AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation ScienceHealth Care
Angiotensin IIReceptors, AngiotensinReceptor, Angiotensin, Type 1Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2Angiotensin Receptor AntagonistsAngiotensin II Type 1 Receptor BlockersTetrazolesLosartanAngiotensin IAngiotensin II Type 2 Receptor BlockersBiphenyl CompoundsBenzimidazolesImidazolesAngiotensin IIIAngiotensin-Converting Enzyme InhibitorsRenin-Angiotensin System1-Sarcosine-8-Isoleucine Angiotensin IIAntihypertensive AgentsPeptidyl-Dipeptidase AReninBlood PressureSaralasinAngiotensinsHypertensionValineVasoconstrictor AgentsRats, Sprague-DawleyBenzoatesPyridinesAldosteroneKidneyAngiotensinogenRats, Inbred SHREnalaprilRats, Inbred WKYRNA, MessengerCells, CulturedMuscle, Smooth, VascularCaptoprilDose-Response Relationship, DrugVasoconstrictionMyocardiumRats, WistarSubfornical OrganRenal CirculationFibrosisAortaAdrenal GlandsEnalaprilatHypertension, RenalNorepinephrineDisease Models, AnimalDiet, Sodium-RestrictedKidney Tubules, ProximalBradykininSignal TransductionReceptors, Transforming Growth Factor betaHemodynamicsLisinoprilKidney GlomerulusNatriuresisSodium Chloride, DietaryNephrectomySympathetic Nervous SystemSodiumDrinkingAmlodipineHeart RateTime FactorsZona GlomerulosaProteinuriaOligopeptidesAutoradiographyRats, Inbred StrainsTeprotideNitric OxideMineralocorticoid Receptor AntagonistsSpironolactoneCardiomegalyOrgan SizeDiabetic NephropathiesNADPH OxidaseVascular ResistanceAngiotensin AmideKidney DiseasesDiureticsAldosterone SynthaseBody WeightThiazepinesHypertension, RenovascularRamiprilGene ExpressionTransforming Growth Factor betaMice, Inbred C57BLMice, KnockoutHeartDrug Therapy, CombinationHydralazineAdrenal CortexRadioligand Assay
Renin-angiotACE2MediatesSignal transductionEnzyme inhibitorsAntagonistEffects of angiotensinHypertensionAntagonismSecretionRenalOctapeptidePeptideInhibitorsStimulationGPCRAngiotensinogenLosartanVasoconstrictorAT2ROrally activeAngIIExtracellular matrixProteinVasopressorAntihypertensive medicationsMechanismEndothelial cellsPhysiologicalProteinsAgonistHeptapeptideDecapeptideMechanisms2000OpioidGeneHypertensiveVasoconstrictionActivationARBsBlockerDiabetesPeptidesBradykininAffinityDopamineHormoneRoleZona glomerulosaBiologically activeInhibitionIncreasesSpironolactoneTissuesAntagonizeCellularMembrane
Renin-angiot17
ACE228
  • Sars-CoV-2, which shares 79.6% sequence homology with Sars-CoV-1 [ 2 ] similarly infects hosts through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the functional receptor in lung epithelial cells. (springer.com)
  • Infection of other cell types possessing ACE2 receptors has been described including the epithelial cells of the lung, intestine, kidney, heart, and blood vessels inducing cardiotropic damage [ 4 , 5 ]. (springer.com)
  • Interaction of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors on target the cell surface mediates SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells that is facilitated by transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and lysosomal proteases. (springer.com)
  • Since SARS-CoV-2 has marked affinity for the ACE2 receptor, it is certainly possible that the vascular endothelium and myocardium could be directly infected [ 8 ]. (springer.com)
  • It has been reported that the host-side viral receptor ACE2 *1 and the serine protease enzyme TMPRSS2, *2 a protein that facilitates viruses' entry into host cells, are involved in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19 (Figure 1). (lion.co.jp)
  • Employing a unique approach based on your specialist expertise as a histopathologist, you became one of the first people to find the connection between the presence of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in the oral cavity and the possibility of the oral cavity functioning as an entry point for SARS-CoV-2, a finding you published *3 in August 2020. (lion.co.jp)
  • As my specialty is diagnostic pathology, I'm very familiar with tissue staining, so I decided immediately to investigate whether viral receptors, such as ACE2 and TMPRSS2, were present in oral cavity tissue. (lion.co.jp)
  • Both ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are present in the epithelial cells on the tongue surface, providing perfect conditions for SARS-CoV-2 to invade. (lion.co.jp)
  • The taste buds also have ACE2 and TMPRSS2 receptors, setting up an ideal environment for the virus. (lion.co.jp)
  • Background: Angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a receptor for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and differences in its expression may affect susceptibility to infection. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Results: We discovered that polymorphism in a type III interferon gene (IFNL4), which eliminates IFN-λ4 production, is associated with a two-fold increase in ACE2 RNA expression. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Negative correlation was also found in the gastrointestinal tract where inflammation driven IFN-stimulated genes were negatively correlated with ACE2 expression and in lung tissue from a murine model of SARS-CoV-1 infection suggesting conserved regulation of ACE2 across tissue and species. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Conclusions: We conclude that ACE2 is likely a negatively-regulated interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) and carriage of IFNL4 gene alleles which modulates ISGs expression in viral infection may play a role in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis with implications for therapeutic interventions. (ox.ac.uk)
  • However, another arm of the RAS formed by the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), Ang-(1-7) and the Mas receptor has been a matter of investigation due to its important physiological roles, usually counterbalancing the classical effects exerted by Ang II. (eurekaselect.com)
  • Conclusion: Pre-clinical evidence supports a relevant role for ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis in several neuropsychiatric conditions, including stress-related and mood disorders, cerebrovascular ischemic and hemorrhagic lesions and neurodegenerative diseases. (eurekaselect.com)
  • However, very few data are available regarding the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis in human CNS. (eurekaselect.com)
  • Angiotensin-converting enzyme-related carboxypeptidase (ACE2) is a recently identified zinc metalloprotease with carboxypeptidase activity that was identified using our genomics platform. (acs.org)
  • Effect of an Inhibitor on the ACE2-Receptor-Binding Domain of SARS-CoV-2. (acs.org)
  • Mechanism of Ligand Recognition by Human ACE2 Receptor. (acs.org)
  • An Active Site Inhibitor Induces Conformational Penalties for ACE2 Recognition by the Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2. (acs.org)
  • The RAS consists of two counterregulatory axes, divided into the conventional axis and includes angiotensin II (Ang II), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), Ang II type 1 receptor (AT 1 R), and the nonconventional axis composed of Ang1-7 ACE2, Ang II type 2 receptor (AT 2 R), and Mas receptor (MasR) [ 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • It has been known for many years that the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a cell surface enzyme involved in the regulation of blood pressure. (hal.science)
  • More recently, it was proven that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) interacts with ACE2 to enter susceptible human cells. (hal.science)
  • At the very start of the pandemic, a publication from our Institute (entitled "ACE2 receptor polymorphism: susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2, hypertension, multi-organ failure, and COVID-19 disease outcome"), was one of the first reviews linking COVID-19 to the duplicitous nature of ACE2. (hal.science)
  • To gain insight into the physiopathology of SARS-CoV-2 infection, it is essential to consider the polymorphism and expression levels of the ACE2 gene (including its alternative isoforms). (hal.science)
  • Over the past 2 years, an impressive amount of new results have come to shed light on the role of ACE2 in the pathophysiology of COVID-19, requiring us to update our analysis. (hal.science)
  • In this review, we update the state of knowledge on the polymorphism of ACE2 and its consequences on the susceptibility of individuals to SARS-CoV-2. (hal.science)
  • Down regulation of the ACE2 receptor as a consequence of viral infection may result in the loss of angiotensin II conversion to angiotensin [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Mediates3
  • Scholars@Duke publication: {beta}-Arrestin-2 Mediates Anti-apoptotic Signaling through Regulation of BAD Phosphorylation. (duke.edu)
  • Here we demonstrate that beta-arrestin-2 mediates anti-apoptotic cytoprotective signaling stimulated by a typical 7-transmembrane receptor the angiotensin ATII 1A receptor, expressed endogenously in rat vascular smooth muscle cells or by transfection in HEK-293 cells. (duke.edu)
  • Angiotensin type 2 receptor mediates valsartan-induced hypotension in conscious rats. (researchatlanta.org)
Signal transduction2
Enzyme inhibitors2
Antagonist2
  • We investigated the effects of the angiotensin II (Ang II) type 1 receptor (AT 1 ) antagonist KRH-594 on levels of the mRNAs for AT 1A , AT 1B , platelet-derived growth factor-receptor β (PDGF-Rβ), and extracellular matrix (ECM)-related genes using the competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method and on neointimal formation in the balloon-injured rat carotid artery. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Losartan potassium is an angiotensin II receptor (type AT1) antagonist. (nih.gov)
Effects of angiotensin2
  • Losartan and its principal active metabolite block the vasoconstrictor and aldosterone-secreting effects of angiotensin II by selectively blocking the binding of angiotensin II to the AT1 receptor found in many tissues, (e.g., vascular smooth muscle, adrenal gland). (nih.gov)
  • The angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) is definitely a G-protein-coupled receptor that confers most of the deleterious effects of angiotensin II while the type 2 receptor confers its protecting effects (2 3 Angiotensin-II-mediated triggering of AT1R has an important part in the pathogenesis of chronic renal failure heart failure hypertension and atherosclerosis. (opioid-receptors.com)
Hypertension9
  • Maintaining normal blood pressure is a function of the angiotensin type 1 receptor and high levels of it cause hypertension. (myassignment-services.com)
  • Extremely high or low levels of salt trigger renal processes, activates the angiotensin type 1 signals, resulting in hypertension and ending organ damage. (myassignment-services.com)
  • Legislation of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (In1R) includes a pathophysiological function in hypertension atherosclerosis and center failing. (opioid-receptors.com)
  • For many decades Ang II was mainly perceived as a regulator of the cardiovascular system, an important factor in the pathogenesis of hypertension, atherosclerosis, and angiogenesis. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The inability of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) blockade to reduce hypertension associated with high angiotensin (Ang) II suggests direct actions of Ang II to regulate tubular sodium reabsorption via the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) in the aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In contrast, in the setting of Ang II-dependent hypertension, ENaC activity is upregulated well above the physiological range and is not effectively suppressed by inhibition of the aldosterone-MR axis. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Two-kidney-one-clip (2K1C) as a model of renin-dependent hypertension and IR alter the balance between two axes of RAS [ 17 - 19 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Using the transporter profiling approach, Dr. McDonough and her colleagues have defined how stimuli such as dietary salts, Ang II, kidney injury, and immune cytokines increase renal sodium transport in a region specific manner along the nephron and how resultant hypertension provokes intrarenal responses to decrease sodium reabsorption (via pressure natriuresis), a response that defines the blood pressure set point in the kidney. (usc.edu)
  • Methods A total of 758 Anniston residents had multiple hypertension and blood pressure suggests that PCB measurements of blood pressure, provided information on exposure may be an important contributing factor in demographic factors, medications, smoking, and exercise, regulation of blood pressure. (cdc.gov)
Antagonism2
  • It is converted, in part, to an active carboxylic acid metabolite that is responsible for most of the angiotensin II receptor antagonism that follows losartan treatment. (nih.gov)
  • Anti-analgesic effect of the mu/delta opioid receptor heteromer revealed by ligand-biased antagonism. (neurotree.org)
Secretion9
  • [6] Angiotensin II also stimulates the secretion of the hormone aldosterone [6] from the adrenal cortex . (wikipedia.org)
  • Hyperglycemia contributes to glycosylation of proteins and lipids, increases the production of reactive oxygen species, stimulates the synthesis and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins in various tissues, promoting thus inflammation processes in the vascular wall [ 2 , 3 ]. (medsci.org)
  • ACTH stimulates aldosterone secretion in an acute and transient fashion but does not appear to play a significant role in the long-term regulation of mineralocorticoid secretion. (medscape.com)
  • The synthesis of prorenin, its conversion to renin, and its systemic secretion are stimulated by blood volume contraction detected by stretch receptors, beta-adrenergic stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, and prostaglandins I 2 and E 2 . (medscape.com)
  • Angiotensin II is both a stimulator of aldosterone secretion and a potent vasopressor. (medscape.com)
  • Angiotensin II is metabolized to angiotensin III, a heptapeptide that is also a stimulator of aldosterone secretion. (medscape.com)
  • The synthesis and secretion of prostaglandins I 2 and E 2 and the normal function of the stretch receptors are dependent on the intracellular ionized calcium concentration. (medscape.com)
  • Renal prostaglandin secretion is stimulated by catecholamines and angiotensin II. (medscape.com)
  • In this phase 2 randomised placebo-controlled clinical trial in patients with COVID-19, we hypothesised that blocking mineralocorticoid receptors using a combination of dexamethasone to suppress cortisol secretion and spironolactone is safe and may reduce illness severity. (biomedcentral.com)
Renal11
  • Angiotensin II has been used to regulate renal and cardiovascular homeostasis and overstimulation of this can disrupt this balancing, causing illnesses.GPCRs when activated, can initiate different forms of signals that aid in regulating various physiological processes, which include regulation of blood pressure. (myassignment-services.com)
  • Angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) is overexpressed in injury situations and its stimulation by angiotensin II (AngII) is related to beneficial renal effects. (bvsalud.org)
  • In two models of partial renal IR with and without ischemia preconditioning (IPC) and using Mas receptor (MasR) blockade, A779 or its vehicle, the renal vascular responses to angiotensin II (Ang II) administration in two-kidney-one-clip (2K1C) hypertensive rats were determined. (hindawi.com)
  • The renal vascular responses to graded Ang II (30, 100, 300, and 1000 ng kg −1 .min −1 ) infusion using A779 or its vehicle were measured at constant renal perfusion pressure. (hindawi.com)
  • No significant differences were detected between the groups in renal blood flow (RBF) or renal vascular resistance (RVR) responses to Ang II infusion when MasR was not blocked. (hindawi.com)
  • IR promotes a cascade of molecular events that lead to renal vascular and tubular damage and, ultimately, acute kidney injury (AKI) [ 2 - 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The biological effects of Ang1-7 are mainly mediated by specific receptor of MasR, and it is known clearly that Ang 1-7 and Ang II perform different actions in the renal vasculature [ 14 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In contrast to the negative effects of Ang II on the renal circulation, Ang1-7 as a renoprotective agent improves endothelial function, which increases RBF and decreases renal vascular resistance (RVR) [ 16 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The McDonough laboratory has especially focused on renal mechanisms responsible for regulation of sodium and potassium balance as well as blood pressure. (usc.edu)
  • They discovered that changes in blood pressure, or alterations in Angiotensin II, provoke rapid trafficking of renal sodium transporters between membrane domains, associated with phosphorylation and pool size regulation. (usc.edu)
  • Do Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors Affect Renal Hemodynamics by Different Mechanisms in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes? (cdc.gov)
Octapeptide4
  • The octapeptide angiotensin II (Ang II) plays a homeostatic role in the regulation of blood pressure and water and electrolyte balance, and also contributes to the progression of cardiovascular remodeling. (current-pharmaceutical-design.com)
  • Plasma renin then carries out the conversion of angiotensinogen , released by the liver , to a decapeptide called angiotensin I . [4] Angiotensin I is subsequently converted to angiotensin II (an octapeptide) by the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) found on the surface of vascular endothelial cells, predominantly those of the lungs . (wikipedia.org)
  • Angiotensin I is then converted to an octapeptide , angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), [9] which is thought to be found mainly in endothelial cells of the capillaries throughout the body, within the lungs and the epithelial cells of the kidneys. (wikipedia.org)
  • Renin converts angiotensinogen, a proenzyme synthesized in the liver, into the decapeptide angiotensin I, which is then converted in the lungs into the octapeptide angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). (medscape.com)
Peptide6
  • The angiotensin receptor is activated by the vasoconstricting peptide angiotensin II. (wikipedia.org)
  • Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictive peptide that causes blood vessels to narrow, resulting in increased blood pressure. (wikipedia.org)
  • Losartan potassium, a non-peptide molecule, is chemically described as 2-butyl-4-chloro-1-[p-(o-1H-tetrazol-5-ylphenyl)benzyl]imidazole-5-methanol monopotassium salt. (nih.gov)
  • Structure-Guided Chemical Optimization of Bicyclic Peptide (Bicycle) Inhibitors of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2. (acs.org)
  • Development of Potent and Selective Phosphinic Peptide Inhibitors of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2. (acs.org)
  • The results suggest the probable active participation of higher concentrations of C-peptide in the intensification of inflammatory and atherogenic processes in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. (medsci.org)
Inhibitors1
Stimulation3
  • The activated receptor in turn couples to Gq/11 and Gi/o and thus activates phospholipase C and increases the cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations, which in turn triggers cellular responses such as stimulation of protein kinase C. Activated receptor also inhibits adenylate cyclase and activates various tyrosine kinases. (wikipedia.org)
  • Receptor stimulation leads to concerted activation of two pathways, ERK/p90RSK and PI3K/AKT, which converge to phosphorylate and inactivate the pro-apoptotic protein BAD. (duke.edu)
  • This results in the loss of the specificity of the Mineralocorticoid Receptor (MR), enabling stimulation by cortisol and aldosterone [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
GPCR5
  • Then, she quickly developed a marked interest for G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signalling. (qub.ac.uk)
  • This promotes G protein uncoupling from receptor, GPCR internalisation and signalling arrest. (qub.ac.uk)
  • This fruitful collaboration allowed to appreciate the important role of β-arrestin in this novel type of G protein signalling and provided strong evidence for the formation of signalling complexes (called megaplexes) composed of the GPCR, G proteins and β-arrestin. (qub.ac.uk)
  • These antibodies belong to a network of natural antibodies against adrenergic, cholinergic and other G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) which were shown to be dysregulated and dysfunctional in various autoimmune diseases ( 9 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) are proteins found in the cell membrane that hold together the extracellular substances so that signals can be transmitted from them to an intracellular molecule called guanine nucleotide-binding protein or G protein. (myassignment-services.com)
Angiotensinogen2
Losartan5
  • Both losartan and its principal active metabolite do not exhibit any partial agonist activity at the AT1 receptor and have much greater affinity (about 1000-fold) for the AT1 receptor than for the AT2 receptor. (nih.gov)
  • In vitro binding studies indicate that losartan is a reversible, competitive inhibitor of the AT1 receptor. (nih.gov)
  • The active metabolite is 10 to 40 times more potent by weight than losartan and appears to be a reversible, non-competitive inhibitor of the AT1 receptor. (nih.gov)
  • The terminal half-life of losartan is about 2 hours and of the metabolite is about 6-9 hours. (nih.gov)
  • After the infusion, a matured nanobody with comparable antihypertensive properties to angiotensin receptive blocker losartan was developed. (myassignment-services.com)
Vasoconstrictor1
AT2R1
  • Villela D (2015): "Angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) and receptor Mas: a complex liaison. (antikoerper-online.de)
Orally active1
  • Compound 21 (C21), the first selective, orally active angiotensin II receptor type 2 agonist, is currently in phase II clinical investigation for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. (met-vasc.com)
AngII1
  • In this study, we investigated the clinical outcome of MCP-1 expression in patients with prostate cancer (CaP) and the regulation of MCP-1 through angiotensin II (AngII) type 1 receptor (AT1R) in CaP. (elsevierpure.com)
Extracellular matrix2
  • Effects mediated by the AT2 receptor are suggested to include inhibition of cell growth, fetal tissue development, modulation of extracellular matrix, neuronal regeneration, apoptosis, cellular differentiation, and maybe vasodilation and left ventricular hypertrophy. (wikipedia.org)
  • The AT4 receptor is activated by the angiotensin II metabolite angiotensin IV, and may play a role in regulation of the CNS extracellular matrix, as well as modulation of oxytocin release. (wikipedia.org)
Protein12
  • The angiotensin II receptors, (ATR1) and (ATR2), are a class of G protein-coupled receptors with angiotensin II as their ligands. (wikipedia.org)
  • SARS-CoV-2 has various proteins on its surface including (M) membrane protein, (E) envelope small membrane protein and (S) spike glycoproteins. (springer.com)
  • Ang II activates Ang II type 1 (AT 1 ) receptor and type 2 (AT 2 ) receptor, both of which belong to the seven-transmembrane, G protein-coupled receptor family. (current-pharmaceutical-design.com)
  • Her fields of interest include: G protein-coupled receptor signalling, biased signalling and selectivity, compartmentalised G protein signalling, bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET)-based technology. (qub.ac.uk)
  • Then, Dr Plouffe completed a PhD in Neuroscience at University of Ottawa (ON, Canada) (2006-2011), where she identified the molecular mechanisms involved in the opposite regulation of dopamine D1 and D5 receptors by protein kinase C. Her work shed light on the mechanisms underlying the positive action of prefrontal cortex on motor activity and of the thalamic parafascicular nucleus on awareness. (qub.ac.uk)
  • Here, I investigate the role of one intrinsic factor (receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase alpha) and one extrinsic factor (ionizing radiation) in facilitating cancer cell invasion. (ubc.ca)
  • Receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase alpha (PTPα is a widely expressed transmembrane-bound protein that has been implicated in integrin signaling, focal adhesion formation, and normal cell migration. (ubc.ca)
  • G protein-coupled receptors comprise of the largest receptor family in the human genome. (myassignment-services.com)
  • beta-Arrestins, originally discovered as terminators of G protein-coupled receptor signaling, have more recently been appreciated to also function as signal transducers in their own right, although the consequences for cellular physiology have not been well understood. (duke.edu)
  • Anti-apoptotic effects as well as pathway activities can be stimulated by an angiotensin analog (SII), which has been previously shown to activate beta-arrestin but not G protein-dependent signaling, and are abrogated by beta-arrestin-2 small interfering RNA. (duke.edu)
  • Beclin 2 functions in autophagy, degradation of G protein-coupled receptors, and metabolism. (neurotree.org)
  • Conversely, the transcription of COX-2 yields a 4.5-kb mRNA that encodes a 70-kd protein with roughly 70-75% homology to the COX-1 protein. (medscape.com)
Vasopressor1
Antihypertensive medications1
  • a.Participants in the uHTN subpopulation: have a stable regimen of 2 antihypertensive medications, from different therapeutic classes (at least one should be a diuretic), at maximum tolerated dose in the judgement of the Investigator, for at least 4 weeks prior to Screening (participants who do not meet this criterion may be rescreened at the Investigator's discretion). (who.int)
Mechanism1
Endothelial cells1
  • Cultured bovine retinal endothelial cells (BREC) and bovine retinal pericytes (BRP) were incubated with Ang II (100 nmol/l) or Ang II+candesartan (1 μmol/l). (diabetesjournals.org)
Physiological4
  • As GPCRs represent the largest family of cell surface proteins, and control a vast repertoire of physiological functions, these receptors are the actual target of 30-50% of all prescribed drugs. (qub.ac.uk)
  • This study lead to the identification of the ghrelin receptor-induced biased signalling mediated by a new compound responsible for unique physiological outcomes observed in murine model. (qub.ac.uk)
  • Intro Angiotensin II is definitely a pivotal physiological regulator of blood pressure salt and fluid homeostasis and cardiovascular structure (1). (opioid-receptors.com)
  • Recently, a number of studies have shown that Ang II plays an important role in proliferation, invasiveness and migration of tumour cells, alteration of expression of cancer-related genes, as well as in physiological tissue remodelling. (spandidos-publications.com)
Proteins4
  • In Chapter 2, I examined how proteins secreted by cancer cells can promote a tumor-permissive microenvironment through the recruitment of suppressive innate and adaptive immune cells to the lungs. (ubc.ca)
  • Cell surface manifestation of AT1R is definitely regulated by receptor internalization and this is definitely modulated by multiple proteins including BMS 433796 arrestins and ATRAP (4). (opioid-receptors.com)
  • In addition, we studied the expression of Rho GTPases, RhoA and Cdc42, since they are key proteins in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and the stability of epithelial intercellular junctions. (bvsalud.org)
  • They have been defined as monotropic integral membrane proteins located primarily in the endoplasmic reticulum (COX-1) and the perinuclear envelope (COX-2). (medscape.com)
Agonist1
  • Identification of the first marine-derived opioid receptor "balanced" agonist with a signaling profile that resembles the endorphins. (neurotree.org)
Heptapeptide1
  • Then, it is rapidly degraded into a heptapeptide called angiotensin III by angiotensinases which are present in red blood cells and vascular beds in many tissues. (wikipedia.org)
Decapeptide1
Mechanisms3
  • She started her journey in this exciting research field by investigating the molecular mechanisms involved in the angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT 2 R)-mediated neurite outgrowth as a MSc student (2003-2005). (qub.ac.uk)
  • We found that transfer of AT1R 3′-UTR to a reporter gene prospects to down-regulation of reporter gene manifestation by two mechanisms: inhibition of translation and decrease in mRNA stability. (opioid-receptors.com)
  • Initially, her lab focused on regulation of the biosynthesis and assembly of sodium pump subunits and molecular mechanisms controlling sodium pump isoforms in kidney, cardiac and skeletal muscle by potassium, hormones, and other factors under normal conditions and during human heart failure. (usc.edu)
20001
Opioid2
  • Pharmacological and genetic manipulations at the µ-opioid receptor reveal arrestin-3 engagement limits analgesic tolerance and does not exacerbate respiratory depression in mice. (neurotree.org)
  • Pharmacological traits of delta opioid receptors: pitfalls or opportunities? (neurotree.org)
Gene2
  • b) investigation of whether a positive or negative correlation exists between angiotensin II receptor gene polymorphisms and human lung cancer in lung cancer patients and corresponding normal control subjects. (k-state.edu)
  • Posttranscriptional control of eukaryotic gene manifestation comprises several levels of regulation such as mRNA control export turnover and translation. (opioid-receptors.com)
Hypertensive3
  • It also provides insight on the procedure by which nanobody contenders can treat hypertensive disorders in situations where small molecule drugs targeting the angiotensin II type 1 receptor are refuted. (myassignment-services.com)
  • This provides a mechanistic explanation for the resistance to MR inhibition that occurs in hypertensive subjects having elevated intrarenal Ang II levels. (elsevierpure.com)
  • These data revealed the important role of MasR after partial kidney IR in the responses of RBF and RVR to Ang II administration in 2K1C hypertensive rats. (hindawi.com)
Vasoconstriction1
Activation3
  • In this study, we sought to clarify the potential roles of ERK1/2 and ERK5 via RAS activation in the pathogenesis of GN. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
  • Conclusion: Altogether, these data suggest that ERK1/2 regulates acute inflammatory reactions, while ERK5 promotes the development of RAS-induced chronic glomerular fibrosis activation in GN. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
  • This receptor, important in the regulation of arterial tone by maintaining the functionality of the vascular endothelium through the activation of nitric oxide synthesis, carries out its functions through the formation of dimers with the bradykinin receptor (R-B2) and the Mas receptor (R-Mas). (met-vasc.com)
ARBs1
  • Neben ACE-Inhibitoren senken auch Angiotensin-Rezeptorblocker (ARBs) welche auf AGTR1 abzielen den Blutdruck. (antikoerper-online.de)
Blocker2
Diabetes6
  • In collaboration with Prof Ralf Jockers from Institut Cochin (France), she investigated the signalling parameters of the melatonin type 2 receptor preventing development of type 2 diabetes. (qub.ac.uk)
  • Bruneck study Population-based positions and danger elements in behalf of type 2 diabetes in immaculate individuals: the Bruneck study. (upb.ro)
  • In patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) parameters characterizing the degree of obesity significantly positively correlated with levels of CRP and CCL2. (medsci.org)
  • In patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes, altered serum concentrations of Il-10 seems to be dependent on the degree of insulin resistance and proinflammatory status. (medsci.org)
  • Both, obesity which is a major risk factor for the insulin resistance development and type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and the chronic hyperglycemia itself play an important role in its pathogenesis. (medsci.org)
  • Rotavirus Vaccination and Type 1 Diabetes Risk Among US Children With Commercial Insurance. (cdc.gov)
Peptides1
  • Therefore, various biologically active peptides such as angiotensin, affecting cell proliferation, have become a new area of study in endometrial cancer research. (spandidos-publications.com)
Bradykinin1
  • Bradykinin wird duch ACE inhibitiert und somit durch ACE-Inhibitoren wiederum aktiviert 2 . (antikoerper-online.de)
Affinity1
  • The AT1 and AT2 receptors share a sequence identity of ~30%, but have a similar affinity for angiotensin II, which is their main ligand. (wikipedia.org)
Dopamine2
  • Arrestin-3 agonism at D3 dopamine receptors defines a subclass of second generation antipsychotics that promotes drug tolerance. (neurotree.org)
  • Loss of D2 dopamine receptor function modulates cocaine-induced glutamatergic synaptic potentiation in the ventral tegmental area. (neurotree.org)
Hormone3
  • They have hormone-like effects mediated by specialized receptors (RECEPTORS, EICOSANOID). (lookformedical.com)
  • Angiotensin II acts as an endocrine , autocrine / paracrine , and intracrine hormone. (wikipedia.org)
  • nor do they bind to or block other hormone receptors or ion channels known to be important in cardiovascular regulation. (nih.gov)
Role11
  • Our research is also focused on the clarification of the role of angiotensin II and its signaling in tumorigenesis in the colon, lung, and pancreas. (k-state.edu)
  • Figure 3: Role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the regulation of blood pressure. (nature.com)
  • The review highlights the central role of FXIIIa in the regulation of thrombus stability, thrombus regulation, cell-matrix interactions and wound healing, which is supported by observations in FXIII-deficient humans and animals. (portlandpress.com)
  • In contrast with Ang II, Ang-(1-7) improves baroreflex sensitivity and plays an inhibitory role in hypothalamic noradrenergic neurotransmission. (eurekaselect.com)
  • These findings establish a key role for beta-arrestin-2 in mediating cellular cytoprotective functions by a 7-transmembrane receptor and define the biochemical pathways involved. (duke.edu)
  • Its effect and effectiveness appear to be highly connected with the differentiation status of the cancerous cells, as Ang II appears to play a crucial role in the early and late stages of malignant transformation. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Moreover, both angiotensin receptors (AT1 and AT2) are overexpressed in different types of cancers, which confirms the role of local RAS in cancer development and progression ( 3 , 5 - 8 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • In contrast, we found no functional role of glucocorticoid receptors in the regulation of ENaC activity by dietary salt intake. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Based on findings in neurological diseases ( 20-23 ) and pharmacological interactions ( 24-27 ), it appears that a malfunction of 5-hydroxytryptamine (HT)2 receptors may have a major role in the pathogenesis of bruxism. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Nitric oxide inhibition of cAMP synthesis in parotid acini: Role in regulation of type 5/6 adenylyl cyclase. (researchatlanta.org)
  • Our findings, together with previous reports of human-to-animal spillover events, warrant close surveillance to determine the potential role of cats, monkeys, and closely related species as spillback reservoirs for SARS-CoV-2. (cdc.gov)
Zona glomerulosa2
Biologically active1
  • In turn, PGH2 is converted to biologically active products (ie, prostaglandin E 2 [PGE2]) by individual synthase and reductase reactions. (medscape.com)
Inhibition2
  • Simultaneous inhibition of MR and Ang II type 1 receptors ameliorated the enhanced ENaC activity caused by low dietary salt intake and produced significantly greater natriuresis than either inhibitor alone. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The increase in tissue turnover suggests an alteration in the regulation of the catecholamine biosynthesis and possibly suggests an alteration in the feedback inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase, the key enzyme in the production of catecholamines. (medscape.com)
Increases3
  • Data are emerging that highlight the extent of cardiovascular involvement in COVID-19 patients, including evidence that SARS-CoV-2 causes myocarditis and increases cardiac risk. (springer.com)
  • Moreover, ARB treatment attenuated the increases in macrophage infiltration and PCNA-positive cells observed on day 7 in GN rats, as well as the increase in collagen type 1 expression on day 28. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
  • Consistently, MCs stimulated by Ang II showed significant increases in proliferation and the expression of MCP-1 and collagen type 1. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
Spironolactone4
  • Newer drugs, such as eplerenone, that possess greater specificity for the mineralocorticoid receptor than spironolactone does are becoming available. (medscape.com)
  • Hospitalised patients with confirmed COVID-19 were randomly allocated to low dose oral spironolactone (50 mg day 1, then 25 mg once daily for 21 days) or standard of care in a 2:1 ratio. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Primary outcomes were time to recovery, defined as the number of days until patients achieved WHO Ordinal Scale (OS) category ≤ 3, and the effect of spironolactone on aldosterone, D-dimer, angiotensin II and Von Willebrand Factor (VWF). (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this context, we report a phase 2 randomised placebo-controlled trial (RCT) comparing the addition of low dose spironolactone and dexamethasone (SpiroDex) to standard of care with dexamethasone (Dex) in a hospital setting in Delhi, India. (biomedcentral.com)
Tissues2
  • [ 1 , 2 ] Hyperaldosteronism represents part of a larger entity of hypermineralocorticoidism that may be caused by aldosterone, its mineralocorticoid precursors, or defects that modulate aldosterone effects on its target tissues. (medscape.com)
  • There is also an AT2 receptor found in many tissues but it is not known to be associated with cardiovascular homeostasis. (nih.gov)
Antagonize1
  • However, in some pathological situations, AT 2 receptor shows an increase in tissue expression and functions to antagonize the actions induced by AT 1 receptor. (current-pharmaceutical-design.com)
Cellular1
Membrane1
  • Autoantibodies (AAB) against nuclear and membrane structures as well as neurotransmitter receptors including muscarinic cholinergic receptor M3/M4-antibodies (M3-mAChR/M4-mAChR) and beta-1 and -2-adrenergic receptor (beta1-AR/beta2-AR) have been described in patients with ME/CFS ( 3 , 6 - 8 ). (frontiersin.org)