Regions chromosome banding. Medical search. Frequent questions

It is useful for identifying genetic diseases (mainly chromosomal abnormalities) through the photographic representation of the entire chromosome complement. (wikipedia.org)
Almost all chromosomes present C-bands in one or both chromosomal ends. (cdc.gov)
Also, the analyses indicate that chromosomal rearrangements occurred independently within the distinct lineages of S . marmoratus complex, which resulted in the appearance of distinct karyotypic variants in a non-linear fashion related to diploid numbers and in the appearance of similar non-homologous chromosomes. (scielo.br)
The AT locus was mapped to the chromosomal region 11q22-23 using genetic linkage analysis in the late 1980s and the causative gene was identified by positional cloning several years later. (bmj.com)
In the process, chromosomal fusions occurred in the equidae, causing karyotypes to evolve that range from 66 to 32 chromosomes, whilst preserving the same amount of DNA. (ivis.org)
Detection and precise genomic mapping of balanced chromosomal abnormalities in patients with impaired fertility or a clinical phenotype represent a challenge for current cytogenomics owing to difficulties with precise breakpoint localization in the regions enriched for DNA repeats and high genomic variation in such regions. (metasystems-probes.com)
Multicolor banding, chromosomal microarray analysis, chromosome microdissection with reverse painting, and single-copy sequencing of the rearranged chromosome were performed to determine the length and position of the inverted region as well as to rule out a genetic imbalance at the breakpoints. (metasystems-probes.com)
Aneuploidy: The most common chromosomal abnormality caused by an extra or missing chromosome. (msdmanuals.com)

G-banding, G banding or Giemsa banding is a technique used in cytogenetics to produce a visible karyotype by staining condensed chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
Among the analyzed specimens, a large degree of cytogenetic variation related to diploid numbers and karyotype structure was observed, with karyotypes showing 2n=42, 44 and 46 chromosomes. (scielo.br)
The chromosomes of a patient with unilateral retinoblastoma, previously supposed to have a normal karyotype, were reexamined after the discovery that his red blood cells contained reduced activities of esterase D. A small sub-band deletion was found in chromosome region 13q14. (bmj.com)
The cytogenetical analysis revealed a intersticial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 2, karyotype: 46, XY, del(2)(q31,q33). (bvsalud.org)
Karyotype: The full set of chromosomes in a person's cells. (msdmanuals.com)
A karyotype analysis involves blocking cells in mitosis during metaphase and staining the condensed chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)
Chromosomes from single cells are photographed, and their images are arranged, forming a karyotype. (msdmanuals.com)
The chromosomes are less condensed than in routine metaphase analysis, and the number of identifiable bands is expanded, allowing a more sensitive karyotype analysis. (msdmanuals.com)

This results in the formation of unique, giant chromosomes, called polytene chromosomes. (jove.com)
When viewed under a microscope, an alternating pattern of dark bands and lighter interbands can be seen in the polytene chromosomes. (jove.com)
Polytene chromosomes are structures found in highly specialized tissues in some animal and plant species, which are amplified through successive cycles of endoreduplication, finally producing several copies of each chromosome. (scielo.br)
In plants, polytene chromosomes have been observed in only a few species, and seemed to be restricted to ovary and immature seed tissues, e.g., in Phaseolus coccineus and P. vulgaris (Nagl, 1981), until relatively recently, when they were observed in the cells of the anther tapetum of Vigna unguiculata (Guerra and Carvalheira, 1994) and of some Phaseolus species (Carvalheira and Guerra, 1994). (scielo.br)
1985) described polytene chromosomes as giant chromosomes produced by changes in the mitotic cycle during the interphase stage. (scielo.br)

The hOAT3 protein was shown to be localized in the basolateral membrane of renal proximal tubules and the hOAT3 gene was determined to be located on the human chromosome 11q12-q13.3 by fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis. (aspetjournals.org)
Spectral karyotyping analysis (also called chromosome painting) uses chromosome-specific multicolor fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques that improve the visibility of certain defects, including translocations and inversions. (msdmanuals.com)

To attempt to pinpoint a particular TRF1-responsive gene from among the 12,000 known Drosophila genes, the researchers first launched an "aerial reconnaissance" of Drosophila chromosomes. (sciencedaily.com)
Since the antibody also included a staining molecule, they could home in on potential TRF1-targeted genes by scanning the fly genome for regions that were preferentially stained. (sciencedaily.com)
To find the TRF1-responsive genes, the scientists treated preparations of fly chromosomes with chemicals that formed bonds between TRF and the DNA. (sciencedaily.com)
Using the pieces of chromosomes as clues, they were able to work their way up to identifying whole genes. (sciencedaily.com)
Because researchers use different approaches to genome annotation , their predictions of the number of genes on each chromosome varies (for technical details, see gene prediction ). (wikipedia.org)
The following is a partial list of genes on human chromosome 9. (wikipedia.org)
However, the genes for non-syndromic clefting have been more elusive targets In human studies, CL/P has been associated with genes on several different chromosomes There are associations with specific regions on chromosomes 4, 6, and 19 that contain both know and unknown genes Less is known about the underlying causes of cleft palate ( CP ) as an independent disorder. (ibis-birthdefects.org)
The ~1.5 Mb candidate region was shown to contain five protein-coding genes. (biomedcentral.com)
In the present study, genes across the 2q24-q33 interval were analyzed to identify an autism susceptibility gene in this region. (neurotransmitter.net)
The numbered bands specify the location of the thousands of genes that are present on each chromosome. (orthopedicshealth.com)
Genetic diseases are determined by the combination of genes for a particular trait that are on the chromosomes received from the father and the mother. (orthopedicshealth.com)

Chromosomes, which are present in the nucleus of human cells, carry the genetic information for each individual. (orthopedicshealth.com)
The problems of genetic counseling associated with enrichment for repeats and high DNA variability of usual breakpoint regions were discussed. (metasystems-probes.com)
Possible approaches for cytogenomic assessment of couples with balanced chromosome rearrangements and problems like reproductive failures were considered and suggested as useful part of effective genetic counseling. (metasystems-probes.com)
The prognostic significance of the secondary genetic changes is not uniform, although abnormalities involving chromosome 17, e.g., i(17q), have repeatedly been shown to be ominous. (lu.se)

Eukaryotic chromosome fine structure Gene mapping Fluorescence in situ hybridization Maloy, Stanley R. (wikipedia.org)
Telomeres are nucleoprotein complexes at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. (biomedcentral.com)

Interstitial deletions of the distal 7q region are considered a rare entity. (hindawi.com)
The primary focus of our report is to compare our case with the few others in the literature describing interstitial deletions at the long arm of chromosome 7. (hindawi.com)
Terminal deletions at the long arm of chromosome 7 have been described more frequently in the medical literature [ 1 , 2 ] compared to interstitial deletions at the distal 7q region. (hindawi.com)
The aim of this case report is to further understand the phenotypic features associated with interstitial deletions at the long arm of chromosome 7 and offer a basis for the development of a possible syndromic profile for these deletions in the future. (hindawi.com)
The need to screen all retinoblastoma patients for esterase D activity: detection of submicroscopic chromosome deletions. (bmj.com)

The metaphase chromosomes are treated with trypsin (to partially digest the chromosome) and stained with Giemsa stain. (wikipedia.org)
In contrast, less condensed chromatin (Euchromatin)-which tends to be rich with guanine and cytosine (GC-rich) and more transcriptionally active-incorporates less Giemsa stain, and these regions appear as light bands in G-banding. (wikipedia.org)
Staining with Giemsa confers a purple color to chromosomes, but micrographs are often converted to grayscale to facilitate data presentation and make comparisons of results from different laboratories. (wikipedia.org)
Micrograph of human male chromosomes using Giemsa staining for G banding. (wikipedia.org)
Micrograph of human male chromosomes using Giemsa stain, followed by sorting and grayscaling. (wikipedia.org)
Unusual molecular characteristics of a repeat sequence island within a Giemsa-positive band on the mouse X chromosome. (ox.ac.uk)
The mouse genome contains 50 copies of a long complex repeat unit localized as a repeat sequence island to the A3 Giemsa-positive (dark) band on the mouse X chromosome. (ox.ac.uk)
The repeat sequence island possesses two notable features that have been suggested as diagnostic features of mammalian Giemsa-positive bands. (ox.ac.uk)
In classical banding (eg, G [Giemsa]-banding, Q [fluorescent]-banding, and C-banding), a dye is used to stain bands on the chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)

This means that the different chromosomes are more distinct in prophase than they are in metaphase. (wikipedia.org)
The endomitotic cycle (endomitosis) starts with a normal prophase (endoprophase), after which the chromosome contracts further (endometaphase), their sister chromatids separate from each other (endoanaphase) and decondense to assume the interphase nuclear structure, resulting in polyploid cells, with double the chromosome number (endopolyploidy) at the end of each cycle. (scielo.br)
High-resolution chromosome analysis uses special culture methods to obtain a high percentage of prophase and prometaphase spreads. (msdmanuals.com)

Fluorescence in situ hybridization of the mouse cDNA to rodent metaphase spreads demonstrated that the Akt2 gene maps to mouse chromosome band 7B1 and rat chromosome 1q22. (nih.gov)

Finally, the integration of both molecular cytogenetic and phylogenetic approaches allowed the determination of specific chromosomes possibly involved in rearrangements and a better understanding about the evolutionary processes involved in the differentiation of Synbranchus genus. (scielo.br)
The molecular hallmark of the disease is the translocation of the proto-oncogene MYC at band 8q24 to the IGH region on chromosome 14q32, t(8;14)(q24;q32) or, less frequently, to the IGK locus on 2p12, t(2;8), or the IGL locus on 22q11, t(8;22). (cancernetwork.com)

The Precise Breakpoint Mapping in Paracentric Inversion 10q22.2q23.3 by Comprehensive Cytogenomic Analysis, Multicolor Banding, and Single-Copy Chromosome Sequencing. (metasystems-probes.com)

fChromosome 9 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans . (wikipedia.org)
Humans normally have two copies of this chromosome, as they normally do with all chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
As an example, chimpanzees have one more chromosome than humans do. (rationalwiki.org)

As Drosophila larvae progress from one developmental stage to another, specific bands and interbands greatly increase in diameter, producing structures called 'Puffs' or 'Balbiani' rings. (jove.com)
They then bathed the giant salivary chromosomes from Drosophila in the antibody. (sciencedaily.com)
A neuronal Drosophila vamp (n-syb) is described here and is localized to chromosome band 62A. (jneurosci.org)

Three main distribution patterns regarding the occupied region were identified: 1/ mountain, 2/ Atlantic, and 3/ southern Morocco. (lacerta.de)

Roughly 5% of all patients with retinoblastoma carry a constitutional chromosome deletion on the long arm of chromosome 13, which confers a prezygotic predisposition to tumour development. (bmj.com)

Other types of cytogenic banding are listed below: Wikimedia Commons has media related to G banding. (wikipedia.org)

The less condensed the chromosomes are, the more bands appear when G-banding. (wikipedia.org)
Where the chromatin in the bands is more condensed and transcriptionally inactive, the chromatin in the interbands is less condensed and transcriptionally active. (jove.com)

Abnormalities that affect autosomes (the 22 paired chromosomes that are alike in males and females) are more common than those that affect sex chromosomes (X and Y). (msdmanuals.com)
Numerical abnormalities may involve a part of, or the entire, chromosome. (msdmanuals.com)

In 2-10% of the cases, this chimeric gene is generated by variant rearrangements, involving 9q34, 22q11, and one or several other genomic regions. (lu.se)

Almost every chromosome is affected by numeric or structural aberrations. (neurotransmitter.net)
In the present work, we analyzed aberrations in G-banded chromosomes, reproductive hormone levels, and polymerase chain reaction-based V(D)J rearrangement frequencies in applicators whose exposures were mostly limited to chlorophenoxy herbicides. (cdc.gov)

Sequences of amplified cytochrome oxidase subunit I (CO I), cytochrome oxidase b (cyt b), internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2), 18s and 28s rDNA regions were analysed to confirm the number of sibling species. (biomedcentral.com)

Such cells, called polyploid cells, contain multiple sets of each chromosome. (jove.com)

Assignment of the human PLC delta4 gene (PLCD4) to human chromosome band 2q35 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. (nih.gov)

2n = 22 (20 autosomes plus XY in males/ XX females) coming from non-Andean (A-C) and Andean regions (D-F). Scale bar = 10 μm. (cdc.gov)
This specimen from Argentina presents the lowest number of C-banded autosomes (four chromosomes). (cdc.gov)
Only two heterochromatic bivalents, formed by the pairing of the four C-banded autosomes showed in 2A, are observed. (cdc.gov)
Heterochromatic C-bands are clearly detected in four autosomes and in the Y sex chromosome. (cdc.gov)
Heterochromatic blocks are localized in most autosomes and in both sex chromosomes. (cdc.gov)

Several cytogenetic techniques (AgNOR, C- G- and RE bandings, DAPI, CMA 3 and FISH) were applied in order to analyze the structure and variability of NORs in the fish species Steindachneridion melanodermatum and S. scripta . (ingentaconnect.com)
This case correponds to a six-year old child which presented a fragile site in the short arm of the chromosome 1 (region 2, band 2) during a routine cytogenetic study in peripheral blood. (bvsalud.org)

Heterochromatic regions, which tend to be rich with adenine and thymine (AT-rich) DNA and relatively gene-poor, stain more darkly in G-banding. (wikipedia.org)
The Y (heterochromatic) and X (euchromatic) chromosomes appear as univalents, as typically observed in hemipteran insects. (cdc.gov)

We isolated mouse cDNA clones containing the entire coding region of the putative oncogene Akt2. (nih.gov)

Here, hundreds to thousands of copies of each chromosome are generated without any cell division. (jove.com)

6/7 backpack sprayers, 3/4 applicators who used multinozzle mechanical (boom) sprayers, 4/8 aerial applicators, and 2/5 skidder-radiarc (closed cab) appliers had two or more V(D)J region rearrangements per microgram of DNA. (cdc.gov)
Despite their genetically complex nature, available data indicate that variant rearrangements do not confer any specific phenotypic or prognostic impact as compared to CML with a standard Ph chromosome. (lu.se)

The NOR bearing chromosomes in both species may be considered homologues because they maintain conserved characteristics, such as being interspersed with a GC-rich heterochromatin and possessing target sequences for Alu I, Bam HI and Eco RI. (ingentaconnect.com)

These are some of the gene count estimates of human chromosome 9. (wikipedia.org)
Identification and analysis of the promoter region of the human PLC-delta4 gene. (nih.gov)
Human body cells normally have 46 chromosomes. (orthopedicshealth.com)
Pairs of human chromosomes are numbered from 1 through 22 and the sex chromosomes are designated X and Y. Males have one X and one Y chromosome and females have two X chromosomes. (orthopedicshealth.com)
Additionally, a range of uncertainty factors were considered for deriving OELs that correspond to each band, including interspecies extrapolation, human variability, and severity of effects. (cdc.gov)

Certain cells undergo multiple cycles of chromosome duplication without undergoing any cell division. (jove.com)
In the endoreduplication cycle, the chromatid number is duplicated, but they do not segregate, and after various endoreduplication cycles, larger and thicker chromosomes are produced, called polytenics. (scielo.br)

It is difficult to identify and group chromosomes based on simple staining because the uniform colour of the structures makes it difficult to differentiate between the different chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)

The ABO gene , which determines ABO blood type , is located on the long arm of this chromosome. (wikipedia.org)
For example, "12q13.11-q13.20" refers to a region between bands 13.11 and 13.20 on the long arm of chromosome 12. (orthopedicshealth.com)

We previously localized a Quantitative Trait Locus for HPFH in an extensive Asian-Indian kindred to chromosome 6q23. (biomedcentral.com)
The authors recently mapped a susceptibility locus for autism to chromosome region 2q24-q33 (MIM number 606053). (neurotransmitter.net)

When our researchers looked at band Xq28 they found no direct associations. (23andme.com)

More recently DNA sequence analysis of conserved regions of Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) or mitochondrial markers (e.g. cytochrome oxidase subunit I or cytochrome b oxidase) have been used. (biomedcentral.com)

The phylogeny created from mitochondrial CO I and cytochrome b data and from the nuclear ITS2 region supports the existence of only two groups of flies (termed A and B) from Phlebotomus ( Euphlebotomus ) argentipes complex instead of the previously proposed three. (biomedcentral.com)

Because such regions are directly related to the object of study of dental surgeons, it is important to better characterize radiographic findings that suggest the presence of this syndrome. (bvsalud.org)
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is genetically characterized by the presence of the reciprocal translocation t(9;22)(q34;q11), resulting in a BCR/ABL gene fusion on the derivative chromosome 22 called the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome. (lu.se)

To ensure the cut points reflect a range of potencies, the fraction of chemicals covered by each occupational exposure band was determined and compared to the potency distribution of a diverse set of chemicals for some endpoints. (cdc.gov)

To validate the responsiveness of tudor to TRF1, the scientists cloned the promoter region of tudor and tested whether it responded to TRF1 in vitro. (sciencedaily.com)

HspA9 is located on chromosome 5, band q31, a region thatis often deleted in myeloid leukemias and myelodysplasia, making it a candidate tumor suppressor gene. (qedbio.com)
The site of the esterase D gene to the often deleted region offers an objective means of deletion identification. (bmj.com)

It is the most common chromosome banding method. (wikipedia.org)
The varied array of clefting syndromes - the failure of the lip or palate to fuse properly Cleft lip with or without cleft palate ( CL / P ) NIDCR grantees have mapped the gene for Van der Woude syndrome, the most common form of syndromic clefting, to a narrow band on chromosome 1. (ibis-birthdefects.org)
If the two species share a common ancestor, scientists should be able to figure out what happened to that chromosome. (rationalwiki.org)

They then chopped up the chromosomes into small pieces and identified those pieces that had attached to the TRF1-specific antibodies. (sciencedaily.com)
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Trefoil factor family (TFF) peptides and the chromosome 11p15.5 mucin glycoproteins are expressed and secreted in a site specific fashion along the length of the gastrointestinal tract. (embl.de)
Earlier, unpublished versions of the NIOSH Occupational Exposure Banding process included band-specific ranges that approximate the GHS hazard categories, but has refined these cut points based on exposure response analyses, comparisons of OEBs to current OELs, and technical expertise. (cdc.gov)

Ag-NORs were observed on the short arm of the first acrocentric chromosome pair, coincidentally with a strong C-positive band on a large secondary constriction. (ingentaconnect.com)

Then, the cell distributes a copy of each chromosome between the two daughter cells so that each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes. (jove.com)
Chromosome 9 spans about 150 million base pairs of nucleic acids (the building blocks of DNA ) and represents between 4.0 and 4.5% of the total DNA in cells . (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy66

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Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes170

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