• The serotonin is secreted luminally and basolaterally, which leads to increased serotonin uptake by circulating platelets and activation after stimulation, which gives increased stimulation of myenteric neurons and gastrointestinal motility. (wikipedia.org)
  • The serotonin-1A (5-HT1A) receptor is among the most abundant and widely distributed 5-HT receptors in the brain, but is also expressed on serotonin neurons as an autoreceptor where it plays a critical role in regulating the activity of the entire serotonin system. (biomedcentral.com)
  • this is flanked by a series of upstream repressor elements for REST, Freud-1/CC2D1A and Freud-2/CC2D1B factors that not only restrict its expression to neurons, but may also regulate the level of expression of 5-HT1A receptors in various subsets of neurons, including serotonergic neurons. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Elevated 5-HT1A autoreceptor expression would tend to reduce the activity of 5-HT neurons, while reduced post-synaptic 5-HT1A receptors would result in a blunted behavioral response to 5-HT. (biomedcentral.com)
  • RESEARCH:5-HT1A (Serotonin-1A) receptor gene regulation and mental illness:Hypothesis: Down-regulation of the 5-HT1A receptor gene in serotonin neurons is required for the antidepressant actions of therapeutic compounds. (vdocuments.net)
  • Several classes of antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), interfere with the normal reabsorption of serotonin after it is done with the transmission of the signal, therefore augmenting the neurotransmitter levels in the synapses. (wikipedia.org)
  • regulators of the rat and human 5-HT1A receptor genes using luciferase reporter fusion constructs transfected in cell lines. (vdocuments.net)
  • These studies implicate the 5-HT1A receptor as an important determinant of predisposition to mental illness. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This review examines the evidence that alterations in transcriptional regulation of the 5-HT1A receptor could underlie its dys-regulation in mental illness. (biomedcentral.com)
  • failed verification] Biochemically, the indoleamine molecule derives from the amino acid tryptophan, via the (rate-limiting) hydroxylation of the 5 position on the ring (forming the intermediate 5-hydroxytryptophan), and then decarboxylation to produce serotonin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Taken together, these results highlight an integrated regulation of 5-HT1A autoreceptors that differs in several aspects from regulation of post-synaptic 5-HT1A receptors, and could be selectively targeted to enhance serotonergic neurotransmission. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Understanding the proteins that regulate the 5-HT1A promoter will lead to insights on receptor regulation and provide new therapeutic targets relevant to depression, anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder and other mental illnesses. (vdocuments.net)
  • Pet1, an obligatory enhancer for serotonergic differentiation, has been identified as a potent activator of 5-HT1A autoreceptor expression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • MDMA, a potent monoamine-releaser with particularly pronounced serotonin- releasing properties, has unique subjective effects that include: marked positive mood, pleasant/unusual bodily sensations and pro-social, empathic feelings. (researchgate.net)
  • Despite its longstanding prominence in pharmaceutical advertising, the myth that low serotonin levels cause depression is not supported by scientific evidence. (wikipedia.org)
  • Over-expression of the 5-HT1A autoreceptor has been implicated in reducing serotonergic neurotransmission, and is associated with major depression and suicide. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Serotonin is produced in the central nervous system (CNS), specifically in the brainstem's raphe nuclei, the skin's Merkel cells, pulmonary neuroendocrine cells and the tongue's taste receptor cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Approximately 90% of the serotonin the human body produces is in the gastrointestinal tract's enterochromaffin cells, where it regulates intestinal movements. (wikipedia.org)
  • Serotonin is produced by pathogenic amoebae, causing diarrhea in the human gut. (wikipedia.org)
  • Alterations in 5-HT1A receptor levels are commonly observed in depressed individuals. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In high concentrations, serotonin acts as a vasoconstrictor by contracting endothelial smooth muscle directly or by potentiating the effects of other vasoconstrictors (e.g. angiotensin II and norepinephrine). (wikipedia.org)
  • Serotonin primarily acts through its receptors and its effects depend on which cells and tissues express these receptors. (wikipedia.org)
  • Serotonin is also a growth factor for some types of cells, which may give it a role in wound healing. (wikipedia.org)
  • In normal physiologic states, vasodilation occurs through the serotonin mediated release of nitric oxide from endothelial cells, and the inhibition of release of norepinephrine from adrenergic nerves. (wikipedia.org)
  • Serotonin crystallizes in P212121 chiral space group forming different hydrogen-bonding interactions between serotonin molecules via N-H...O and O-H...N intermolecular bonds. (wikipedia.org)
  • The finding of secretory vesicles in extrasynaptic sites of neurons, the presence of signaling molecules (namely transmitters or peptides) in the extracellular space outside synaptic clefts, and the mismatch between exocytosis sites and the location of receptors for these molecules in neurons and glial cells, have long suggested that in addition to synaptic communication, transmitters are released, and act extrasynaptically. (frontiersin.org)
  • The catalog of these molecules includes low molecular weight transmitters such as monoamines, acetylcholine, glutamate, gama-aminobutiric acid (GABA), adenosine-5-triphosphate (ATP), and a list of peptides including substance P, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and oxytocin. (frontiersin.org)
  • The discovery of extrasynaptic receptors by Miledi (1960) , was followed by observations by Dun and Minota (1982) of peripheral neuronal responses that could be attributed to somatic exocytosis of signaling molecules upon electrical stimulation. (frontiersin.org)
  • In high concentrations, serotonin acts as a vasoconstrictor by contracting endothelial smooth muscle directly or by potentiating the effects of other vasoconstrictors (e.g. angiotensin II and norepinephrine). (wikipedia.org)
  • neurons and the detection of these transmitters in the extracellular fluid in concentrations capable of activating their receptors suggest that the "classical" low molecular weight neurotransmitters previously thought to act exclusively on synapses, also participate in extrasynaptic communication. (frontiersin.org)
  • Several classes of antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), interfere with the normal reabsorption of serotonin after it is done with the transmission of the signal, therefore augmenting the neurotransmitter levels in the synapses. (wikipedia.org)
  • Serotonin (/ˌsɛrəˈtoʊnɪn, ˌsɪərə-/) or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter. (wikipedia.org)
  • The action of estrogen and progesterone can be direct genomic, indirect genomic, or non-genomic, also influencing several neurotransmitter systems, such as the serotonin and GABA systems. (researchgate.net)
  • This article will review neuroactive steroid effects on serotonin and GABA systems, along with the subsequent effects on cognitive functions. (researchgate.net)
  • Estrogen and progesterone have their respective hormone receptors, whereas allopregnanolone acts via the GABA(A) receptor. (researchgate.net)
  • In adults, an activation of the GABA-A receptor leads to an inward flow of chloride ions. (researchgate.net)
  • Positive GABA-A receptor modulating stress and sex steroids (steroid-PAMs) such as allopreg-nanolone (ALLO) and medroxyprogesterone acetate can provoke impaired cognition. (researchgate.net)
  • Serotonin is metabolized mainly to 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, chiefly by the liver. (wikipedia.org)
  • failed verification] Biochemically, the indoleamine molecule derives from the amino acid tryptophan, via the (rate-limiting) hydroxylation of the 5 position on the ring (forming the intermediate 5-hydroxytryptophan), and then decarboxylation to produce serotonin. (wikipedia.org)
  • There follows oxidation by aldehyde dehydrogenase to 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), the indole acetic-acid derivative. (wikipedia.org)
  • Estrogen alone, or in combination with antidepressant drugs affecting the serotonin system, has been related to improved mood and well being. (researchgate.net)
  • Estrogen alone, or in combination with progesterone, affects the brain serotonin system differently in different parts of the brain, which can at least partly explain the opposite effects on mood of those hormones. (researchgate.net)
  • Serotonin primarily acts through its receptors and its effects depend on which cells and tissues express these receptors. (wikipedia.org)
  • The serotonin is secreted luminally and basolaterally, which leads to increased serotonin uptake by circulating platelets and activation after stimulation, which gives increased stimulation of myenteric neurons and gastrointestinal motility. (wikipedia.org)
  • It plays an important role in immunity by regulating the expression of a wide array of SELF-ANTIGENS and negative selection of autoreactive T-cells in the thymus. (nih.gov)
  • Thus, certain subtypes will be able to influence the function of the brain area where the receptor is located [38]. (researchgate.net)
  • More information about receptor subtype area function is described elsewhere [31, 39]. (researchgate.net)
  • Serotonin is produced in the central nervous system (CNS), specifically in the brainstem's raphe nuclei, the skin's Merkel cells, pulmonary neuroendocrine cells and the tongue's taste receptor cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Approximately 90% of the serotonin the human body produces is in the gastrointestinal tract's enterochromaffin cells, where it regulates intestinal movements. (wikipedia.org)
  • Serotonin secreted from the enterochromaffin cells eventually finds its way out of tissues into the blood. (wikipedia.org)
  • In normal physiologic states, vasodilation occurs through the serotonin mediated release of nitric oxide from endothelial cells, and the inhibition of release of norepinephrine from adrenergic nerves. (wikipedia.org)