature-nurture.org)
  • NF-κB ( Nuclear Factor kappa B ) is a ubiquitous family of transcription factors involved in biological processes such as inflammation, immunity, proliferation and apoptosis [ 1 - 3 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • Our results indicate not only that RelA is required for activation of key genes involved in adaptive (acquired) immune responses, including major histocompatibility complex class I, CD40, and the Fas death receptor, but also that both NF-κB-inducing signals and IFN-γ are necessary for maximal activation. (rupress.org)
  • In contrast, neutrophil-specific chemokine genes KC and MIP-2, which can function as nonspecific mediators in innate immune responses, were strongly induced by RelA in the absence of IFN-γ. (rupress.org)
  • Our results show that RelA plays a critical role in activation of immune system genes in response to nonspecific stimuli and demonstrate a novel proapoptotic function for this protein in Fas-induced cell death. (rupress.org)
  • The dimers bind at kappa-B sites in the DNA of their target genes and the individual dimers have distinct preferences for different kappa-B sites that they can bind with distinguishable affinity and specificity. (hmdb.ca)
  • p50 binds to the kappa-B consensus sequence 5'- GGRNNYYCC-3', located in the enhancer region of genes involved in immune response and acute phase reactions. (hmdb.ca)
  • The inducible transcription aspect NF-κB participates in the legislation of numerous genes many of which are involved in inflammation and the immune response. (bibf1120.com)
  • Like its homolog Bcl3, IκBζ can regulate the transcription of a set of inflamatory genes through its association with the p50 or p52 subunits of NF-κB. (oncotarget.com)
  • The mechanisms underpinning the coupling of GPCRs, such as PAR-2, to the phosphorylation of p65 NFκB have not been investigated. (strath.ac.uk)
  • In the current study we found that trypsin and the selective PAR-2 activating peptide, 2f-LIGKV-OH, stimulated large and sustained increases in the serine 536 phosphorylation of p65/RelA in a transfected skin epithelial cell line and primary keratinocytes. (strath.ac.uk)
  • Phospho-NF-kB p65 (Thr254) Antibody detects endogenous levels of NF-kB p65 only when phosphorylated at Threonine 254. (affbiotech.cn)
  • Western blot analysis of NF-kB p65 on different lysates using anti-NF-kB p65 antibody at 1/1,000 dilution. (sabbiotech.cn)
  • Western blot analysis of NF-kB p65 on hybrid fish (crucian-carp) heart tissue lysate using anti-NF-kB p65 antibody at 1/500 dilution. (sabbiotech.cn)
  • Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human lung cancer tissue using anti-NF-kB p65 antibody. (sabbiotech.cn)
  • Comparison of backbone dynamics of the p50 dimerization domain of NFκB in the homodimeric transcription factor NFκB 1 and in its heterodimeric complex with RelA (p65). (nfkb-product.com)
  • RELA, also known as p65, is a REL-associated protein involved in NF-κB heterodimer formation, nuclear translocation and activation[citation needed]. (wikipedia.org)
  • RELA and p50 is the mostly commonly found heterodimer complex among NF-κB homodimers and heterodimers, and is the functional component participating in nuclear translocation and activation of NF-κB. (wikipedia.org)
  • The fact that RELA can be modified by a collection of kinases via phosphorylation at different sites/regions within the protein under different stimulations might suggest a synergistic effect of these modifications. (wikipedia.org)
  • Multiple-site phosphorylation is common in endothelial cells, and different cell types may contain different stimuli, leading to targeted phosphorylation of RELA by different kinases. (wikipedia.org)
  • NF-kappa-B is a pleiotropic transcription factor which is present in almost all cell types and is involved in many biological processed such as inflammation, immunity, differentiation, cell growth, tumorigenesis and apoptosis. (hmdb.ca)
  • RSV inhibited the expression of senescence markers (p53, p16, and p19), inflammasome markers (NLRP3 and Cas1 p20), and nuclear translocation of NF- κ B, hence alleviating infarction area, fibrosis, and cell apoptosis. (hindawi.com)
  • The antiapoptotic function of NF-κB is certainly supported by many research demonstrating that NF-κB activity stops the induction of apoptosis by tumor necrosis aspect alpha ionizing rays and anticancer agencies (4) which c-Rel stops spontaneous apoptosis of B cells (52). (bibf1120.com)
  • Latest data reveal that constitutive NF-κB activation is vital for apoptosis level of resistance of various kinds of tumor cells (7 48 Oddly enough constitutive NF-κB is necessary for cell routine development of Hodgkin's lymphoma cells (7). (bibf1120.com)
  • NF-kappa-B is a pleiotropic transcription factor present in almost all cell types and is the endpoint of a series of signal transduction events that are initiated by a vast array of stimuli related to many biological processes such as inflammation, immunity, differentiation, cell growth, tumorigenesis and apoptosis. (cusabio.com)
  • For example, CBP and p300 binding to RELA are enhanced when serine 276 or 311 is phosphorylated. (wikipedia.org)
  • RELA protein has four isoforms, the longest and the predominant one being 551 amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
  • RELA is a 65 kDa protein. (wikipedia.org)
  • Isoform p49 is a subunit of the NF-kappa-B protein complex, which stimulates the HIV enhancer in synergy with p65. (cusabio.com)
  • Our results show that SARS-CoV-2 directs a cGAS-STING mediated, NF-κB-driven inflammatory immune response in human epithelial cells that likely contributes to inflammatory responses seen in patients and could be therapeutically targeted to suppress severe disease symptoms. (nature.com)
  • Piceatannol inhibits phorbol ester-induced NF-κB activation and COX-2 expression in cultured human mammary epithelial cells. (snu.ac.kr)
  • Mechanistically, preventing loss of SIRT1 through exercise was linked to reduced acetylation of NF-κB in kidney and liver of db/db + Ex mice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here we report that when mice lacking the RelA subunit of NF-κB are brought to term by breeding onto a tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)1-deficient background, the mice that are born lack lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, and an organized splenic microarchitecture, and have a profound defect in T cell-dependent antigen responses. (rupress.org)
  • Embryonic lethality and liver degeneration in mice lacking the RelA component of NF-kappa B." Nature 376(6536): 167-170. (esmed.org)
  • Our novel results emphasize the important roles of inflammation-stroma interactions in breast cancer, and suggest that NF-κB may be a potential target for inhibition in tumor-adjacent stromal cells, enabling improved tumor control in inflammation-driven malignancies. (nih.gov)
  • Loss of SIRT1 is associated with upregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-α (PGC-1α) and NF-κB acetylation, thereby impairing mitochondrial biogenesis and triggering inflammation in T2DM [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Supershift assay identified that the nuclear NF-$\kappa$B complexes activated by TNF are P50/p50 and p50/p65 dimers. (jefferson.edu)
  • Epstein-Barr virus envelope glycoprotein 110 inhibits NF-κB activation by interacting with NF-κB subunit p65. (nih.gov)
  • The functional roles of the two TNFRs in mediating NF-$\kappa$B activation, and inducing IL-2R$\alpha$ chain (CD25) and ICAM-1 (CD54) expression, were examined using receptor-specific antisera and TNF mutants, Northern blot analysis, gel shift assay and flow cytometry on human NK-like YT cells. (jefferson.edu)
  • These findings suggest that ZJL may have great potential for the development of anti-inflammatory drugs and vaccines via inhibition of NF‐ĸB and MAPK signaling in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. (kspbtjpb.org)
  • Analyses of TNFR1/RelA-deficient embryonic tissues and of radiation chimeras suggest that the dependence on RelA is manifest not in hematopoietic cells but rather in radioresistant stromal cells needed for the development of secondary lymphoid organs. (rupress.org)
  • RELA is expressed alongside p50 in various cell types, including epithelial/endothelial cells and neuronal tissues. (wikipedia.org)
  • NF-κB activates transcription from the cyclin D1 promoter through a proximal binding site primarily. (bibf1120.com)
  • RELA has also been shown to modulate immune responses, and activation of RELA is positively associated with multiple types of cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Phosphorylation of RELA plays a key role in regulating NF-κB activation and function. (wikipedia.org)
  • Building on these observations, we found a specific activation of NF-κB and a block of IRF3 nuclear translocation in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells. (nature.com)
  • This NF-κB response was mediated by cGAS-STING activation and could be attenuated through several STING-targeting drugs. (nature.com)
  • The results showed that antisera against the two hTNFRs and human TNF mutants binding exclusively or preferentially to one of the two TNFRs are all capable of triggering NF-$\kappa$B activation and CD25/CD54 nduction. (jefferson.edu)
  • Taken together, these results indicated that NF-$\kappa$8 activation, homoaggregation, and the induction of CD25 and CD54 on YT cells could be mediated independently through individual TNFRs via separate signaling pathways. (jefferson.edu)
  • Surprisingly, two patient-specific populations of PCSCs were found: one with canonical NF-κB signaling and another one with blunted NF-κB activation, which can be efficiently killed by tumor necrosis factor (TNF). (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • Parallel experiments showed that in both cell types, p65 NFκB phosphorylation is mediated through the selective activation of IKK2. (strath.ac.uk)
  • Several clinical trials using inhibitors of NF-κB activation have been performed, and have shown variable results in a few types of cancers [ 17 - 21 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • Thus, culturing of PCSCs and analysis of respective NF-κB induction potency after surgery might be a powerful tool for optimizing patient-specific treatment options, such as the use of TNF-inducing chemotherapeutics and/or NF-κB inhibitors. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • RELA promotes the progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma via TFAP2A-Wnt/β-catenin signaling. (nih.gov)
  • Nevertheless a direct hyperlink between NF-κB activity and cell routine progression remains to become set up. (bibf1120.com)
  • The involvement of NF-κB in the development, the progression and the therapeutic resistance of many human cancers is well established. (oncotarget.com)
  • The roles of AP-1 and NF-κB in chemokine secretion were analyzed by Western blotting and by siRNAs to c-Jun and p65, respectively. (nih.gov)
  • NF-κB is an essential transcription factor complex involved in all types of cellular processes, including cellular metabolism, chemotaxis, etc. (wikipedia.org)
  • To examine further killing mechanisms in prostate cancer stem cells (PCSCs), we analyzed NF-κB signaling. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • NF-kappa-B is a ubiquitous transcription factor involved in several biological processes. (nih.gov)
  • Human RELA dominant-negative mutations underlie type I interferonopathy with autoinflammation and autoimmunity. (nih.gov)
  • RELA tunes innate-like interferon I/III responses in human T cells. (nih.gov)
  • A synthesized peptide derived from human NF-κB p65. (sigmaaldrich.com)