• In this work, we isolate a dromedary camel V H H single-domain antibody (also known as nanobody) named D4 and a monoclonal antibody (mAb) named HM2 recognizing membrane-distal and membrane-proximal epitopes of GPC1, respectively. (nature.com)
  • The part of an antibody that binds to the epitope is called a paratope. (wikipedia.org)
  • If an antibody binds to an antigen's epitope, the paratope could become the epitope for another antibody that will then bind to it. (wikipedia.org)
  • Methods for functionally mapping epitopes often use binding assays such as western blot, dot blot, and/or ELISA to determine antibody binding. (wikipedia.org)
  • Remarkably, this antibody primarily interacts through a bivalent dual-Fab cis mode, where the Fabs bind to two distinct epitopes in the M protein. (lu.se)
  • Our findings highlight the concept of dual-Fab cis binding as a means to access conserved, and normally non-opsonic regions, regions for protective antibody targeting. (lu.se)
  • The epitope binning process identifies and arranges antibody candidates that bind similar epitope regions to an antigen into bins. (sartorius.com)
  • [ 5 ] The more abundant D-hexamers have dimer-reinforced crosslinks between NC1 domains that help to retain the cryptic nature of the Goodpasture epitopes, whereas the less abundant M-hexamers, composed of only monomeric subunits, allow epitope unmasking and antibody binding under inflammatory states. (medscape.com)
  • Analysis of PLA2R and the PLA2R-anti-PLA2R complex using electron microscopy and homology-based representations allowed us to generate a structural model of this major epitope and its antibody binding site, which is independent of pH-induced conformational change in PLA2R. (nih.gov)
  • Identification of this major PLA2R epitope will enable further therapeutic advances for patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy, including antibody inhibition therapy and immunoadsorption of circulating autoantibodies. (nih.gov)
  • AMPA receptor variants were identified with a polyclonal antibody recognizing the conserved extracellular loop region of all four AMPA receptor subunits (GluR1-4, both flip and flop ), whereas NMDA receptors were immunolabeled with a polyclonal antibody that binds to an extracellular N-terminal epitope of the NR1 subunit, common to all splice variants. (jneurosci.org)
  • [2] [3] Each tip of the "Y" of an antibody contains a paratope (analogous to a lock) that is specific for one particular epitope (analogous to a key) on an antigen, allowing these two structures to bind together with precision. (wikipedia.org)
  • The constant region at the trunk of the antibody includes sites involved in interactions with other components of the immune system. (wikipedia.org)
  • Subject: [Histonet] Kappa opioid receptor Ab epitope Dear Histonet, I am trying to find out the epitope sequence of the primary antibody targeting kappa opioid receptors, marketed by Sigma (Cat. (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • We unveiled the molecular details of antibody binding to two distinct protective epitopes within the NANP repeat. (rcsb.org)
  • Epitopes for GAD65 antibody associated with type 1 diabetes are located in the middle region and the COOH-terminal of the GAD65 protein, whereas epitopes associated with SPS reside in the NH2-terminal in addition to the middle region and COOH-terminal. (nel.edu)
  • The techniques for antibody analysis included immunofluorescence, immunoblotting on mitochondrial extracts, ELISAs using entire PDC, PDC-E2, or synthetic peptides, epitope mapping by peptide scanning on overlapping octameric peptides representing the human PDC-E2 sequence, affinity purification on PDC-E2, and inhibition in vitro by sera of the catalytic function of PDC. (edu.au)
  • A structure of the antibody bound to glycan revealed that the three variable heavy-chain complementarity-determining regions formed a cavity into which glycan could insert and neutralized multiple HIV-1 isolates with high-mannose glycans. (ku.edu)
  • Even so this antibody bound to a region of the M protein associated with non-opsonic antibodies we found that this Ab could enhance phagocytosis suggesting that this novel binding form can circumvent the M protein's anti-phagocytic properties. (lu.se)
  • Sera from each period ( n = 185 and n = 693) were screened in an epitope blocking enzyme immunoassay for flavivirus antibody detection. (who.int)
  • In general, the complex is homogeneous and the density is well-resolved for each L9 variable region (Fv) as well as the rsCSP peptide (Fig. 1b ). (nature.com)
  • Peptide library scanning showed consistent binding in this region but to only a single peptide. (nih.gov)
  • Lack of overlapping peptide binding supported a nonlinear epitope structure. (nih.gov)
  • Using 2C6 and variants, alanine scanning mutagenesis identified three amino acids (aa 592, 595, and 596) in the overlapping region of the previously identified peptide. (nih.gov)
  • The synthetic peptide sequences containing known CD8+ CTL-epitopes with the flanking regions that promote epitope generation were effectively processed and presented to epitope specific CD8+ T-cells resulting in the production of IFN-γ. (usuhs.edu)
  • Both the recognition of HIV-infected cells and the immunogenicity of candidate CTL vaccines depend on the presentation of a peptide epitope at the cell surface, which in turn depends on intracellular antigen processing. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Moreover, the experimentally-induced antibodies in striking contrast to the natural autoantibodies showed preferential reactivity with PDC-E2 rather than with intact PDC, failed to inhibit in vitro the catalytic function of PDC, and, on peptide scanning, reacted with discrete epitopes, but at sites other than the lipoyl-binding region of PDC-E2. (edu.au)
  • Peptide with sequence C-RHTRSAEDDSERD, from the internal region of the protein sequence according to NP_065689.1. (lsbio.com)
  • Multi- epitope peptide vaccine (MEV), comprised of immune-dominant epitopes , is designed by immunoinformatic tools and it is a promising strategy against infectious diseases . (bvsalud.org)
  • In a genetically susceptible person, gluten-sensitive T cells are activated when gluten-derived peptide epitopes are presented. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Recently, the first set of naturally presented human leukocyte antigen Class I (HLA-I) epitopes of MuV was identified by us. (mdpi.com)
  • An epitope, also known as antigenic determinant, is the part of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system, specifically by antibodies, B cells, or T cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Conformational and linear epitopes interact with the paratope based on the 3-D conformation adopted by the epitope, which is determined by the surface features of the involved epitope residues and the shape or tertiary structure of other segments of the antigen. (wikipedia.org)
  • T cell epitopes are presented on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell, where they are bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. (wikipedia.org)
  • The part of the antigen that immunoglobulin or antibodies bind to is called a B-cell epitope. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because of the evidence of antigen-driven selection and the long CDR3 region (21 amino acids [aa]), we further characterized the epitope targeting of monoclonal Ab (MAb) 76-Q3-2C6 (2C6). (nih.gov)
  • The flanking amino acids that surround epitopes are critical for effective antigen processing and maintenance of epitope integrity. (usuhs.edu)
  • These results highlight the importance of flanking regions in promoting efficient antigen processing and presentation. (usuhs.edu)
  • Octet ® epitope binning assays rely on testing the sequential binding ability of two antibodies to an antigen. (sartorius.com)
  • Differential antigen processing maybe responsible for the differences in both the quality and the quantity of epitopes produced, influencing the immunodominance hierarchy of viral epitopes. (ox.ac.uk)
  • NANP repeat recognition was largely mediated by germline encoded and immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy-chain complementarity determining region 3 (HCDR3) residues, whereas affinity maturation contributed predominantly to stabilizing the antigen-binding site conformation. (rcsb.org)
  • The latex allergen Hev b 5 is an antigen with repetitive murine B-cell epitopes. (cdc.gov)
  • Local surface sites on antibodies which react with antigen determinant sites on antigens (EPITOPES. (bvsalud.org)
  • Cancer antigen 15-3, or CA 15-3, is an epitope of a large transmembrane glycoprotein named MUC1 that is derived from the MUC1 gene. (medscape.com)
  • The MUC1 protein, also known as polymorphic epithelial mucin or epithelial membrane antigen, has a large extracellular region, a transmembrane sequence, and a cytosolic domain. (medscape.com)
  • However, limited data are available about sequence variability in CD8 + T cell epitope regions of mumps virus (MuV) proteins. (mdpi.com)
  • In the present study, sequences of 40 CD8 + T cell epitope candidates, including previously and newly identified, obtained from Jeryl-Lynn mumps vaccine strains were compared with genomes from 462 circulating MuV strains. (mdpi.com)
  • citation needed] MHC class I and II epitopes can be reliably predicted by computational means alone, although not all in-silico T cell epitope prediction algorithms are equivalent in their accuracy. (wikipedia.org)
  • We identified an immunodominant B-cell epitope in Hev b 5 that is repeated 3 times within the sequence, making Hev b 5 multivalent. (cdc.gov)
  • A complete understanding of the epitope specificity of ADCC-mediating Abs is essential for developing effective immunization strategies that optimize protection by these Abs. (nih.gov)
  • Our data demonstrate that type-specific CTL responses make up a significant proportion of the host cellular immune response against HIV-1 and that a broadening of epitope specificity may occur. (jci.org)
  • The immunodominant epitope for these autoantibodies is associated with the lipoyl-binding domain of the E2 subunit of the enzymes. (edu.au)
  • In contrast, a linear epitope is formed by the 3-D conformation adopted by the interaction of contiguous amino acid residues. (wikipedia.org)
  • A linear epitope is not determined solely by the primary structure of the involved amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fab11F8 interacts with a remarkably similar epitope, but through a completely different set of interactions. (rcsb.org)
  • In longitudinal studies in one subject, seven different epitopes and five different restricting HLA class I alleles were identified, with a progressive increase in the number of CTL epitopes recognized by this subject over time. (jci.org)
  • Although epitopes are usually non-self proteins, sequences derived from the host that can be recognized (as in the case of autoimmune diseases) are also epitopes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Peptides were synthesized that contained known CD8+ CTL-epitopes from HIV-1 Gag, CMV pp65, and vaccinia proteins HRP-2, and C16, flanked by amino acid sequences specifically designed to either generate or inhibit the known CD8+ CTL-epitopes. (usuhs.edu)
  • HCAbs generated from the RenNano mouse have highly diverse CDR3 sequences and can recognize many epitopes with nM-level high affinities. (businesswire.com)
  • The epitopes of protein antigens are divided into two categories, conformational epitopes and linear epitopes, based on their structure and interaction with the paratope. (wikipedia.org)
  • Epitopes that are masked when protein subunits aggregate are called cryptotopes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Neotopes are epitopes that are only recognized while in a specific quaternary structure and the residues of the epitope can span multiple protein subunits. (wikipedia.org)
  • The fact that different amino acids were included in the epitope depending on the targeted protein supports the conclusion that 2C6 targets a native conformational epitope. (nih.gov)
  • The antibodies bind with high affinity in the central region of the surface-bound M protein. (lu.se)
  • Each of the three is composed of two subunits: S1, the membrane distal region, including the receptor-binding and N-terminal domains, and S2, the membrane-proximal protein. (forbes.com)
  • This allowed them to identify several regions of the protein which were previously thought of as highly variable as limited in variability. (eurekalert.org)
  • The antibodies did not appear to recognize the epitope 63-68 in the recombinant fusion protein. (cdc.gov)
  • The conserved regions of spike glycoprotein and nucleocapsid protein were gathered. (bvsalud.org)
  • This protein is frequently overexpressed and aberrantly glycosylated on its extracellular region in breast cancer. (medscape.com)
  • High titre PVs bearing the receptor glycoprotein (GP) of different filovirus species, plus specific epitope chimeras, were successfully generated. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Demyelinating myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-specific autoantibody response is focused on one dominant conformational epitope region in rodents. (mpg.de)
  • Spike glycoprotein and nucleocapsid proteins from all coronavirus species and variants were aligned and the conserved region was selected. (bvsalud.org)
  • Dr. Misaki Wayengera is a Medical Doctor and In-Charge of the unit of genetics and genomics-UGG at the Mulago Supra-National Reference Hospital in Kampala where he worked on the Pan-Filovirus Rapid Diagnostic Test whci is premised on the identity of conserved epitopes of filovirus glycoprotein (GP) with potential for intra-genera differentiation. (who.int)
  • Electron microscopy is a low-resolution method that can localize epitopes on larger antigens like virus particles. (wikipedia.org)
  • There were compared with epitopes in the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) which contains experimentally identified epitopes in sH1N1 HA proteins, which may be helpful in design of common antigens of pH1N1 influenza and sH1N1 viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Another technique involves high-throughput mutagenesis, an epitope mapping strategy developed to improve rapid mapping of conformational epitopes on structurally complex proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Antibodies are heavy (~150 k Da ) proteins of about 10 nm in size, [7] arranged in three globular regions that roughly form a Y shape. (wikipedia.org)
  • Site-directed mutagenesis was used to selectively eliminate the IgG binding for each epitope and single and multiple mutations were expressed as recombinant GST fusion proteins. (cdc.gov)
  • Inhibition ELISA with the mutant proteins indicated that epitope 126-131 was the dominant epitope, but mutation of epitope 120-125 was also required to eliminate mAb reactivity to Hev b 5. (cdc.gov)
  • Methods for structurally mapping epitopes include X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance, and electron microscopy. (wikipedia.org)
  • X-ray crystallography of Ag-Ab complexes is considered an accurate way to structurally map epitopes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Goodpasture epitopes are structurally sequestered by the adjacent alpha-4(IV)NC1 and alpha-5(IV)NC1 molecules. (medscape.com)
  • Previously, we showed that the magnitude of the HIV-2 gag-specific T-cell response is inversely correlated with plasma viral load, particularly when responses are directed against an epitope, 165 DRFYKSLRA173 , within the highly conserved Major Homology Region of gag-p26. (ox.ac.uk)
  • An immunoinformatics study was conducted to determine the highly conserved antigenic epitope regions of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes in the humoral immunity and CD4+ and CD8+ T cellular immunity between 2009 pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) and seasonal H1N1 (sH1N1) viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It was found that in sH1N1 viruses, 29 epitope regions of HA genes and 8 epitope regions of NA genes which had been experimentally identified, were highly conserved (97.1-100.0%) in the corresponding genes and predictive epitopes of the pH1N1 viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The results suggested that highly conserved antigenic epitope regions might act as the basis of common antigenic vaccines against pH1N1 and sH1N1 viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mutagenesis of one of the regions identified in our bioinformatic/computational analysis from one state to another removed this cross reactivity. (eurekalert.org)
  • The research team then vaccinated mice with the individual versions of the region which induced periodic cross-reactivity to historical strain in mice - vaccination of mice with one of the versions reproduced exactly the cross reactivity produced by the sera from the children. (eurekalert.org)
  • This experimental setup utilising a lot of controls allowed researchers to determine precisely that the epitopes they had identified were responsible for the cross-reactivity that researchers observed in the study. (eurekalert.org)
  • T cell epitopes presented by MHC class I molecules are typically peptides between 8 and 11 amino acids in length, whereas MHC class II molecules present longer peptides, 13-17 amino acids in length, and non-classical MHC molecules also present non-peptidic epitopes such as glycolipids. (wikipedia.org)
  • From IgG titer to epitope binning, the Octet ® RH16 system offers label-free biomolecular interaction analysis with state-of-the-art high throughput platforms that facilitate the rapid characterization and development of biologics drug molecules. (sartorius.com)
  • Selected epitopes with MHC molecules and the designed vaccines with Toll-like receptors (TLR-2 and TLR-4) were docked and analyzed. (bvsalud.org)
  • We propose that additional investigation into the role of ADCP in protective viral responses, the specific virus epitopes targeted by ADCP antibodies, and the types of phagocytes and Fc receptors involved in ADCP at sites of virus infection will provide insight into strategies to successfully leverage this important immune response for improved antiviral immunity through rational vaccine design. (frontiersin.org)
  • Scholars@Duke publication: Vaccine-induced HIV-1 envelope gp120 constant region 1-specific antibodies expose a CD4-inducible epitope and block the interaction of HIV-1 gp140 with galactosylceramide. (duke.edu)
  • Fifty-one vaccine candidates were designed mainly to mimic fusion intermediate conformations of gp41 and in some instance to increase exposure of the 2F5/4E10 epitopes. (europa.eu)
  • Twelve mice were vaccinated with a control vaccine (a vaccine not containing the epitopes identified in the study but otherwise essentially the same as the vaccine containing the epitopes identified). (eurekalert.org)
  • Clustered Iridoviridae subfamilies possess host-specific characteristics, which can be considered as exclusive features for in-silico prediction of effective epitopes for vaccine development. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Designing a Multi-epitope Vaccine against the SARS-CoV-2 Variant based on an Immunoinformatics Approach. (bvsalud.org)
  • Therefore, it is urgent to consider the protective and safe vaccine against all subcoronavirus species and variants based on the conserved region of the virus . (bvsalud.org)
  • To robust the immunity of the multi- epitope vaccine, cholera toxin b (CTB) and three HTL epitopes of tetanus toxin fragment C (TTFrC) were linked at the N-terminal and C-terminal of the construct, respectively. (bvsalud.org)
  • In silico analysis showed that the designed vaccine is a protective multi- epitope vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variants. (bvsalud.org)
  • There are two main methods of epitope mapping: either structural or functional studies. (wikipedia.org)
  • Among them, 42 could be produced and characterized for solubility, oligomerization state, thermal stability, epitope exposure and structural properties. (europa.eu)
  • A conformational epitope is formed by the 3-D conformation adopted by the interaction of discontiguous amino acid residues. (wikipedia.org)
  • Synthetic flanking regions were designed based on the highest and the lowest frequencies of amino acid with the ideal characteristics at positions upstream and downstream of the proteasomal cleavage site. (usuhs.edu)
  • The majority of the proteasome-generated epitopes were cleaved immediately after the C-terminal amino acid of the specific CTL-epitope. (usuhs.edu)
  • [ 4 ] The epitopes, designated EA and EB, are located in the NC1 domain at the amino acid residues 17-31 and 127-141, respectively. (medscape.com)
  • Since this proline motif was also associated with stronger gag-specific CTL responses, we investigated the impact of these prolines on proteasomal processing of the protective 165 DRFYKSLRA173 epitope. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We describe the location of a major epitope in the N-terminal cysteine-rich ricin domain of PLA2R that is recognized by 90% of human anti-PLA2R autoantibodies. (nih.gov)
  • Mutagenesis uses randomly/site-directed mutations at individual residues to map epitopes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Our data demonstrate that the 165 DRFYKSLRA173 epitope is most efficiently processed from precursors that contain two flanking proline residues, found naturally in low viral-load patients. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The central third complementarity-determining region (CDR3) residues of a human monoclonal anti. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As predicted, the known CD8+ CTL-epitopes were effectively generated from the peptides with synthetic flanking regions specifically designed to promote epitope generation in a proteasome-dependent manner. (usuhs.edu)
  • Investigation of the cryptic nature of the Goodpasture epitopes revealed 2 types of alpha-3.alpha-4.alpha-5(IV) hexamers: the autoantibody reactive M-hexamers and the autoantibody impenetrable D-hexamers. (medscape.com)
  • This means that both Fab arms of the Ab bind to distinct epitopes on the target molecule simultaneously. (lu.se)
  • Host-specific characteristics are important features and constraints for effective epitope prediction. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Antibodies that recognize extracellular epitopes and can thus label iGluRs on living neurons are important tools for the study of receptor localization and dynamics. (jneurosci.org)
  • Additionally, nanobodies generally have longer CDR3 regions which enables them to recognize hidden epitopes better. (businesswire.com)
  • However, in nondenaturing conditions the epitope was protected against reduction in larger fragments, including the full-length extracellular region of PLA2R. (nih.gov)
  • We report the X-ray crystal structure of the Fab fragment of IMC-11F8 (Fab11F8) in complex with the entire extracellular region and with isolated domain III of EGFR. (rcsb.org)
  • There are differences in recognized epitopes among the three disorders. (nel.edu)
  • The present case suggests that these differences in epitopes may be related to various pathogenic mechanisms including glucose intolerance. (nel.edu)
  • C1-specific IgG monoclonal antibodies that blocked Env binding to Galcer induced upregulation of the gp120 CD4-inducible (CD4i) epitope bound by MAb 17B, demonstrating that a conformational change in gp120 may be required for Galcer blocking. (duke.edu)
  • Previous studies in our laboratory characterized a panel of highly mutated HIV-specific conformational epitope-targeting antibodies (Abs) from a panel of HIV-infected long-term nonprogressors (LTNPs). (nih.gov)
  • Several HIV-1 ALVAC/AIDSVAX vaccinee-derived monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for the gp120 first constant (C1) region blocked Galcer binding of a transmitted/founder HIV-1 Env gp140. (duke.edu)
  • Based on the above observations, it was postulated that the plasmablasts that produced these broadly neutralizing antibodies were predominantly derived from activated memory B cells specific for epitopes conserved in some influenza strains. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Eight of the epitopes identified were group specific, lying in relatively conserved regions of Gag, reverse transcriptase, and envelope. (jci.org)
  • Three type-specific epitopes were identified, two of them in highly variable regions of envelope. (jci.org)
  • Differing epitope selection of experimentally-induced and natural antibodies to a disease-specific a. (edu.au)
  • Differing epitope selection of experimentally-induced and natural antibodies to a disease-specific autoantigen, the E2 subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC-E2). (edu.au)
  • Find C10ORF96 Antibodies with a specific epitope. (antibodies-online.com)
  • RenNano mouse possesses full human heavy chain variable regions and can produce heavy-chain-only antibodies (HCAbs). (businesswire.com)
  • This study demonstrates the potential of V H H-based CAR T for pancreatic cancer therapy and provides an engineering strategy for developing potent CAR T cells targeting membrane-distal epitopes. (nature.com)
  • These findings demonstrate that BP regulatory gene(s) exist within the differential chromosome segment trapped in the SHR-Lx congenic strain and that this region of chromosome 8 plays a major role in the hypertension of SHR vs. BN-Lx rats. (jci.org)
  • Sequential methionine substitution by SPOTsalogue identified K68, E122, and K131 as critical aa in each epitope to change by site-directed mutagenesis. (cdc.gov)
  • This epitope is recognized on multiple clades (variant groups of circulating viruses) of gp41, gp140 trimers, and SOSIP trimers. (nih.gov)
  • He has shown that such locations are targeted naturally by the immune system and through vaccination studies has shown that regions of influenza viruses that circulated in 2006 and 1977 were able to protect against infection with an influenza virus that last circulated in 1934. (eurekalert.org)