• Pairing and segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis is essential for viable gametes. (jax.org)
  • The strong suppression of recombination in the pericentromeric regions and co-segregation of race specific chromosomes involved in the long chains would be expected to lead to linkage disequilibrium between genes located there. (preprints.org)
  • Sister chromatid cohesion is necessary for the equal segregation of chromosomes and subsequent genomic inheritance. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The deletion occurs near the middle of the chromosome at a location designated q11.2. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Cancer cells on the other hand often have abnormal numbers of chromosomes and/or deletion or duplication of large DNA regions. (ukbiobank.ac.uk)
  • The pathogenic germline deletion of varying lengths of chromosomal material along the short arm of chromosome 11, including WT1 and PAX6 , is the underlying defect. (medscape.com)
  • Subject A has a large deletion on chromosome 11 that removes one copy of the BDNF gene. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 ] They described a child with midline fusion defects, and subsequent cytogenetic studies revealed a chromosomal deletion of the short arm of chromosome 4. (medscape.com)
  • Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome results from the deletion of the distal short arm of chromosome 4. (medscape.com)
  • A large deletion several megabases (Mb) in length, easily detected using conventional chromosome analysis, is usually associated with severe phenotypic expression, including multiple malformations. (medscape.com)
  • Factors involved in prediction of prognosis include the extent of the deletion, the occurrence of complex chromosome anomalies, and the severity of seizures. (medscape.com)
  • In most cases, the syndrome is due to a 3 million base pair (Mb) deletion on the chromosomal region 22q11.2 that is flanked by low copy number repeats. (cdc.gov)
  • Using immunolocalisation of the meiotic proteins, we examined chromosome pairing and recombination in males from the hybrid zone. (preprints.org)
  • Recombination frequency in the proximal regions of most chromosomes of all karyotypes was much lower than in the other regions. (preprints.org)
  • Such inversions often block recombination, creating isolated genomic regions that are passed down as a whole set. (harvard.edu)
  • Data from the second generation lab crosses revealed that a single large region of chromosome 15 was strongly associated with both coat color and tail length, and vanishingly little recombination was occurring across this region of the chromosome. (harvard.edu)
  • Recombination is the swapping of DNA between the chromosomes within a pair. (thetech.org)
  • Since the recombination we have been talking about happens in the egg or sperm, this means the recombined chromosomes end up in someone's children. (thetech.org)
  • Reduced fertility or recombination suppression in karyotypic hybrids has the potential to maintain or promote genetic differentiation in genomic regions near rearrangement breakpoints. (conicet.gov.ar)
  • The internal chromosomes of the chain (8 and 12) show the greatest differentiation, which may reflect pairing and recombination properties of internal and external elements in a meiotic chain. (conicet.gov.ar)
  • These regions of the chromosome are so dense that they were once thought to be removed from recombination. (phys.org)
  • The dogma has been that recombination is repressed in centromeric regions," said Sheng Sun, PhD, lead study author and assistant research professor at Duke University School of Medicine. (phys.org)
  • This region contains 30 to 40 genes, many of which have not been well characterized. (medlineplus.gov)
  • These coding regions are called genes. (familyeducation.com)
  • The long-term undifferentiation of molluscan sex chromosomes is potentially sustained by the unexpected intertwined regulation of reversible sex-biased genes, together with the lack of sexual dimorphism and occasional sex chromosome turnover. (nature.com)
  • The pleiotropic constraint of regulation of reversible sex-biased genes is widely present in ancient homomorphic sex chromosomes and might be resolved in heteromorphic sex chromosomes through gene duplication followed by subfunctionalization. (nature.com)
  • The evolutionary dynamics of sex chromosomes suggest a mechanism for 'inheritance' turnover of sex-determining genes that is mediated by translocation of a sex-determining enhancer. (nature.com)
  • This workflow searches for genes which reside in a QTL (Quantitative Trait Loci) region in Arabidopsis thaliana. (myexperiment.org)
  • Data is then extracted from BioMart to annotate each of the genes found in this region. (myexperiment.org)
  • This type of rearrangement can radically change the order of base pairs for many genes at once. (harvard.edu)
  • The rearranged segment of DNA is about 40 million base pairs long and contains dozens of genes. (harvard.edu)
  • Genes Chromosomes Cancer. (umassmed.edu)
  • We have been following up these findings with fine mapping of these regions and family-based association studies of functional candidate genes. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • The ~1.5 Mb candidate region was shown to contain five protein-coding genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Supplementary Table 12: miRNAs in the candidate genes present in interval of the QTL hotspot region identified on chromosome 6. (figshare.com)
  • They found that during evolution, a reshuffling of DNA known as translocation brought together separate chunks of sex-determining genes onto a single chromosome, essentially mimicking the human X or Y chromosome. (phys.org)
  • In the 1960's, Japanese-American geneticist and evolutionary biologist Susumu Ohno proposed a theory in which the genes determining sex first arose at various spots scattered across the entire genome , but over time were "captured" on the sex chromosomes. (phys.org)
  • In C. amylolentus , dozens of genes at two different locations on the chromosomes control what's called a tetrapolar, or four-part, mating system. (phys.org)
  • The researchers sequenced the entire genome of C. amylolentus , mapping the location of all the genes as well as the centromeres on each of the organism's 14 chromosomes. (phys.org)
  • The genes encoding the red- and green-color-detecting proteins of the human eye are located next to one another on the X chromosome and probably evolved from a common ancestral pigment gene. (quizlet.com)
  • A normal-visioned woman (with both genes present on each of her two X chromosomes) has a red color-blind son who was shown to have one copy of the green-detecting gene and no copies of the red-detecting gene. (quizlet.com)
  • The type I cytokeratin genes are clustered in a region of chromosome 17q12-q21. (creativebiomart.net)
  • The genetic structure includes 4 zinc-finger regions, which suggest that WT1 may be important in controlling the expression of other genes. (medscape.com)
  • Acquisitions of OspC genes that are novel for the region confer to recipients unique identities to host immune systems and, presumably, selective advantage when immunity to existing types is widespread among hosts. (cdc.gov)
  • When an egg cell or sperm cell is produced, during the process of meiosis, the chromosome pairs line up and one from each pair is randomly assigned to the gamete. (familyeducation.com)
  • In mice, the Sry gene is located on the Y chromosome very close to one of the pseudoautosomal regions that pairs with the X chromosome during male meiosis. (quizlet.com)
  • 10%). The carriers of complex synaptic configurations showed multiple pairing abnormalities, which might lead to reduced fertility. (preprints.org)
  • From the sequencing of the pre-treatment sample and the reconstructed genomic profile we will identify and characterise patient specific chromosome abnormalities that will be tracked in follow up samples. (ukbiobank.ac.uk)
  • We have used comparative genomic hybridisation to analyse 19 constitutional chromosome abnormalities detected by G band analysis, including seven deletions, five supernumerary marker chromosomes, two interstitial duplications, and five chromosomes presenting with abnormal terminal banding patterns. (bmj.com)
  • Others have applied CGH to the study of constitutional chromosome abnormalities detected postnatally. (bmj.com)
  • Although the structural chromosome abnormalities in these cases were too small to identify the origin of the extra genomic material based on banding pattern, none of the abnormalities described by these authors can be considered to be subtle or cryptic. (bmj.com)
  • CGH has been widely applied to detect gains and losses of DNA sequences on specific chromosomes in the study of solid tumours, 1 but has not been extensively used to study unbalanced constitutional karyotypes. (bmj.com)
  • Constitutional chromosome studies involving conventional GTG band cytogenetic analysis, however, often show unbalanced karyotypes which cannot be fully defined because the extra material is too small to have a recognisable banding pattern. (bmj.com)
  • These heterochromatin patterns and the number of chromosomes are characteristics exclusive to Melipona karyotypes that distinguish them from the other genera of the Meliponini. (karger.com)
  • However, similar genetic rearrangements in this syndrome may determine variable phenotypic effects, most likely as a consequence of allelic variation in the homologous 4p region. (medscape.com)
  • A sister chromatid is one half of an identical pair of chromatids formed by the replication of a single chromosome. (sciencedaily.com)
  • However, the spread of domestic T. infestans spreading and adaptation to domicilies observed in a tri- throughout the non-Andean regions only involved insects atomine species. (cdc.gov)
  • The NOR bearing chromosomes in both species may be considered homologues because they maintain conserved characteristics, such as being interspersed with a GC-rich heterochromatin and possessing target sequences for Alu I, Bam HI and Eco RI. (ingentaconnect.com)
  • The species exhibited 2n=56 chromosomes (42 metacentrics, 12 submetacentrics and 2 subtelocentrics) and the nucleolus organizing region located near to the centromere on the long arm of the largest metacentric pair. (scielo.br)
  • The presence of 2n=56 chromosomes in T. diabolus is an interesting characteristic since until now all cis-Andean species karyotyped presented 2n=54 chromosomes while almost all trans-Andean species presented different diploid numbers. (scielo.br)
  • In the present work, morphometric and cytogenetic analyses were carried out in populations of the fish Astyanax fasciatus (Characidae) from Contas and RecĂ´ncavo Sul River basins (State of Bahia, Brazil), providing new data on the genetic structure of this species along the region. (scielo.br)
  • Cytogenetically, the species of the genus Melipona show variation in the amount and distribution of heterochromatin along their chromosomes and can be separated into 2 groups: the first with low content of heterochromatin and the second with high content of heterochromatin. (karger.com)
  • In general, Melipona species have 2n = 18 chromosomes, and the species of each subgenus share the same characteristics in relation to heterochromatin regions, DAPI/CMA 3 fluorophores, and the number and distribution of 18S rDNA sites. (karger.com)
  • This study reports the observations of 54 species of amphibians and reptiles obtained during four field surveys to Morocco, including the southern and southeastern regions. (lacerta.de)
  • Our records reveal a notable expansion of the current distribution range for several species especially in the eastern part of the country, highlighting the need for more intensive sampling within this region. (lacerta.de)
  • Regardless of the name or species, Heitman contends that some universal principles could govern the evolution of all sex chromosomes. (phys.org)
  • These analyses are fundamental in the design of control specimens present C-heterochromatic blocks in most of campaigns because their results will help determine the their 22 chromosomes, whereas non-Andean specimens have only 4-7 autosomes with C-banding. (cdc.gov)
  • pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes (XY in Institut de Recherche pour le DĂ©veloppement, Montpellier, males, XX in females) (8). (cdc.gov)
  • All autosomes and the X chromosome had pericentromeric C-heterochromatin, whereas the Y chromosome appeared to be entirely heterochromatic. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • On each chromosome are regions, DNA sequences, that code for the proteins that determine our traits. (familyeducation.com)
  • The gene loci coding for each of the DAG complex proteins is located outside the X chromosomes. (medscape.com)
  • Dmt localizes to regions of tightly packed chromatin through interactions with other proteins to launch cohesion, and protects cohesion at other cell cycle timepoints by binding different proteins. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The type I cytokeratins consist of acidic proteins which are arranged in pairs of heterotypic keratin chains. (creativebiomart.net)
  • Ag-NORs were identified at telomeres on a subtelocentric chromosome pair, although multiple ribosomal sites have been detected in some specimens from Contas River. (scielo.br)
  • NORs were observed in the terminal regions of the short arm of 2 pairs of submetacentric and 2 pairs of subtelocentric chromosomes. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • The S. taurensis karyotype differs from that of S. xanthoprymnus by a low diploid number, by a C-positive Y chromosome, and by the number and localization of NORs. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • Unusually for a gene present on the X chromosome, the CD99 gene does not undergo X inactivation, and it was the first such pseudoautosomal gene to be discovered in humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • Don't humans have 46 chromosomes? (thetech.org)
  • Transmembrane protein 53 , or TMEM53 , is a protein that is encoded on chromosome 1 in humans. (wn.com)
  • Contrary to classic theory prediction, sex-chromosome homomorphy is prevalent in the animal kingdom but it is unclear how ancient homomorphic sex chromosomes avoid chromosome-scale degeneration. (nature.com)
  • Molluscs constitute the second largest, Precambrian-originated animal phylum and have ancient, uncharacterized homomorphic sex chromosomes. (nature.com)
  • On the basis of these findings, we propose an evolutionary model for the long-term preservation of homomorphic sex chromosomes. (nature.com)
  • The dystrophin gene is located on the short arm of chromosome X near the p21 locus and codes for the large protein Dp427, which contains 3685 amino acids. (medscape.com)
  • Research has identified a double function for the Drosophila Dmt protein in both establishing and maintaining cohesion whereby identical chromatids pair during DNA replication. (sciencedaily.com)
  • At certain stages of the cell cycle, these chromatids pair and are held together in a process known as cohesion, which involves the cohesin protein. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Our identification of a protein that acts both to establish and protect cohesion in Drosophila chromosomes may represent an intermediate stage of the evolutionary inheritance of factors involved in maintaining genomic integrity. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Our most significant finding was for a genetic marker on chromosome 9, near the protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type D gene (PTPRD). (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Wide filled pink areas represent putative protein coding regions, narrow empty pink boxes represent the 5'UTR (on the left) and 3' UTR (on the right). (nih.gov)
  • Phenotypic analysis of these ' in locus ' mutations based on both expression of Kni protein and adult wing phenotypes, reveals novel unexpected features of L2-CRM function including evidence for a chromosome pairing-dependent process that promotes transcription. (elifesciences.org)
  • These domains were first discovered as the loci of phorbol ester and diacylglycerol binding to conventional protein kinase C isozymes, which contain 2 C1 domains (C1A and C1B) in their N-terminal regulatory regions. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • The collaboration diagnostically evaluated and collected DNA samples from over 200 affected sibling pairs, and completed the first large genome-wide genetic linkage scan of OCD. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • We conducted a genome-wide association study to identify even smaller chromosomal regions associated with OCD. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • 11 SNPs exceeded genome-wide significance with the strongest association with rs12913832 SNP on chromosome 15, mapping to HERC2 gene (p=6.94x10-14). (cdc.gov)
  • Importantly, we found that centromeric regions of some non-rearranged chromosomes also showed genetic differentiation between the hybridising groups, indicating a complex interplay between chromosomal rearrangements and other parts of the genome in maintaining or promoting differentiation and potentially driving speciation between chromosomal races. (conicet.gov.ar)
  • Improved plotting, including a new across assays plot of regions of allelic imbalance for each chromosome and whole genome plots for each assay. (lu.se)
  • The karyotype of Spermophilus taurensis comprised 40 chromosomes, the fundamental chromosome number (NF) was 80, and there were 76 autosomal arms (NFa). (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • To better understand the karyotype organization in Melipona and the relationship among the subgenera, we mapped repetitive sequences and analyzed previously reported cytogenetic data with the aim to identify cytogenetic markers to be used for investigating the phylogenetic relationships and chromosome evolution in the genus. (karger.com)
  • Given this information, propose a model to explain the generation of unusual males who have two X chromosomes (with a Sry-containing piece of the Y chromosome attached to one X chromosome). (quizlet.com)
  • This means that if one chromosome in the pair, or both, contains the brown allele then your trait, or phenotype, will be brown eyes. (familyeducation.com)
  • The variable expression of the 22q11.2 phenotype is thought to be due to genetic modifiers on either the other 22q11.2 allele or on other chromosomes. (cdc.gov)
  • Chromosomal identification of marker chromosomes and extra bands on chromosomes through molecular techniques is always of clinical interest. (bmj.com)
  • However, there is no difference in clinical aspect between the different types, and they are only differentiated in exams of the chromosomes of blood cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • Here, we profile eight genomes of the bivalve mollusc family of Pectinidae in a phylogenetic context and show 350 million years sex-chromosome homomorphy, which is the oldest known sex-chromosome homomorphy in the animal kingdom, far exceeding the ages of well-known heteromorphic sex chromosomes such as 130-200 million years in mammals, birds and flies. (nature.com)
  • Based on a previous GWAS study, 14 DA associated loci and flanking regions were selected for NGS (6,996,180 base pairs). (cdc.gov)
  • The predicted promoter region spans 1002 base pairs from 98,611,892 through 98,612,893 on the minus strand of chromosome 2. (wn.com)
  • In the Y chromosome, this is limited to a small region called the pseudoautosomal region. (jax.org)
  • Changes to the Y chromosome, especially to the pseudoautosomal region, could have an impact on this process and therefore affect an organism's fertility. (jax.org)
  • Sequence features of the regions of 1,456,315 bp covered by nineteen physically assigned P1 and TAC clones. (antibodies-online.com)
  • Testis-determining factor (TDF) is a 35-kilobase pair (kbp) sequence on the 11.3 subband of the Y chromosome, an area termed the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome (SRY). (medscape.com)
  • Comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH) is a dual fluorescence in situ hybridisation protocol capable of detecting global gains and losses of genomic regions by competitive DNA hybridisation. (bmj.com)
  • The effects of these mutations unexpectedly suggested that pairs of chromosomes might be interacting to control the activity of this gene. (elifesciences.org)
  • The artemisinin drug resistance surveillance strategy involves continuous monitoring of Kelch 13-propeller biomarker to detect emergence of mutations which could herald drug resistance in the region. (bvsalud.org)
  • we have shown here that the centromeric regions of the other two chromosomes in the chain (2 and 8) are similarly differentiated. (conicet.gov.ar)
  • We previously localized a Quantitative Trait Locus for HPFH in an extensive Asian-Indian kindred to chromosome 6q23. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, the researchers showed that in Cryptococcus amylolentus, the ancestral state, the P/R locus resided on chromosome 10 and the HD locus on chromosome 11. (phys.org)
  • With artemisinin, the SNPs occurs at the Kelch 13-propeller gene locus on chromosome 13. (bvsalud.org)
  • Lateral gene transfers resulted in different linkages between the ospC gene and loci of the chromosome or other plasmids. (cdc.gov)
  • A small percentage of affected individuals have shorter deletions in the same region. (medlineplus.gov)
  • For example, chromosome 1 of C. neoformans contained pieces of four different chromosomes from C. amylolentus , providing evidence of multiple translocations, some within the centromere. (phys.org)
  • According to their model, multiple translocations deposited the two sex determinants on the same chromosome, with a centromere in between. (phys.org)
  • Normal, healthy human cells typically comprise a set of 23 pairs of chromosomes. (ukbiobank.ac.uk)
  • Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (umassmed.edu)
  • A specific pair of GROUP E CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification. (umassmed.edu)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17" by people in this website by year, and whether "Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (umassmed.edu)
  • Below are the most recent publications written about "Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17" by people in Profiles. (umassmed.edu)
  • The gene product is a 6,657 base pair mRNA with 41 predicted exons in the human gene. (wn.com)
  • 3. Creating awareness among ministries of health in the African Region will provide them with critical and relevant information on the reproductive cloning of human beings and its implications to the health status of the general population. (who.int)
  • It was also determined that its Y chromosome resembles that of S. citellus, in terms of its heterochromatic nature. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • Genic differentiation, together with the high frequency of pairing aberrations in male carriers of the long chains, might contribute to maintenance of the narrow hybrid zone. (preprints.org)
  • In one patient, the duplication originated from two different maternal chromosomes, while in the other patient it arose from the same maternal chromosome. (nih.gov)
  • Fig. 5: Divergence of sex chromosome and rSBG duplication across animal groups. (nature.com)
  • TMEM131 is located on the negative DNA strand (see Sense ) of chromosome 2 from 98,372,799 - 98,612,354. (wn.com)
  • One exception to this is the gametes (sex cells) -eggs and sperm - these contain one chromosome from each pair (half the amount). (familyeducation.com)
  • Two patients had large direct duplications of 15q11q13 [dir dup(15)(q11q13)] that extended through the entire Angelman syndrome/Prader-Willi syndrome (AS/PWS) chromosomal region. (nih.gov)
  • We have developed an exhaustive bivariate GWAS analysis methodology that yields a manageable subset of candidate marker pairs for subsequent analysis using other, often more computationally expensive techniques. (springer.com)
  • The existence of patients with 46,XX testicular DSD, who have testicular tissue in the absence of an obvious Y chromosome or SRY genetic material, clearly requires other genetic explanations. (medscape.com)
  • The absence or rarity of B. burgdorferi in Ohio and in the Rocky Mountain and Great Basin regions suggests that these three populations of B. burgdorferi are geographically if not ecologically isolated. (cdc.gov)
  • The hybrid zone between chromosome races of the common shrew ( Sorex araneus ) provides an exceptional model to study the potential role of chromosome rearrangements in the initial steps of speciation. (preprints.org)
  • All markers are located on chromosome 3q in the telomeric area, the most probable location for the OPA1 gene being D3S1601-OPA1-D3S1265. (nih.gov)
  • These results show that A. fasciatus populations from northeastern river basins are well differentiated and present peculiar cytogenetic features when compared to populations from other regions. (scielo.br)
  • During the second month of fetal life, the indifferent gonad is guided to develop into a testis by genetic information present on the short arm of the Y chromosome. (medscape.com)
  • Persons with Down Syndrome present 47 chromosomes in each cell, instead of 46, as others do. (bvsalud.org)
  • The N-terminal region of PKC, known as C1, has been shown [ ( PUBMED:2500657 ) ] to bind PE and DAG in a phospholipid and zinc-dependent fashion. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • Molecular modeling studies showed MR and MRG ligands with a high affinity for the N-terminal region of the nsP3 macrodomain, postulating them as a potential target of action for the CHIKV control. (bvsalud.org)
  • The core phenotype maps within the terminal 1.9 Mb region of chromosome 4p. (medscape.com)
  • Duplications of chromosome region 15q11q13 often occur as a supernumerary chromosome 15. (nih.gov)
  • Ag-NORs were observed on the short arm of the first acrocentric chromosome pair, coincidentally with a strong C-positive band on a large secondary constriction. (ingentaconnect.com)
  • These syndromes result from the loss of chromosomal material from the short arm of chromosome 11. (medscape.com)
  • WAGR syndrome is caused by the contiguous loss of chromosomal material from the short arm of chromosome 11. (medscape.com)
  • Charlesworth, B. The evolution of sex chromosomes. (nature.com)
  • Jablonka, E. & Lamb, M. J. The evolution of heteromorphic sex chromosomes. (nature.com)
  • By employing mouse models of unique Y chromosome features, I hope to further our understanding of these processes and the mechanisms that drive evolution in the Y chromosome. (jax.org)
  • Scientists have been studying the evolution of sex chromosomes for more than a century. (phys.org)
  • Theoretically, it has been shown that 2-way and 3-way single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) interactions can explain up to ~ 50% and ~ 100% of trait variance while each SNP involved explains none [ 3 ], indicating that critical SNP pairs may be ignored by univariate analysis predominantly applied to GWAS so far. (springer.com)
  • Even in only bivariate analysis, the number of possible SNP interactions that need to be searched is extremely large, as there are 125 billion possible SNP pairs in a GWAS of 500,000 SNPs. (springer.com)
  • Heterochromatin distribution and nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) in chromosomes of the Taurus ground squirrel, Spermophilus taurensis Gunduz et al. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • The distribution of C-heterochromatin blocks and nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) in the Taurus ground squirrel from Turkey was studied. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • In particular, G band analysis usually does not show the chromosomal origin of small marker chromosomes or of a small amount of extra material detected on otherwise normal chromosomes. (bmj.com)
  • Most phenotypic manifestations in this syndrome reflect a contiguous gene syndrome, leading to a phenotypic map of chromosome arm 4p. (medscape.com)
  • The brain-derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) gene is also located in the region of chromosomal loss associated with WAGR syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • 5. Most countries in the African Region have no specific regulations and policies governing genetic manipulations for assisted conception, treatment and research. (who.int)