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Basilar membraneCochlearModiolusBonySnail shellOrganPerilymphSensorySound wavesOval windowChambersHearingMechanicalBoneVibrationsTherapeuticSectionExpressionSpecificCochlear spiralBony labyrinthSynapsesOrganPathwaysAuditoryFluidOuter hair cellsVestibularNeuralAdjacentExposureSoundTissuesFrequenciesMadeExpressionGeneCommonHighlyFoundFunctionMovementImportant

Basilar membrane1

• These massive doses can potentially introduce artifacts and overwhelm different trafficking routes such as tight junctions, stria vascularis, modiolus, basilar membrane, spiral ligament [16]. (insulin-receptor.info)

Cochlear4

• Here, we have presented the spatiotemporal dynamics of the expression of HMGB1, exhibiting distribution variability in specific cochlear regions and cells following noise exposure. (frontiersin.org)
• NGS of RNA from inner ear sensory epithelial cells led to the identification of 455 miRNAs in both cochlear and vestibular sensory epithelium, with 30 and 44 miRNAs found in only cochlea or vestibule, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
• Different cells are activated by different pitches because there is a stiffness gradient along the cochlear spiral. (amplexhearing.com.au)
• The cochlear canal is a spiral triangular tube, comprising two and one-half turns, which separates the scala vestibuli from the scala tympani. (cloudaccess.net)

Modiolus2

• It is a spiral-shaped cavity in the bony labyrinth, in humans making 2.75 turns around its axis, the modiolus. (wikipedia.org)
• The spiral canal of the cochlea is a section of the bony labyrinth of the inner ear that is approximately 30 mm long and makes 23⁄4 turns about the modiolus. (wikipedia.org)

Bony2

• One end terminates in the spiral ligament, a process of the cochlea's central column, while the other is connected to the bony wall of the cochlea. (cloudaccess.net)
• pelvic girdle The pelvis (plural pelves or pelvises) is the lower part of the trunk, between the abdomen and the thighs (sometimes also called pelvic region), together with its embedded skeleton (sometimes also called bony pelvis, or pelvic skeleton). (theinfolist.com)

Snail shell2

• The cochlea is a portion of the inner ear that looks like a snail shell (cochlea is Greek for snail). (wikipedia.org)
• It has a spiral shape reminiscent of a snail shell, and is pointed in the anterior direction. (cloudaccess.net)

Organ3

• A core component of the cochlea is the Organ of Corti, the sensory organ of hearing, which is distributed along the partition separating the fluid chambers in the coiled tapered tube of the cochlea. (wikipedia.org)
• The mammalian inner ear contains sensory organs, the organ of Corti in the cochlea and cristae and maculae in the vestibule, with each comprised of patterned sensory epithelia that are responsible for hearing and balance. (biomedcentral.com)
• The anterior portion is known as the cochlea and is the actual organ of hearing. (cloudaccess.net)

Perilymph2

• The stapes (stirrup) ossicle bone of the middle ear transmits vibrations to the fenestra ovalis (oval window) on the outside of the cochlea, which vibrates the perilymph in the vestibular duct (upper chamber of the cochlea). (wikipedia.org)
• A maximum of 4C6?l of perilymph fluid was successfully obtained from a cochlea. (insulin-receptor.info)

Sensory1

• The development, cell fate, patterning, and innervation of both the sensory and nonsensory regions of the inner ear are governed by tight regulation involving, among others, transcription factors and microRNAs (miRNAs). (biomedcentral.com)

Sound waves1

• The ossicles are essential for efficient coupling of sound waves into the cochlea, since the cochlea environment is a fluid-membrane system, and it takes more pressure to move sound through fluid-membrane waves than it does through air. (wikipedia.org)

Oval window3

• The cochlea (PL: cochleae) is a spiraled, hollow, conical chamber of bone, in which waves propagate from the base (near the middle ear and the oval window) to the apex (the top or center of the spiral). (wikipedia.org)
• The cochlea is filled with a watery liquid, the endolymph, which moves in response to the vibrations coming from the middle ear via the oval window. (wikipedia.org)
• The piston-like action of the stapes bone at the oval window sends a wave propagating through the spirals of the cochlea. (amplexhearing.com.au)

Chambers2

• The cochlea itself is divided into three parallel spiral chambers. (amplexhearing.com.au)
• The two chambers communicate through the helicotrema, the tip of the cochlea. (cloudaccess.net)

Hearing3

• The cochlea is the part of the inner ear involved in hearing. (wikipedia.org)
• The coiled end (cochlea) relates to hearing. (amplexhearing.com.au)
• Methods The guinea pig was chosen because its hearing and vestibular systems are very similar to those of humans, as well as its ease of handling and large size of the cochlea [17]. (insulin-receptor.info)

Mechanical1

• The origin of this high-rate activity is found in the cochlea, where inner hair cells (IHCs) transduce mechanical stimuli into receptor potentials, followed by faithful and indefatigable transmitter release at their ribbon synapses. (biomedcentral.com)

Bone2

• The walls of the hollow cochlea are made of bone, with a thin, delicate lining of epithelial tissue. (wikipedia.org)
• CSF sampling was performed by Actinomycin D irreversible inhibition incising the skin and soft tissue over the occipital bone, carrying the dissection down to the atlanto-occipital ligament which was exposed and incised, entering the cisterna magna. (insulin-receptor.info)

Vibrations1

• The cochlea receives sound in the form of vibrations, which cause the stereocilia to move. (wikipedia.org)

Therapeutic1

• Due to its relatively independent function accompanying its different cellular localization, a deeper understanding of HMGB1 biology in the cochlea is indispensable for guiding future precise therapeutic interventions. (frontiersin.org)

Section1

• Cross-section of one loop of the cochlea. (cloudaccess.net)

Expression1

• However, the spatiotemporal expression of HMGB1 in cochlea with acoustic injury has not been systemically investigated. (frontiersin.org)

Specific1

• Thus, it remains largely elusive whether PNN-specific chondroitin-sulfated proteoglycans (CSPGs) of the lectican family (aggrecan, brevican, neurocan, and versican) are expressed within the cochlea at all. (biomedcentral.com)

Cochlear spiral1

• Different cells are activated by different pitches because there is a stiffness gradient along the cochlear spiral. (amplexhearing.com.au)

Bony labyrinth3

• It is a spiral-shaped cavity in the bony labyrinth, in humans making 2.75 turns around its axis, the modiolus. (wikipedia.org)
• The spiral canal of the cochlea is a section of the bony labyrinth of the inner ear that is approximately 30 mm long and makes 23⁄4 turns about the modiolus. (wikipedia.org)
• Labyrinthitis ossificans (LO) is the pathologic ossification of spaces within the lumen of the bony labyrinth and cochlea that occurs in response to a destructive or inflammatory process. (medscape.com)

Synapses1

• The origin of this high-rate activity is found in the cochlea, where inner hair cells (IHCs) transduce mechanical stimuli into receptor potentials, followed by faithful and indefatigable transmitter release at their ribbon synapses. (biomedcentral.com)

Organ3

• MYH9 was immunolocalized in the organ of Corti, the subcentral region of the spiral ligament, and the Reissner membrane. (nih.gov)
• A core component of the cochlea is the Organ of Corti, the sensory organ of hearing, which is distributed along the partition separating the fluid chambers in the coiled tapered tube of the cochlea. (wikipedia.org)
• A basement membrane in the cochlea that supports the hair cells of the ORGAN OF CORTI, consisting keratin-like fibrils. (lookformedical.com)

Pathways1

• And similar to the other systems, the auditory system consists of multiple parallel pathways that engage multiple cortical regions either directly or via complex corticocortical networks. (evokedpotential.com)

Auditory4

• Auditory neuropathy is caused by the loss of afferent input to the brainstem via the components of the neural pathway comprising inner hair cells and the first order neurons of the spiral ganglion. (nature.com)
• The origin of high-frequency activity of auditory brainstem neurons is the indefatigable sound-driven transmitter release of inner hair cells (IHCs) in the cochlea. (biomedcentral.com)
• The ear consists of the outer ear (pinna), middle ear (external auditory meatus) and inner ear (cochlea) where the transduction (processing) of sound occurs. (evokedpotential.com)
• Sound waves are captured by the outer ear which are funneled into the external auditory meatus which functions as an impedance transformer that facilitates transmission of airborne sound into vibrations of the fluid in the cochlea. (evokedpotential.com)

Fluid2

• The ossicles are essential for efficient coupling of sound waves into the cochlea, since the cochlea environment is a fluid-membrane system, and it takes more pressure to move sound through fluid-membrane waves than it does through air. (wikipedia.org)
• The stapes performs like a piston with in and out motion that sets the fluid of the cochlea in motion. (evokedpotential.com)

Outer hair cells1

• We hypothesize that structural coupling between the Deiters' and outer hair cells funnels sound-evoked motion into the hotspot region, under the control of the outer hair cells, to optimize cochlear tuning and compression. (nature.com)

Vestibular1

• The inner ear is made up of the cochlea needed for hearing and the vestibular apparatus required for balance. (nih.gov)

Neural2

• The inner hair cells provide the main neural output of the cochlea. (wikipedia.org)
• The skull also conducts sound (bone-conduction) which is useful for low frequencies however, neural transmission representation in the cochlea pushes beyond the physical limits of bone conduction. (evokedpotential.com)

Adjacent2

• Cochlear implantation involves the insertion of an electrode array along the scala tympani beginning in the basal turn of the cochlea adjacent to the round window. (medscape.com)
• Two important regions that assist in planning and coordinating movements are located adjacent to the primary motor cortex. (foobrdigital.com)

Exposure1

• Here, we have presented the spatiotemporal dynamics of the expression of HMGB1, exhibiting distribution variability in specific cochlear regions and cells following noise exposure. (frontiersin.org)

Sound1

• Each contains a thickened free edge (vocal ligament) extending from the THYROID CARTILAGE to the ARYTENOID CARTILAGE, and a VOCAL MUSCLE that shortens or relaxes the vocal cord to control sound production. (lookformedical.com)

Tissues2

• This result is consistent with previous ultrastructural analyses of KA neurotoxicity in other neuronal tissues. (nature.com)
• Recent developments in tissue clearing methods such as the passive clearing technique (PACT) have allowed three-dimensional analysis of biological structures in whole, intact tissues, thereby providing a greater understanding of spatial relationships and biological circuits. (bvsalud.org)

Frequencies1

• Each location along the length of the spiraling cochlear partition is tuned, in a level-dependent manner, to its own characteristic range of frequencies: high frequencies stimulate the cochlear base, and low frequencies, the apex 1 . (nature.com)

Made1

• b Vibration measurements are made by aligning the OCT beam with discrete points spanning the length (red dots) and width (blue dots) of the twisting, tilting, and spiraling cochlear partition (yellow). (nature.com)

Expression3

• Expression of MYH9 in the rat cochlea was confirmed using reverse transcriptase-PCR and immunohistochemistry. (nih.gov)
• However, the spatiotemporal expression of HMGB1 in cochlea with acoustic injury has not been systemically investigated. (frontiersin.org)
• The present evidence indicates that the customary HBOT protocol may increase constitutive NOS expression but such upregulation did not cause cell death in the treated cochlea. (biomedcentral.com)

Gene1

• 3. DFNA17 spans a 17- to 23-cM region, and MYH9, a nonmuscle-myosin heavy-chain gene, is located within the linked region. (nih.gov)

Common1

• 1] Regardless of the etiology, the most common region of cochlear ossification is the scala tympani of the basal turn, with the most extensive disease noted in postmeningitic cases. (medscape.com)

Highly1

• This missense mutation changes codon 705 from an invariant arginine (R) to histidine (H), R705H, within a highly conserved SH1 linker region. (nih.gov)

Found1

• Upregulation of constitutive NOS (nNOS and eNOS) was found in the substructures of the cochlea after HBOT, but inducible NOS was not found in normal or HBOT animals, as shown by immunohistochemistry. (biomedcentral.com)

Function3

• However, the type and function of DAMPs in the cochlea following acoustic trauma is rarely clear. (frontiersin.org)
• Due to its relatively independent function accompanying its different cellular localization, a deeper understanding of HMGB1 biology in the cochlea is indispensable for guiding future precise therapeutic interventions. (frontiersin.org)
• Analysis of the intensity of Raman scattering of monochromatic light as a function of frequency of the scattered light. (lookformedical.com)

Movement2

• One way to define the prefrontal area is any region of the frontal lobe that does not elicit movement when electrically stimulated. (foobrdigital.com)
• The regions of the frontal lobe that remain are the regions of the cortex that produce movement. (foobrdigital.com)

Important1

• The most anterior regions of the frontal lobe-the prefrontal areas-are important for executive functions , which are those cognitive functions that lead to goal-directed behaviors. (foobrdigital.com)