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Spinal AnesthesiaSedationEpidural AnesthesiaHemodynamic stabilityAnestheticOutpatient surgeryInhalationalAirwayCesareanContraindicationsPatients underwentInductionInducePeripheral nerveIntravenous agentsAnestheticsGeneralConsciousnessUndergoAdequateSurgicalAwarenessPropofolRapidlyAnaesthesiaRegionalDosesSurgeryPain MedicineTechniqueClinicalHigh riskAgentsCommon

Spinal Anesthesia9

• In this prospective, randomized, double- blind study, we investigated the postoperative analgesic efficacy of intrathecal midazolam 2.5mg as an adjunct to bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in 80 patients undergoing lower limb orthopedic surgery. (ispub.com)
• Spinal anesthesia with bupivacaine is administered routinely for lower limb surgery 1 and provides effective analgesia in the early postoperative period. (ispub.com)
• Maternal hypotension is the most common side effect of spinal anesthesia during cesarean delivery, accounting for 70-83% of all cases. (researchsquare.com)
• Methods such as intrathecal adjuvant opioid use to reduce the total dose of anaesthetics delivered, 8 prophylactic use of vasopressors, 4,9 and the use of intravenous (IV) pre-load colloid liquid 10 have been proposed to reduce the incidence or extent of maternal hypotension after spinal anesthesia during cesarean delivery. (researchsquare.com)
• it achieves sedation, analgesia, and sympathetic activation 12 with a relatively low risk of side effects to mothers or infants, 13 making it an optimum choice as an IV adjuvant for spinal anesthesia during cesarean delivery. (researchsquare.com)
• We hypothesized that a single ultra-low IV bolus of S-ketamine may reduce the total need for spinal ropivacaine and thus reduce the incidence of post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery. (researchsquare.com)
• the incidence of post-spinal anesthesia hypotension was observed. (researchsquare.com)
• Abstract Introduction Spinal anesthesia combined with sedation and general anesthesia combined with epidural are two techniques often used for patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy. (scielo.br)
• After applying the exclusion criteria, 80 patients underwent spinal anesthesia combined with sedation (Group 1) and 62 women underwent epidural anesthesia combined with general anesthesia (Group 2). (scielo.br)

Sedation5

• Capnography, while not widely used, had been studied recently as an adjuvant in monitoring patients during sedation. (mhmedical.com)
• Potential for aspiration is increased with deep sedation because the gag reflex is lost. (mhmedical.com)
• Terms such as "conscious sedation" and "twilight sleep" are misleading as any degree of sedation has potential to change to deep anesthesia and must be approached with this in mind. (mhmedical.com)
• Secondary outcomes included the incidences of hypotension related symptoms and managements, upper sensory level of anesthesia, level of sedation, neonatal outcomes, Edinburgh postnatal depression scale scores on admission and discharging of hospital and post-operative analgesic effect. (researchsquare.com)
• The level of anesthesia achieved ranges on a continuum of depth of consciousness from minimal sedation to general anesthesia. (wikidoc.org)

Epidural Anesthesia1

• A variety of anesthetic methods such as EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA used to control the pain of childbirth. (lookformedical.com)

Hemodynamic stability2

• Although i-gel and propofol with neuromuscular blocking agents are commonly used in patients undergoing general anesthesia, few studies have explored the appropriate induction dose of propofol that provides an adequate depth of anesthesia and hemodynamic stability in paralyzed patients for i-gel insertion. (ekja.org)
• In addition, general anesthesia is valuable in clinical obstetric conditions that require hemodynamic stability or rapid induction of anesthesia [ 12 ]. (anesth-pain-med.org)

Anesthetic8

• Total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) refers to the intravenous administration of anesthetic agents to induce a temporary loss of sensation or awareness. (wikipedia.org)
• Intravenous anesthetic agents are titrated at safe doses to maintain stage III surgical anesthesia (unconsciousness, amnesia, immobility, and absence of response to noxious stimulation). (wikipedia.org)
• In terms of adjuvant agents, the co-administration of anesthetic drugs from different classes often produce synergistic hypnotic effects. (wikipedia.org)
• Anesthesia caused by the breathing of anesthetic gases or vapors or by insufflating anesthetic gases or vapors into the respiratory tract. (lookformedical.com)
• Adding Mg to local anesthetic mixture in peribulbar anesthesia resulted in a fast onset, long duration and better akinesia score while Dexmedetomidine supplementation offered more patient satisfaction. (longdom.org)
• Propofol, the most commonly used intravenous anesthetic, is preferred for SAD insertion and ambulatory surgery using SADs due to its depressant effect on airway reflexes and its antiemetic effect [ 5 ]. (ekja.org)
• Various adjuvants have been added to spinal local anesthetic to prolong postoperative analgesia. (ispub.com)
• Anesthesia in medically complex patients or those involving multiple stages of surgical intervention may include multimodal analgesia, various neuraxial or regional anesthetic block techniques in addition to general anesthesia and may require inpatient stays where postoperative acute pain services can be provided. (pediatricurologybook.com)

Outpatient surgery2

• Supraglottic airway devices (SADs) such as laryngeal mask airway (LMA) Classic™, LMA ProSeal™, LMA Supreme®, and i-gel® can be used for emergency situations with failed tracheal intubation, as well as for elective inpatient or outpatient surgery under general anesthesia [ 1 2 3 ]. (ekja.org)
• Anesthesia plans may vary to include anesthesia for same-day outpatient surgery procedures in healthy patients with an isolated urologic concern or they may be more involved and complex. (pediatricurologybook.com)

Inhalational2

• While usually administered with inhalational agents, general anesthesia can be achieved with intravenous agents, such as propofol . (wikidoc.org)
• Therefore, we administer an oral anxiolytic (such as midazolam oral liquid, 0.5-0.75 mg/kg) in the pre-operative holding area 15-30 minutes prior to inhalational anesthesia induction to allow optimal timing of medication effect. (pediatricurologybook.com)

Airway1

• Patients undergoing general anesthesia often cannot maintain their own airway and breathe on their own. (wikidoc.org)

Cesarean12

• ST-segment Changes During Cesarean Section Under Regional Anesthesia: Are They Caused by a Hyperdymanic State? (bmj.com)
• General anesthesia for cesarean section: are we doing it well? (anesth-pain-med.org)
• Korea has a higher rate of cesarean sections under general anesthesia than in other countries. (anesth-pain-med.org)
• Neuraxial anesthesia is the gold standard for a cesarean section, but there are some cases in which general anesthesia is inevitable. (anesth-pain-med.org)
• Therefore, obstetric anesthesiologists should be familiar in performing general anesthesia for cesarean section. (anesth-pain-med.org)
• Rapid-sequence induction and intubation with cricoid pressure using thiopental-succinylcholine have been the standard for cesarean section under general anesthesia for a long time. (anesth-pain-med.org)
• Pursuing the safety of obstetric patients and anesthesiologists at the same time, this review will help update the knowledge or training in performing general anesthesia for cesarean section. (anesth-pain-med.org)
• The use of appropriate and effective anesthesia for cesarean section is important not only to reduce the incidence of maternal and fetal morbidities but also to reduce the incidence of intraoperative maternal awareness. (anesth-pain-med.org)
• Neuraxial anesthesia is currently recommended as the gold standard rather than general anesthesia for most patients undergoing cesarean section [ 3 , 4 ], since the mortality rate of cesarean section under general anesthesia is 16.7 times higher than that under regional anesthesia [ 5 ]. (anesth-pain-med.org)
• There is no consensus on the ideal proportion of general anesthesia for cesarean sections, but approximately 5-6% are conducted under general anesthesia, which can be further reduced by obstetric anesthesiologist teams or obstetric specialized anesthesiologists [ 6 , 7 ]. (anesth-pain-med.org)
• General anesthesia for cesarean sections was not associated with overall neurodevelopmental delay at two years of age [ 13 ]. (anesth-pain-med.org)
• A retrospective audit conducted by a single British institution reported that the use of general anesthesia for cesarean section decreased from 76% in 1982 to 7.7% in 1998 and 4.9% in 2006 [ 16 , 17 ]. (anesth-pain-med.org)

Contraindications1

• Except for emergencies, induction of general anesthesia will continue in situations deemed "unavoidable and necessary," including patient refusals or contraindications to neuraxial anesthesia [ 9 ]. (anesth-pain-med.org)

Patients underwent1

• All patients underwent standardized drug therapy and hyperbaric oxygen adjuvant therapy. (scirp.org)

Induction1

• The overall goals of TIVA include: Smooth induction of anesthesia Reliable and measurable maintenance of anesthesia Rapid emergence out of the effects of infused drugs as soon as the infusion is terminated. (wikipedia.org)

Induce1

• TIVA is used to induce general anesthesia while avoiding the disadvantages of volatile anesthesia (and traditional inhalation agents). (wikipedia.org)

Peripheral nerve2

• These techniques include topical anesthesia, infiltrative anesthesia, ring blocks, and peripheral nerve blocks (see the Technique section below for links to detailed, illustrated articles demonstrating these techniques). (medscape.com)
• Administered with local anesthesia to peripheral nerve bundles, such as the brachial plexus in the neck. (wikidoc.org)

Intravenous agents1

• Inhalation anesthetics have advantages over intravenous agents in that the depth of anesthesia can be changed rapidly by altering the inhaled concentration. (lookformedical.com)

Anesthetics1

• Parents may have accessed information regarding anesthesia online or they may have questions for the urologist regarding anesthetics. (pediatricurologybook.com)

General14

• TIVA is currently employed in various procedures as an alternative technique of general anesthesia in order to improve post-operative recovery. (wikipedia.org)
• Hedonal was later developed in 1909 for general anesthesia, although with limited success due to its long duration of effect. (wikipedia.org)
• The period of emergence from general anesthesia , where different elements of consciousness return at different rates. (lookformedical.com)
• Vitreoretinal surgery is a surgery involving the vitreous and retina, they are lengthy procedures and associated with significant pain [ 1 ], it has traditionally been performed under general anesthesia but local anesthesia has increased in popularity in recent years [ 2 ]. (longdom.org)
• Is Regional Anesthesia More Time Efficient than General Anesthesia for Shoulder Surgery? (bmj.com)
• General anesthesia: "Drug-induced loss of consciousness during which patients are not arousable, even by painful stimulation. (wikidoc.org)
• Thus, an early performance of epidural analgesia turns out to be essential to control labor pain and to avoid a general anesthesia in such high-risk patients. (scielo.br)
• Anesthesiologists should choose between general or regional anesthesia depending on the individual patient's condition and clinical situation. (anesth-pain-med.org)
• However, in patients with emergent conditions (e.g., placental abruption, cord prolapse, antenatal placental bleeding, and non-reassuring fetal tracing), the rate of general anesthesia has been reported to be up to 20% [ 8 ]. (anesth-pain-med.org)
• As the overall safety of general anesthesia has significantly improved over the past two decades with newly developed drugs, devices, and monitors, general anesthesia no longer has an impact on anesthesia-related maternal mortality rates [ 10 , 11 ]. (anesth-pain-med.org)
• The choice of general anesthesia varies across countries or hospitals. (anesth-pain-med.org)
• In Korea, unlike previous data from the United Kingdom or the United States, the rate of general anesthesia use is steadily decreasing with time, but it is still over 20% [ 14 ]. (anesth-pain-med.org)
• In some hospitals with a high volume of emergency cases or high-risk parturients, the rate of general anesthesia is close to 90% [ 15 ]. (anesth-pain-med.org)
• Racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities also contribute to the choice of general anesthesia [ 11 ]. (anesth-pain-med.org)

Consciousness2

• Loss of eyelash reflex [loss of consciousness (LOC)] was recorded, and prediction probability for Bis and qCON was calculated. (researchgate.net)
• The level of analgesia was recorded continuously using the proprietary index IOC2 (Index of consciousness 2,namely qNOX) (Angel-6000D Multi-parameter Anesthesia Monitor, Shenzhen Weihaokang Medical Technology Co., Ltd, Guangdong, China). (researchgate.net)

Undergo1

• Participants will be adults (above 18 years) scheduled to undergo transurethral surgery under regional anesthesia. (who.int)

Adequate1

• The retro bulbar can provide adequate anesthesia, akinesia and control of intraocular pressure as well as postoperative analgesia [ 3 ]. (longdom.org)

Surgical2

• Medically complex patients may benefit from a visit to the pre-anesthesia or pre-surgical optimization clinic to ensure that all follow-up information is up to date (e.g., echocardiogram and cardiology clearance in patients with congenital heart disease) and to allow for timely completion of any necessary laboratory work or imaging. (pediatricurologybook.com)
• Good pre-operative communication between the surgical and anesthesia teams is ideal and may include any special peri-operative needs, anticipated post-operative admission or pain issues. (pediatricurologybook.com)

Awareness1

• During or after TIVA, patients may be subjected to an elevated risk of anesthesia awareness, hyperalgesia and neurotoxicity. (wikipedia.org)

Propofol2

• Suppression of gag reflex, coughing, and movement using neuromuscular blocking agents may improve SAD insertion, and could decrease propofol requirements for SAD insertion. (ekja.org)
• Recently, with the introduction of new drugs (propofol, rocuronium, and sugammadex) and equipments (videolaryngoscopy and supraglottic airways), anesthesia methods have also gradually changed. (anesth-pain-med.org)

Rapidly1

• Brazilian endovascular neurosurgery has evolved rapidly in the adjuvant treatment of encephalic vascular pathologies in the past 30 years. (thieme-connect.de)

Anaesthesia1

• Anesthesia or anaesthesia (from Greek αν- an- "without" + αἲσθησις aisthesis "sensation") has traditionally meant the condition of having the feeling of pain and other sensations blocked. (wikidoc.org)

Regional3

• Patients were excluded from the study if there was a contraindication to regional anesthesia, known sensitivity to study drugs, or were on chronic analgesic therapy. (ispub.com)
• Regional anesthesia: Loss of pain sensation, with varying degrees of muscle relaxation, in certain regions of the body. (wikidoc.org)
• Local anesthesia is similar to regional anesthesia, but exerts its effect on a smaller area of the body. (wikidoc.org)

Doses1

• The doses for intravenous sedative-hypnotic and adjuvant agents vary individually. (wikipedia.org)

Surgery1

• These parents can typically be reassured that they will speak to an anesthesia provider on the day of surgery, or they can be provided with the anesthesia group's contact information for further questions. (pediatricurologybook.com)

Pain Medicine1

• Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2022;17(3):256-261. (anesth-pain-med.org)

Technique1

• However, many complications are associated with this technique such as globe perforation, brain stem anesthesia and retro bulbar hemorrhage, which is the most frequent complication [ 4 ]. (longdom.org)

Clinical1

• 2 Other adjuvants such as clonidine and ketamine have also been administered but none have become established in regular clinical use because of their adverse effects. (ispub.com)

High risk1

• The use of TIVA is advantageous in cases where volatile anesthesia is of high risk or is impossible, such as cases involving morbidly obese patients. (wikipedia.org)

Agents1

• The drug interactions between sedative-hypnotic agents and adjuvant agents suggest that dosing regimens cannot be fixed. (wikipedia.org)

Common1

• Common adjuvants contain aluminum compounds. (mysanantoniovet.com)