Regulate axonal axonal growth pathways growth cones. Medical search. Frequent questions

Using embryonic chicken sensory neurons, we report that glycolytic enzymes are found through the axon and the growth cone. (jneurosci.org)
CRMP expression is highest when neurons and synaptic connections mature actively during the first postnatal week, suggesting CRMPs' role in neuronal migration, differentiation and axonal growth. (wikipedia.org)
We show that Robo3 requires its Ig1 domain for interaction with Slit and for proper axonal localization in embryonic neurons, but deleting Ig1 from Robo3 only partially disrupts longitudinal pathway formation. (bvsalud.org)
Neurons, with their distinct neurites, require elaborate membrane trafficking pathways and regulation to uphold neurite identity and to be able to respond to neuronal or developmental stimuli. (sdbonline.org)
Besides sharing both up- and downstream pathways, Cdk5 and GSK3β are linked more directly in neurons. (frontiersin.org)
using cultured neurons: Their investigations to determine a regulatory pathway for kinesin-driven motility in axons revealed that Cdk5 is neccessary for kinesin-driven motility within the axon but cannot directly phosphorylate kinesin. (frontiersin.org)
2016). To form connections, immature neurons respond to molecular cues that determine the position of their cell body and axonal and dendritic processes. (likemap.me)
Our ability to sense, move, think and remember relies on precise patterns of connections set during embryonic development by billions of neurons in the brain and spinal cord that elaborate highly branched processes and send long axonal projections to contact their synaptic targets. (hsr.it)
We combine in vivo (transgenic mice, chick embryos) and in vitro (primary neurons, stem cells) models integrated with proteomic and gene expression analysis to extract mechanistic insights on how individual signaling pathways function and collaborate to direct the axonal trajectories of motor neurons that connect to distant muscle targets. (hsr.it)
A dominant-negative form of ErbB-2 blocks Sema4D-induced RhoA activation as well as axonal growth cone collapse in primary hippocampal neurons. (rupress.org)
Inclusions in motor neurons of VAPB-P56S transgenic mice are characterized by the presence of smooth ER-like tubular profiles, and are immunoreactive for factors that operate in the ER associated degradation (ERAD) pathway, including p97/VCP, Derlin-1, and the ER membrane chaperone BAP31. (biomedcentral.com)
Together, these results suggest that, in neurons, the GAKIN-PIP 3 BP complex transports PIP 3 to the neurite ends and regulates neuronal polarity formation. (silverchair.com)

Considering filament polymerization requires ATP, inhibition of glycolysis results in a paradoxical increase in axonal actin filament levels. (jneurosci.org)
The growth cone is the site of axon extension, and it is characterized by a complex morphology wholly dependent on the actin filaments that underlie filopodia and lamellipodia formation and dynamics ( Dent and Gertler, 2003 ). (jneurosci.org)
Furthermore, semaphorin 3A promotes the formation of intra-axonal F-actin bundles in concert with the loss of F-actin in growth cone lamellipodia and filopodia. (biologists.com)
Formation of axonal F-actin bundles was independent of myosin II, but partially required RhoA-kinase activity. (biologists.com)
Collectively, these observations suggest that guidance cues cause axon retraction through the coordinated activation of myosin II and the formation of intra-axonal F-actin bundles for myosin-II-based force generation. (biologists.com)
F-actin is concentrated at the growth cone and sparse in the axon ( Letourneau, 1983 ). (biologists.com)
Importantly, repellent guidance cues cause growth cone collapse and depolymerize growth cone F-actin while promoting axon retraction ( Gallo and Letourneau, 2004 ). (biologists.com)
how can myosin II drive axon retraction if the major source of the required substratum for force generation, growth cone F-actin, has been depleted? (biologists.com)
Our findings suggest that GAP43 is an independent predictor of NSCLC brain metastasis and that it may facilitate metastasis by regulating the Rac1/F-actin pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
Accordingly, the neuroprotective mechanism of Rg1 is related to the activity that inhibits myosin IIA-actin interaction and the caspase-3/ROCK1/MLC signaling pathway. (ijbs.com)
Seipel K, O'Brien SP, Iannotti E, Medley QG, Streuli M. Tara, a novel F-actin binding protein, associates with the Trio guanine nucleotide exchange factor and regulates actin cytoskeletal organization. (medecinesciences.org)

In the developing brain, they act as migratory and cell adhesive cues while in the adult brain they regulate dendritic spine plasticity. (123dok.org)
Because different subtypes of bipolar cells (Fig 1) (Euler and Wässle, 1995) and amacrine cells (Fig. 2) (MacNeil and Masland, 1998) have their axonal/dendritic terminals in the specific sublaminae of the IPL, it is crucial that dendrites of individual RGCs are also confined to specific strata in order to synapses with them. (org.es)
More than 30% of dendritic filapodial branches in the mouse are replaced every hour by continuous dendritic growth and elimination (pruning) between P10-13 (see Fig 6 and movie 1). (org.es)

Here we show through systematic epigenetic studies that the histone acetyltransferase p300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF) promotes acetylation of histone 3 Lys 9 at the promoters of established key regeneration-associated genes following a peripheral but not a central axonal injury. (nature.com)
Finally, PCAF is necessary for conditioning-dependent axonal regeneration and also singularly promotes regeneration after spinal cord injury. (nature.com)
Thus, we find a specific epigenetic mechanism that regulates axonal regeneration of CNS axons, suggesting novel targets for clinical application. (nature.com)
Identification of a specific regulatory mechanism shared by several essential genes may lead to novel molecular strategies recapitulating the conditioning effect, thus non-surgically enhancing axonal regeneration in the CNS. (nature.com)
Finally, we established that PCAF is required for regeneration following a conditioning lesion and PCAF overexpression promotes axonal regeneration similar to that of a conditioning lesion after CNS injury in spinal ascending sensory fibres. (nature.com)
Our results show the first evidence of immediate retrograde signalling leading to long-term epigenetic reprogramming of gene expression of select genes whose modulation leads to axonal regeneration in the hostile spinal environment. (nature.com)
One possible cognate receptor for BAFF includes the Nogo receptor (NgR) and its homologs, previously established as potent inhibitors of axonal regeneration during central nervous system (CNS) injury and disease. (medsci.org)
The present study results indicated that compared with the same number of 2D-cultured cells, microtissue could secrete more nerve regeneration related cytokines to promote SCs proliferation and axons growth. (biomedcentral.com)
Roselló-Busquets C, Hernaiz-Llorens M, Soriano E , Martínez-Mármol R. Nystatin Regulates Axonal Extension and Regeneration by Modifying the Levels of Nitric Oxide. (neurotree.org)

Bonanomi D, Fornasiero EF, Valdez G, Halegoua S, Benfenati F, Menegon A, Valtorta F. Identification of a developmentally regulated pathway of membrane retrieval in neuronal growth cones . (hsr.it)
Organisms usually contain large numbers of sphingolipid subspecies (for a pathway based compilation, see www.sphingomap.org) and knowledge about the types and amounts is imperative because they influence membrane structure, interactions with the extracellular matrix and neighboring cells, vesicular traffic and the formation of specialized structures such as phagosomes and autophagosomes, as well as participate in intracellular and extracellular signaling. (sphingolipidclub.com)
Using a high-throughput Luminex assay of NSCLC tissues, the present study identified growth associated protein 43 (GAP43), an axonal membrane protein, as an independent predictor of brain metastasis. (biomedcentral.com)

Rescue of GAPDH using KillerRed fused to GAPDH followed by localized chromophore-assisted light inactivation of KillerRed-GAPDH in distal axons halts growth cone dynamics. (jneurosci.org)
These data indicate that the glycolytic pathway is operative in distal axons and contributes to the rate of axon extension and growth cone dynamics in the presence of NGF and that, in the absence of NGF, the axonal glycolytic pathway is required for axon maintenance. (jneurosci.org)
Growth cones at the tips of extending neurites migrate through complex environments in the developing nervous system and guide axons to appropriate target regions using local cues 1 , 2 . (nature.com)
Axon guidance is mediated by the effects of attractant and repellent guidance cues on the cytoskeleton of growth cones and axons. (biologists.com)
I report that semaphorin 3A activates myosin II in growth cones and axons. (biologists.com)
The growth cones of axons read redundant molecular cues to navigate through the nervous system and change their direction at axon guidance choice points. (likemap.me)
We found that fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) signaling maintains the expression of two guidance cues, and and expression, are inhibited, many RGC axons fail to navigate away from this guidance choice point. (likemap.me)
2018). By determining through which Fgfr expression is regulated, and the downstream signaling pathway(s) that control the expression of both guidance cues, we set out to understand how a complete map of guidance cues is established that control the behavior of axons at a select axonal choice point. (likemap.me)

I investigated the roles of RhoA-kinase and myosin II in semaphorin-3A-induced growth cone collapse and axon retraction. (biologists.com)
Modulation of proteoglycan receptor regulates RhoA/CRMP2 pathways and promotes axonal myelination. (nervgen.com)
Our data indicate that ErbB-2 is an important component of the plexin-B receptor system and that ErbB-2-mediated phosphorylation of plexin-B1 is critically involved in Sema4D-induced RhoA activation, which underlies cellular phenomena downstream of plexin-B1, including axonal growth cone collapse. (rupress.org)
Bellanger JM, Lazaro JB, Diriong S, Fernandez A, Lamb N, Debant A. The two guanine nucleotide exchange factor domains of Trio link the Rac1 and the RhoA pathways in vivo. (medecinesciences.org)

Interestingly, despite the differences in Fgfr dependency, the phosphoinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt signaling pathway is likely a shared downstream regulator of the expression of both guidance cues. (likemap.me)
However, it is unclear how the activity of plexin-B1 and its downstream effectors is regulated by its ligand Sema4D. (rupress.org)
Moreover, Eph/ephrin signalling can be bi-directional, with intracellular pathways operating downstream of both the Eph receptor (forward signalling) and the ephrin ligand (reverse signalling) ( Kullander and Klein, 2002 ). (silverchair.com)

The impact of sphingolipids on MDR1 gene expression in cancer appears to reflect the myriad intracellular signaling pathways of ceramide and its metabolites. (sphingolipidclub.com)

Group of researchers led by Goshima found out that CRMP-2 played a role in the transduction of the extracellular Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A), an inhibitory protein for axonal guidance in chick dorsal root ganglion (DRG). (wikipedia.org)
Furthermore, we find that extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-mediated retrograde signalling is required for PCAF-dependent regenerative gene reprogramming. (nature.com)
In addition, we observed that extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) axonal retrograde signalling is required for PCAF-dependent acetylation at these promoters and for their enhancement in gene expression. (nature.com)

While recent work has emphasized the importance of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, the role of the glycolytic pathway in axon morphogenesis and maintenance remains minimally understood. (jneurosci.org)
Altered phosphorylation of CREB phosphopeptide, a substrate of GSK3β, suggested that GSK3β may be the mediator of Cdk5 activity in kinesin-mediated axonal transport. (frontiersin.org)
Phosphorylation of CRMP2 regulates its activity and this type of regulation has been implicated in axon growth cone collapse induced by several repulsive cues. (ecmbio.com)
Thus, CRMP2 phosphorylation status may be a critical element of pathways that control axon pathfinding. (ecmbio.com)

Ephrins and Eph receptors are especially highly expressed in the embryonic nervous system, where their signalling is important for proper axonal pathfinding and to establish topographic projections [1-3]. (123dok.org)

Dendrite pruning requires the developmentally regulated degradation of the cell adhesion molecule Neuroglian , and loss of Rab11 causes defects in the developmental degradation of Neuroglian and another target, the ion channel Ppk26 . (sdbonline.org)

In this context, a new molecule, B-cell activating factor (BAFF), has emerged as a positive regulator of B cell survival and differentiation functioning through various signaling pathways and potentiating the activity of various receptor complexes through pleiotropic means. (medsci.org)

The present study unravels a new molecular system for vesicle-based axonal transport of proteins in male and female flies (Drosophila melanogaster). (sdbonline.org)
In my laboratory researchers are examining the roles played by axonal cytoskeletal proteins in nervous system development, and in the etiology of Alzheimer's and other related neurodegenerative diseases. (uml.edu)
Numerous proteins regulating the rearrangement of the cytoskeleton are indicative of the functional and structural dynamics of the presynapse. (mdpi.com)
Boguski MS, McCormick F. Proteins regulating Ras and its relatives. (medecinesciences.org)

Here we show that pharmacological stimulation of 5-HT7R using a highly selective agonist, LP-211, enhances neurite outgrowth in neuronal primary cultures from the cortex, hippocampus and striatal complex of embryonic mouse brain, through multiple signal transduction pathways. (cirn-na.com)

The data reveal that the glycolytic pathway is required for normal sensory axon extension in the presence of NGF, while in the absence of NGF the glycolytic pathway is required for axon maintenance. (jneurosci.org)
Myosin II activity is required for axon retraction but not growth cone collapse. (biologists.com)

However, the final link between axonal injury-induced retrograde signalling and the regulation of essential regenerative gene expression remains elusive. (nature.com)
The BMP homolog Gbb provides a retrograde signal that regulates synaptic growth at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction. (neurotree.org)
Several anterograde and retrograde signaling pathways, including the canonical Bone Morphogenic Protein (BMP) pathway , regulate synaptic development in vertebrates and invertebrates. (sdbonline.org)
At the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ) , the retrograde BMP pathway is part of the machinery that controls NMJ expansion concurrent with larval growth. (sdbonline.org)

During embryonic ventral nerve cord development, Robo3 does not participate in canonical Slit-dependent midline repulsion, but instead regulates the formation of longitudinal axon pathways at specific positions along the medial-lateral axis. (bvsalud.org)
Cross GTPase-activating protein (CrossGAP)/Vilse links the Roundabout receptor to Rac to regulate midline repulsion. (neurotree.org)
Hernaiz-Llorens M, Roselló-Busquets C, Durisic N, Filip A, Ulloa F, Martínez-Mármol R, Soriano E . Growth cone repulsion to Netrin-1 depends on lipid raft microdomains enriched in UNC5 receptors. (neurotree.org)

CRMPs are predominantly expressed in the nervous system during development and play important roles in axon formation from neurites and in growth cone guidance and collapse through their interactions with microtubules. (wikipedia.org)
Repellent guidance cues induce growth cone collapse, characterized by the loss of protrusive lamellipodia and filopodia ( Gallo and Letourneau, 2004 ). (biologists.com)
Growth cone collapse is often followed by axon retraction. (biologists.com)
In contrast, ROCK phosphorylates Thr-555 leading to LPA, MAG, or Ephrin-A5 mediated growth cone collapse. (ecmbio.com)

The overexpression of CRMP2 facilitates the rate of axonal growth, whereas the mutated form that lacks activity toward the microtubule assembly inhibits axonal growth in a dominant negative manner. (ecmbio.com)

Guidance cues activate signaling transduction pathways that, in turn, regulate the dynamics and organization of the neuronal cytoskeleton. (biologists.com)
Guidance cues can steer growth cones towards or away from the source of the cue. (biologists.com)
Axon retraction induced by guidance cues is of fundamental importance during refinement of axonal projections (reviewed in Luo and O'Leary, 2005 ). (biologists.com)
2017). An interesting question is whether unique or common regulatory pathways control the expression of guidance cues that cooperatively direct axonal trajectories at a single guidance choice point. (likemap.me)
Thus, distinct extrinsic signaling inputs can converge on a common intracellular signal transduction pathway to coordinate the appropriate expression of redundant guidance cues that direct growth cone behavior at a guidance choice point. (likemap.me)

Although previous studies have identified different chemotropic and adhesion molecules that influence axonal development, the molecular mechanism by which these signals control the cytoskeleton remains poorly understood. (biologists.com)
Parcerisas A, Ortega-Gascó A, Pujadas L, Soriano E . The Hidden Side of NCAM Family: NCAM2, a Key Cytoskeleton Organization Molecule Regulating Multiple Neural Functions. (neurotree.org)

The imaginal discs of Drosophila are excellent model systems for addressing this paradigm as their fate can be redirected when discs regenerate after injury or when key selector genes are mis-regulated. (bvsalud.org)
wishful thinking encodes a BMP type II receptor that regulates synaptic growth in Drosophila. (neurotree.org)
In Drosophila, Hpo and Warts kinases are core components of this pathway and function as tumor suppressors by inhibiting Yorkie (Yki) . (sdbonline.org)
To gain insight this study quantitatively investigated synaptic growth and connectivity in the Drosophila nociceptive network during larval development. (sdbonline.org)
Trio combines with dock to regulate Pak activity during photoreceptor axon pathfinding in Drosophila. (medecinesciences.org)
Bateman J, Shu H, Van Vactor D. The guanine nucleotide exchange factor trio mediates axonal development in the Drosophila embryo. (medecinesciences.org)

Our results indicate that environmentally regulated growth-cone Ca 2+ transients control axon growth in the developing spinal cord. (nature.com)

Godement, P., Wang, L. C. & Mason, C. A. Retinal axon divergence in the optic chiasm: dynamics of growth cone behavior at the midline. (nature.com)

Highwire regulates presynaptic BMP signaling essential for synaptic growth. (neurotree.org)
The conserved Ste20-like kinase Tao was identified as a negative regulator of synaptic growth required for maintenance of circuit specificity and connectivity. (sdbonline.org)

Research in the laboratory addresses the signaling mechanisms that underlie neuronal morphogenesis and patterning of axonal projections. (hsr.it)

Inhibition of CSPG receptor PTPσ promotes migration of newly born neuroblasts, axonal sprouting, and recovery from stroke. (nervgen.com)
SIVA-1 regulates apoptosis and synaptic function by modulating XIAP interaction with the death receptor antagonist FAIM-L. Cell Death & Disease . (neurotree.org)

Pharmacological inhibition of glycolysis in the presence of NGF impairs axon extension and growth cone dynamics within minutes without affecting axon maintenance. (jneurosci.org)
Suppressing Ca 2+ transients by photorelease of a Ca 2+ chelator accelerates axon extension, whereas mimicking transients with photorelease of Ca 2+ slows otherwise rapid axonal growth. (nature.com)

The expression of CRMPs is regulated throughout development of the nervous system. (wikipedia.org)

The GTPase Rab11 regulates endosomal protein trafficking and previous work has shown that loss of Rab11 caused intestinal inflammation and hyperplasia in mice and flies. (sdbonline.org)
Ornitz and Itoh, 2015), and through FGFRs activate well-known intracellular signaling cascades to change gene expression, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphoinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT, and phospholipase C (PLC) pathways (Musci et al. (likemap.me)
Growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43) was found to be related to brain metastasis. (biomedcentral.com)
Neuronal loss of the serine-threonine protein kinase Tao , a regulator of the Hippo signaling pathway, results in supernumerary boutons, each of which contain a normal number of active zones. (sdbonline.org)

Gauthier-Rouviere C, Vignal E, Meriane M, Roux P, Montcourier P, Fort P. RhoG GTPase controls a pathway that independently activates Rac1 and Cdc42Hs. (medecinesciences.org)

Synapse formation, maturation, and turnover require a finely regulated transport system that delivers selected cargos to specific synapses. (sdbonline.org)

UNC-73 activates the Rac GTPase and is required for cell and growth cone migrations in C. elegans. (medecinesciences.org)

A central interest of the laboratory is to unmask key molecular determinants that underlie transition from exuberant axon growth and pathfinding during development to later stabilization, maintenance and ultimately regression of connections as occurs in aging or disease. (hsr.it)

Kater, S. B. & Mills, L. R. Regulation of growth cone behavior by calcium. (nature.com)

Axonal regenerative failure is a major cause of neurological impairment following central nervous system (CNS) but not peripheral nervous system (PNS) injury. (nature.com)
The regenerative response initiated following axonal injury in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) versus the central nervous system (CNS) leads to differential growth capacities and repair. (nature.com)

Here we report that growth cones generate transient elevations of [Ca 2+ ] i as they migrate within the embryonic spinal cord and that the rate of axon outgrowth is inversely proportional to the frequency of transients. (nature.com)
Morphologic description is thus the foundation upon which our understanding of the complex and highly regulated process of limb outgrowth is based. (medscape.com)

The presence of these inclusions does not correlate with signs of axonal and neuronal degeneration, and axotomy leads to their gradual disappearance, indicating that they represent reversible structures. (biomedcentral.com)

Second is an increased proliferation due to an increased expression of the JAK-STAT pathway ligand Upd3 . (sdbonline.org)
The ectodomain contains a globular ligand binding domain (LBD), a cysteine-rich region with a Sushi and an epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domain, and two fibronectin type III domains (FN1 and FN2). (silverchair.com)

is usually regulated by inhibitors and activators, then Open in a separate window Figure 3 The Simulated dataset with realistic character types represents the abundance of the mRNA of gene are inhibitor concentrations, are activator concentrations, and is usually mRNA breakdown rate. (columbiagypsy.net)

The dorsal root ganglia (DRG) sensory neurone system has a central as well as a peripheral axonal branch departing from a single cell body. (nature.com)
Sensory circuits are typically established during early development, yet how circuit specificity and function are maintained during organismal growth has not been elucidated. (sdbonline.org)

not cleave to Young and Narita 2009 for a cardiac cone. (erik-mill.de)

2016). While the roles of these molecules are known, the mechanisms that regulate their CXCL5 expression are poorly understood. (likemap.me)
Although the mechanisms of gene activation are still unclear, ceramide's role as a messenger of cytotoxic response to chemotherapy might be linked to the MDR pathway. (sphingolipidclub.com)

Myers, P. Z. & Bastiani, M. J. Growth cone dynamics during the migration of an identified commissural growth cone. (nature.com)

Regulation of organ size is essential in animal development, and Hippo (Hpo) signaling is a major conserved mechanism for controlling organ growth. (sdbonline.org)
This study provides insights into the mechanism of Tao-1 regulation and a potential growth control function for SCHIP1 in mammals. (sdbonline.org)

The coordinated growth and development of synapses is critical for all aspects of neural circuit function and mutations that disrupt these processes can result in various neurological defects. (sdbonline.org)
They are involved in multiple cellular processes in different tissues, where they regulate cell shape and position. (123dok.org)

These structures contain a 'packaged' aggregate of cytomembranes which are destined for insertion at the growth cone during elongation, or for the cell body after retrieval. (grantome.com)

We examined both DNA methylation and various key histone modifications with regards to gene regulation following axonal injury. (nature.com)

Anatomy53

Organisms17

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Chemicals and Drugs64

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment25

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes30

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

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Neurons12

Actin11

Dendritic3

Regeneration9

Membrane3

Axons8

RhoA4

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Intracellular signalin1

Extracellular3

Phosphorylation4

Proper axonal1

Developmentally regulated1

Differentiation1

Proteins4

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Required for axon2

Retrograde4

Repulsion3

Collapse4

CRMP21

Cues5

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Drosophila6

Control axon1

Midline1

Synaptic growth2

Projections1

Receptor2

Axon extension2

Development of the nervous system1

Protein4

Rac11

Formation1

GTPase1

Molecular1

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Outgrowth2

Degeneration1

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Regulation1