• These RAS peptides are present in astrocytes, glial cells, oligodendrocytes, and neurons of various areas of the brain [ 14 , 15 ] such as the basal ganglia, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus [ 16 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Swanson LW , Hahn JD , Jeub LGS, Fortunato S, Sporns O . Subsystem organization of axonal connections within and between the right and left cerebral cortex and cerebral nuclei (endbrain). (neurotree.org)
  • PR-independent neurosteroid regulation of 2-GABA-A receptors in the hippocampus subfields. (tamu.edu)
  • The habenula was traditionally divided into lateral (limbic) and medial (motor) parts. (wikipedia.org)
  • Detailed examination of the region in the cat, however, suggested that the lateral part should be further divided into ten distinct subnuclei and the medial into five distinct subnuclei. (wikipedia.org)
  • In birds and mammals, however, both habenulae are more symmetrical (although not entirely) and consist of a medial and a lateral nucleus on each side which is in fish and amphibians equivalent to dorsal habenula and the ventral habenula, respectively. (wikipedia.org)
  • The medial habenula sends outputs of glutamate, substance P and acetylcholine to the periaqueductal gray via the interpeduncular nucleus as well as to the pineal gland. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dynamic interaction between medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens as a function of both motivational state and reinforcer magnitude: a c-Fos immunocytochemistry study. (tamu.edu)
  • Neurons in the lateral habenula are 'reward-negative' as they are activated by stimuli associated with unpleasant events, the absence of the reward or the presence of punishment especially when this is unpredictable. (wikipedia.org)
  • This output inhibits dopamine neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta and the ventral tegmental area, with activation in the lateral habenula linking to deactivation in them, and vice versa, deactivation in the lateral habenula with their activation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lateral hypothalamic orexin/hypocretin neurons: A role in reward-seeking and addiction. (tamu.edu)
  • Functional compensation by other voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in mouse basal forebrain neurons with Ca(V)2.1 mutations. (tamu.edu)
  • GABAergic miniature postsynaptic currents in septal neurons show differential allosteric sensitivity after binge-like ethanol exposure. (tamu.edu)
  • Critically timed ethanol exposure reduces GABAAR function on septal neurons developing in vivo but not in vitro. (tamu.edu)
  • The intrathalamic grafts of rats which had received a low dose of apomorphine (0.25 mg/kg) 2 h before perfusion showed clusters of intensely Fos-immunoreactive nuclei throughout the transplant, indicating that these cells had developed dopamine receptors and supersensitivity to dopamine agonists. (shengsci.com)
  • The right and left habenular nuclei are connected to each other by the habenular commissure. (wikipedia.org)
  • The brain RAS system exhibits pleiotropic properties such as neuroprotection and cognition along with regulation of blood pressure, CVS homeostasis, thirst and salt appetite, stress, depression, alcohol addiction, and pain modulation. (hindawi.com)
  • New research suggests that lateral habenula may play a crucial role in decision making. (wikipedia.org)
  • The outputs of the lateral habenula target dopaminergic regions (substantia nigra pars compacta and the ventral tegmental area), serotonergic regions (median raphe and dorsal raphe nuclei), and a cholinergic region (the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus). (wikipedia.org)
  • iKEPI fiber/terminal patterns are relatively densely distributed in striatum, nucleus accumbens, septum, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, hippocampus, paraventricular thalamus, ventromedial hypothalamus, interpeduncular nucleus , raphe nuclei, nucleus caudalis of the spinal tract of the trigeminal and dorsal horn of the spinal cord. (brainmaps.org)
  • Some of these regions such as the amygdala, the solitary nucleus, raphe nuclei also have established roles in cardiovascular control and pain modulation, suggesting that Li may share these functions, if these regions are confirmed to project to the Li. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This output inhibits dopamine neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta and the ventral tegmental area, with activation in the lateral habenula linking to deactivation in them, and vice versa, deactivation in the lateral habenula with their activation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Input regions include septal nuclei (the nucleus fimbrialis septi and the nucleus triangularis septi), dopaminergic inputs from the interfascicular nucleus of the ventral tegmental area, noradrenergic inputs from the locus ceruleus, and GABAergic inputs from the diagonal band of Broca. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because high densities of alpha3beta4 nicotinic receptors occur in the medial habenula and the interpeduncular nucleus and moderate densities occur in the dorsolateral tegmentum, ventral tegmental area, and basolateral amygdala, the present study was conducted to determine if 18-MC could act in these brain areas to modulate methamphetamine self-administration in rats. (brainmaps.org)
  • In contrast, local administration of 18-MC and the other antagonists decreased sucrose self-administration when administered into the dorsolateral tegmentum or basolateral amygdala but had no effect when infused into the medial habenula, interpeduncular nucleus , or ventral tegmental area. (brainmaps.org)
  • The study expands our understanding of the neural circuitry downstream of the cerebellum by describing pathways between the deep cerebellar nuclei and the nucleus accumbens. (elifesciences.org)
  • In many fishes and amphibians, the habenula on one side is significantly larger and better organized into distinct nuclei in the dorsal diencephalon than its smaller pair. (wikipedia.org)
  • In birds and mammals, however, both habenulae are more symmetrical (although not entirely) and consist of a medial and a lateral nucleus on each side which is in fish and amphibians equivalent to dorsal habenula and the ventral habenula, respectively. (wikipedia.org)
  • iKEPI-positive cell bodies lie in the nucleus accumbens, striatum, lateral septal nucleus, granular layer of dentate gyrus, interpeduncular nucleus , dorsal root ganglia and cerebellar vermis. (brainmaps.org)
  • The linear nucleus (Li) is found in the medullary reticular formation surrounding the middle segment of the compact part of the ambiguus nucleus (AmbC) in dorsal, medial and/or lateral aspects. (biomedcentral.com)
  • By way of the fasciculus retroflexus (habenulointerpeduncular tract) it projects to the interpeduncular nucleus and other paramedian cell groups of the midbrain tegmentum. (wikipedia.org)
  • The medial habenula sends outputs of glutamate, substance P and acetylcholine to the periaqueductal gray via the interpeduncular nucleus as well as to the pineal gland. (wikipedia.org)
  • On the other hand, morphine was shown to alter the neurochemistry of the habenulo-interpeduncular pathway, inducing biphasic changes in acetylcholine release in the interpeduncular nucleus . (brainmaps.org)
  • Nicotine (0.1 and 0.4 mg/kg s.c.) produced a dose-dependent decrease in extracellular levels of acetylcholine, while methamphetamine (1 and 4 mg/kg i.p.) produced an increase in acetylcholine release in the interpeduncular nucleus . (brainmaps.org)
  • Furthermore, the sections are collected at an equal distance, 200 mum instead of 400-500 mum used previously, thus enabling the use of virtual z-stacks and three-dimensional (3D) volume renderings to investigate differential localization patterns in much smaller brain structures such as the substantia nigra and the interpeduncular nucleus . (brainmaps.org)
  • 18-Methoxycoronaridine, an agent that reduces morphine self-administration and attenuates dopamine sensitization in the nucleus accumbens in response to repeated morphine, has been shown to produce these effects by acting in the medial habenula and interpeduncular nucleus . (brainmaps.org)
  • Acetylcholine, one of the predominant neurotransmitters in the interpeduncular nucleus , may be a major determinant of these interactions. (brainmaps.org)
  • To determine if and how morphine acts in the interpeduncular nucleus , the effects of acute and repeated administration of morphine on extracellular acetylcholine levels in this brain area were assessed. (brainmaps.org)
  • Acutely, morphine produced a biphasic effect on extracellular acetylcholine levels in the interpeduncular nucleus such that low and high doses of morphine (i.e., 5 and 20mg/kg i.p.) significantly increased and decreased acetylcholine levels, respectively. (brainmaps.org)
  • The habenular neurons on both sides of the zebrafish diencephalon show an asymmetric (laterotopic) axonal projection pattern into the interpeduncular nucleus . (brainmaps.org)
  • At metamorphic climax and in newly metamorphosed frogs, positive perikarya were found in the striatum and in the interpeduncular nucleus . (brainmaps.org)
  • Six hours after intracerebroventricular microinjection of MnCl2, T1-weighted 3D MRI (2.35 T) at 117 mum isotropic resolution revealed a continuous pattern of anterograde labeling from the habenula via the fasciculus retroflexus to the interpeduncular nucleus . (brainmaps.org)
  • Some doses of 18-MC administered into the interpeduncular nucleus significantly ameliorated rearing, teeth chattering, and burying, while other doses exacerbated diarrhea and teeth chattering. (brainmaps.org)
  • Lesions of habenula were confirmed histologically and neurochemically by reduction of choline acetyltransferase in the interpeduncular nucleus . (brainmaps.org)
  • The linear nucleus (Li) was first identified in 1978 by horseradish peroxidase retrograde labelling from rat cerebellar tactile regions [ 47 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • the lateral habenula receives afferents from the lateral hypothalamus, nucleus accumbens, internal globus pallidus, ventral pallidum, and diagonal band of Broca. (wikipedia.org)
  • The present study examines its afferents from some nuclei involved in motor and cardiovascular control with anterograde tracer injections. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The main objective of the study is to examine afferents to Li from the central amygdaloid nucleus, KF, the paralemniscal nucleus (PL) which is rostral and adjacent to KF, Gi, Sol and adjacent parvicellular/intermediate reticular nucleus (PCRt/IRt). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although the cerebellum is now recognized as part of a long-range brain network that serves limbic functions and motivated behavior, knowledge of cerebello-limbic connectivity is limited, and nothing is known about how the cerebellum connects functionally to the nucleus accumbens (NAc). (elifesciences.org)
  • Bilateral projections with an ipsilateral dominance were observed after injections in a) jointly the paralemniscal nucleus, the noradrenergic group 7/ Köllike -Fuse nucleus/subcoeruleus nucleus, b) the gigantocellular reticular nucleus, c) and the solitary nucleus/the parvicellular/intermediate reticular nucleus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The finding extends previous investigations about the connections between these two brain areas, and are important for elucidating the role of the cerebellum in influencing functions supported by the nucleus accumbens, such as motivation and reward. (elifesciences.org)
  • The linear nucleus (Li) was identified in 1978 from its projections to the cerebellum. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The majority of the abovementioned nuclei have recognized roles in movement control, consistent with the likely role of the projections from Li to the cerebellum. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thus, some of these nuclei may provide relay signals to the cerebellum through Li. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This part of the brain contains clusters of nuclei with diverse functions centered on speech, swallowing, cardiovascular and respiratory control and is expected to have different functional inputs from the rest of the brain. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The lateral habenula functions to oppose the action of the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus in the acquisition of avoidance responses but not the processing of avoidance later on when it is a memory, motivation or its execution. (wikipedia.org)
  • NCI) C32221 Body Part C74456 CDISC SDTM Anatomical Location Terminology C12440 Amygdala Amygdala Amygdaloid Nucleus An almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle of the brain, within the temporal lobe. (nih.gov)
  • NCI) C32221 Body Part C74456 CDISC SDTM Anatomical Location Terminology C12665 Abducens Nerve Abducens Nerve A cranial nerve that supplies motor impulses to the lateral rectus muscle of the eye. (nih.gov)
  • CDISC) C32221 Body Part C74456 CDISC SDTM Anatomical Location Terminology C32042 Acetabulum Acetabulum Two cup shaped areas, one each on the lateral side of the lower pelvis that house the head of the femur to form the ball and socket joint of the hip. (nih.gov)
  • Two cup shaped areas, one each on the lateral side of the lower pelvis that house the head of the femur to form the ball and socket joint of the hip. (nih.gov)