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ReflexRetinaReflex, StretchReflex, AbnormalReflex, AcousticReflex, PupillaryReflex, Vestibulo-OcularRetinal Ganglion CellsPhotoreceptor Cells, VertebratePhotoreceptor CellsElectromyographyRetinal DegenerationRetinal Cone Photoreceptor CellsRetinal VesselsDecerebrate StateElectroretinographyEye ProteinsCatsRetinal DiseasesH-ReflexAmacrine CellsReflex, RightingRetinal Rod Photoreceptor CellsReflex, OculocardiacPigment Epithelium of EyeDark AdaptationPressoreceptorsBlinkingReflex, BabinskiElectric StimulationLightRod OpsinsReflex, AbdominalFluorescent Antibody Technique, IndirectGaggingNeurons, AfferentEpilepsy, ReflexRetinal Bipolar CellsAfferent PathwaysVagus NerveEyeMechanoreceptorsRetinal NeuronsChoroidVision, OcularMotor NeuronsReflex Sympathetic DystrophyVitreous BodyNeurons, EfferentBaroreflexPhysical StimulationGoldfishMuscle ContractionHeart RateRetinal Horizontal CellsSpinal CordSympathetic Nervous SystemRetinal Pigment EpitheliumPhotic StimulationRats, Sprague-DawleyCarotid SinusTrigeminal NerveRhodopsinRetinal PigmentsNeurogliaBlood PressureRetinal DetachmentTibial NerveUrinationTime FactorsVisual PathwaysVagotomyAdaptation, OcularMuscle, SkeletalNeuronsVestibule, LabyrinthRetinal NeovascularizationReaction TimeOpsinsChemoreceptor CellsMice, Inbred C57BLLaryngeal NervesNeural InhibitionDiabetic RetinopathyCapsaicinMuscle SpasticityDenervationAction PotentialsBiguanidesImmunohistochemistryDarknessRod Cell Outer SegmentSural NerveMuscle SpindlesNerve FibersStartle ReactionBlood-Retinal BarrierRetinitis PigmentosaCoughPosture
IIICRetinalVitreousPhotoreceptors195735mmPupillary reflex responseRangefinder50mm45mmOptic nerveLightLens20172022SuccessorKodakCorneaSensoryOccursOppositeTumorsRetinoblastomaTissueAutomaticNervousCamerasLikewiseResponseDiagnosisMovementObservationBlindTypeDevelopsLensesVisualExposureCellsNormalPointFeatureInstructionsIncludeComplexFunctionPhotography
IIIC4
  • The earliest Retina Reflex (Type 025, 1957) uses the convertible lens system introduced with the Kodak Retina IIc/IIIc in 1954. (wikipedia.org)
  • It was named Type 025 Retina Reflex since it inherited several features from the contemporary Retina rangefinder cameras, like the Retina IIIc: The film advance and exposure counting system, the film channel, the selenium meter, and the focusing mechanics of the lenses. (wikipedia.org)
  • This interchangeable front component concept was introduced in 1954 with the folding Retina IIc and IIIc models. (wikipedia.org)
  • These interchangeable Retina lens components can also be used on the Retina IIc, IIC, IIIc, and IIIC rangefinder cameras. (wikipedia.org)
Retinal9
  • Our lab develops and uses adaptive optics, eye movement correction and optical microscopy technologies to improve the non-invasive visualization of the retina to the point that individual retinal structure and function and can be visualized at the cellular and even sub-cellular scale. (stanford.edu)
  • En face OCT reflectance images which accompany OCTA studies offer a glimpse of the macrophage-like cellular activity above the retinal surface which responds to systemically instigated vascular events below. (stanford.edu)
  • The retina consists of ten layers (Figure 3), of which the outermost is the dark retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) which because of its melanin pigment is opaque to light. (answersingenesis.org)
  • This study investigated the effect of low-intensity blue light on the albino Wistar rat retina, including intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). (mdpi.com)
  • The purpose of this case report is to present a case of bilateral, combined hamartoma of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) leading to a suspected diagnosis of neurofibromatosis type 2. (reviewofoptometry.com)
  • Combined hamartomas of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium (CHRRPE) are rare, congenital, intraocular tumors characterized by the malformation of the neurosensory retina, RPE and adjacent vitreous with disorganized glial, vascular and melanocytic tissue. (reviewofoptometry.com)
  • 6-9 On OCT imaging, consistent features of CHRRPEs include varying amount of thickened retinal and pre-retinal tissue, retinal disorganization, epiretinal membranes with secondary retinal folds and striae, normal adjacent retina and no evidence of choroidal involvement. (reviewofoptometry.com)
  • Photoreceptor cells form the sensory part of the retina, capturing photons in rod photoreceptors to allow dim light vision (monochromatic vision in the dark), in cone photoreceptor cells that measure color, and photosensitive retinal ganglion cells that are involved in diurnal regulation and initiate the pupillary reflex response to incident light. (fatsoflife.com)
  • The retina is characterized by an immune privileged status to avoid that immune cell infiltration disturbs the physical configuration and cellular health of the photosensitive retinal tissue. (fatsoflife.com)
Vitreous2
  • A slit-lamp, which is a specialized magnifying microscope, is used to examine the structures of the eye (including the cornea, iris, vitreous, and retina). (mountsinai.org)
  • Combined hamartomas of the retina and RPE are rare intraocular tumors characterized by the malformation of the neurosensory retina, RPE and adjacent vitreous. (reviewofoptometry.com)
Photoreceptors4
  • Vertebrates perceive their environment (shapes, colors and irradiance) through rod and cone photoreceptors in the retina. (bioone.org)
  • The 'inverted' arrangement of the vertebrate retina, in which light has to pass through several inner layers of its neural apparatus before reaching the photoreceptors, has long been the butt of derision by evolutionists who claim that it is inefficient, and therefore evidence against design. (answersingenesis.org)
  • This article reviews the reasons for our having the inverted retina and why the opposite arrangement (the verted retina), in which the photoreceptors are innermost and the first layer to receive incident light, would be liable to fail in creatures who have inverted retinas. (answersingenesis.org)
  • The PLR is a subcortical reflex requiring relatively few intact photoreceptors, thus a patient can have intact PLRs without functional vision. (dvm360.com)
19572
  • The Kodak Retina Reflex is a discontinued series of four single-lens reflex cameras made by Kodak in Germany between 1957 and 1974, as part of the Kodak Retina line of 35mm film cameras. (wikipedia.org)
  • This is a Kodak Retina Ib - Type 018 camera built by Kodak AG, the German subsidiary of the Eastman Kodak Company between the years of 1954 and 1957. (mikeeckman.com)
35mm3
  • This is a Kodak Retina Automatic III 35mm rangefinder camera made by Kodak AG of Germany between the years of 1960 and 1963. (mikeeckman.com)
  • This is a Kodak Retina Reflex IV 35mm Single Lens Reflex camera made by Kodak AG in Stuttgart, West Germany between the years 1964 and 1967. (mikeeckman.com)
  • This is a Kodak Retina 35mm folding camera made by Kodak AG of West Germany. (mikeeckman.com)
Pupillary reflex response1
Rangefinder2
  • It was the top of the Retina Automatic series with a 6-element Retina-Xenar f/2.8 lens and coupled rangefinder. (mikeeckman.com)
  • This is a Kodak Retina IIc rangefinder camera built by Kodak AG, the German subsidiary of the Eastman Kodak company. (mikeeckman.com)
50mm1
45mm1
Optic nerve3
  • The increased pressure causes compression of the retina and the optic nerve which can eventually lead to nerve damage. (mountsinai.org)
  • The wire has to travel over the surface of the retina to a point where it dives through a hole in the retina (the so-called 'blind spot') to join the optic nerve. (answersingenesis.org)
  • If there is a suspicion for glaucoma, the appearance and function of the optic nerve are tested with a visual field test and a special retina camera both of which can detect damage to the optic nerves. (va.gov)
Light18
  • Checking your retina -- The retina is the light-sensitive tissue at the back of your eye. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The lens itself is flexible and suspended by ligaments which allow it to change shape to focus light on the retina, which is composed of sensory neurons. (mountsinai.org)
  • In this report, we describe a female carrier of XLRP where the tapetal-like reflex was clearly present after light exposure at 16 years of age, but much less so at 22 years of age when it did, however, reappear after prolonged dark adaptation and was attenuated by renewed light exposure. (molvis.org)
  • 16][17] [18] Photophobia is probably a response to protect the retina from the light stimulus, as the threshold is lowered from baseline after concussion. (researchgate.net)
  • Laser emission is similar to direct sunlight exposure in that the light arrives at the eye in parallel rays, which are very efficiently focused on the retina, the rear surface of the eye that senses light. (microscopyu.com)
  • The wavelength of the laser radiation is significant because only light within the wavelength range of approximately 400 to 1400 nanometers can penetrate the eye sufficiently to damage the retina. (microscopyu.com)
  • The danger presented by these wavelengths is amplified due to the fact that ocular focus is possible, and collimated light within this range is focused by the eye on a very small spot on the retina, concentrating its power to a high density. (microscopyu.com)
  • The blind animal typically holds the eyes widely open in an attempt to increase light stimulation to the retina. (vin.com)
  • I suggest that the need for protection of the retina against the injurious effects of light, particularly with the shorter wavelengths, and of the heat generated by focused light necessitates the inverted configuration of the retina in creatures possessing it. (answersingenesis.org)
  • In biological terms this arrangement of the retina is said to be inverted because the visual cells are oriented so that their sensory ends are directed away from incident light (Figure 1). (answersingenesis.org)
  • An image of the external environment is thus focused on the retina which transduces light into neural signals and is the innermost (relative to the geometric centre of the eyeball) of the three tunics of the eye's posterior segment. (answersingenesis.org)
  • When the light is moved vertically and horizontally across the eye, the examiner observes the movement of the reflected light from the back of the eye, and this reflection is called the red reflex. (verifiedmarketresearch.com)
  • When the practitioner shines the light of a retinoscope into an eye, they observe the light reflected from the retina. (verifiedmarketresearch.com)
  • This reflected light is called the retinoscopic reflex which looks like a red light inside the pupil. (verifiedmarketresearch.com)
  • The People had superhuman strength, speed, reflexes, nocturnal vision (likely in part due to a tapetum lucidum to reflect maximal light on their retinae), and auditory and olfactory senses. (marvunapp.com)
  • Carefully evaluating the pupillary light reflex (PLR), both direct and indirect (consensual), is critical when assessing the prognosis for vision, particularly in patients with glaucoma. (dvm360.com)
  • The high concentrations of polyenic fatty acids together with the exposition to light make the retina a tissue that is also sensitive to photo-oxidation. (fatsoflife.com)
  • Diagnosis is clinical, including observation of the corneal light reflex and use of a cover. (msdmanuals.com)
Lens2
  • The standard Retina-Xenon lens is a 50 mm lens with a different maximum aperture, depending on the camera. (wikipedia.org)
  • Starter: Looking at the eye and linking back to receptor cells from nervous system Main: Structure and function of the eye in detail Part 2: Eye test and function of cornea and lens Part 3: Blind spots Part 4: Forming and image on the retina Plenary: Iris Reflex (Stimulus Receptor Coordinator Effector Response + Neurones) Lots for 1 lesson! (tes.com)
20171
  • This systematic review was compiled according to the PRISMA criteria ( 7 ) and included an electronic literature search in PubMed and Web of Science up to and including January 2017 using the keywords laser pointer retina, laser pointer maculopathy, laser pointer eye, and laser pointers. (aerzteblatt.de)
20221
Successor1
Kodak3
Cornea1
  • The other two tunics of the eye's posterior segment are the white tough fibrous sclera which is outermost and continuous with the cornea anteriorly, and the choroid , a pigmented and highly vascular layer which lies sandwiched between the retina and sclera. (answersingenesis.org)
Sensory1
Occurs1
  • Retinoblastoma is a cancer of the retina that occurs almost exclusively in children (msdmanuals.com)
Opposite2
  • This article reviews the reasons for our having the inverted retina and why the opposite arrangement (the verted retina) would be liable to fail in creatures who have inverted retinas. (answersingenesis.org)
  • However, the reflex of the opposite eye (consensual PLR) should still be intact if the retina has not been irreversibly damaged. (dvm360.com)
Tumors1
  • Secondary deposits or seeding of tumor cells into other areas of the retina may be confused with multicentric tumors. (medscape.com)
Retinoblastoma1
  • [ 10 ] The major importance of this discovery is the idea that retinoblastoma can arise from fully matured nerves in the retina called horizontal interneurons, disproving the long-held scientific principle that fully formed, mature nerves cannot multiply like young immature cells. (medscape.com)
Tissue1
  • To sustain lifelong functioning, the retina is endowed with a sophisticated mechanism of protection from tissue damage that may ensue from photo-oxidation. (fatsoflife.com)
Automatic1
Nervous3
  • It consists in the quantitative study of those modifications of the salivary reflex which are conditioned by complex receptive and elaborative processes (psychic reactions) in the central nervous system. (yorku.ca)
  • It was Pawlow's idea that the perfectly constant and dependable 'unconditioned' salivary reflex might be used to advantage as a basis for the investigation of those complex nervous processes one of whose expressions is a 'conditioned' reflex of the same glands. (yorku.ca)
  • Since many, if not all, changes in the nervous system gain expression in one way or another, through the salivary reflex, why not, Pawlow asks, investigate these processes by observing their relation to this particular reflex? (yorku.ca)
Cameras1
Likewise1
  • Likewise, microvascular endothelial cells in the retina have this biosynthetic capacity. (fatsoflife.com)
Response1
  • Pawlow has termed reflexes in response to 'essential' properties 'unconditioned,' and those in response to 'non-essential' properties 'conditioned. (yorku.ca)
Diagnosis1
  • This case presentation discusses the clinical characteristics of combined hamartomas of the retina and RPE as well as other potential ocular manifestations of neurofibromatosis type 2 and the importance of early diagnosis of neurofibromatosis type 2. (reviewofoptometry.com)
Movement1
Observation1
  • To report changes in the tapetal-like reflex in a female carrier of RPGR ORF15 c.3395delA X-linked retinitis pigmentosa (XLRP) between examinations at 16 and 22 years of age, and to report the observation that the tapetal-like reflex faded due to exposure to daylight and reappeared with prolonged dark adaptation at 22 years of age. (molvis.org)
Blind1
  • In Yemen, diabetes mellitus is a com- Vincent targets of reduction of blind- directions, pupillary reflexes and Gold- mon disease among adult Yemenis with ness due to diabetic retinopathy [9]. (who.int)
Type2
  • Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that this rhodopsin belongs to the retina-type but not to the pineal-specific rhodopsin group. (bioone.org)
  • This particular model is a type 119 Retina which means it was made between the years of 1936 and 1938. (mikeeckman.com)
Develops1
  • A characteristic cherry-red halo that can be seen by a physician using a special tool develops around the center of the retina in 50 percent of affected individuals. (nih.gov)
Lenses3
  • The Retina Reflex brand was discontinued in 1966, then revived as the Instamatic Reflex in 1968, using the same DKL-mount lenses with the easy-loading Kodapak line of 126 film cartridges. (wikipedia.org)
  • The convertible lenses of early Retina reflex models are equipped with interchangeable front elements and a fixed set of elements that remain on the body. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Retina Reflex is, on rare occasions, found with very similar lenses made by Rodenstock. (wikipedia.org)
Visual2
  • These results indicate that the rhodospin gene is expressed in the retina and brain and mediates not only visual but also nonvisual functions such as photoperiodism and entrainment of the circadian clock. (bioone.org)
  • This enables us to have disease and affects many parts of the a stereoscopic view of the retina and its body, including the eye, leading to visual A retrospective observational study vasculature. (who.int)
Exposure1
  • This class of laser only causes damage if the exposure time exceeds 0.25 s, which approximately corresponds to the time lag of the natural blink reflex (according to DIN EN 60825 1). (aerzteblatt.de)
Cells3
  • In 1864, Virchow named the tumor a glioma of the retina, supporting glial cells as the cell of origin of the tumor. (medscape.com)
  • Most cells comprising the tumor histologically resemble the cells of an undifferentiated retina of the embryo called retinoblasts. (medscape.com)
  • During early post-natal development, the large demand for DHA by photoreceptor cells is covered by DHA synthesized from alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) in the liver , as well as preformed DHA obtained from breast milk and carried via lipoprotein-mediated transport to the developing retina. (fatsoflife.com)
Normal1
  • The child was noted to have normal retinae, irises, and skin pigmentation. (medscape.com)
Point1
  • In use, the Retina Reflex frame counter works down from 35 (or 20) to 0, at which point the film advance locks. (wikipedia.org)
Feature1
  • Evolutionists frequently maintain that the vertebrate retina exhibits a feature which indicates that it was not designed because its organisation appears to be less than ideal. (answersingenesis.org)
Instructions1
  • The second components in the chain mimics the cerebellum, located at the back of the head, and can, for instance, give instructions for a rapid maneuver (reflex). (optics.org)
Include2
  • Examples of such altered fundus reflexes include the golden fundus reflex observed in X-linked retinoschisis and Oguchi disease [ 1 - 3 ], a form of congenital stationary night blindness. (molvis.org)
  • Symptoms and signs commonly include leukocoria (a white reflex in the pupil), strabismus, and, less often, inflammation and impaired vision. (msdmanuals.com)
Complex1
  • This is a typical example of much of Retina engineering[citation needed] - complex and ingenious, but perhaps over-done. (wikipedia.org)
Function1
Photography1
  • Dark adaptation before fundus photography may enable the detection of a tapetal-like reflex where it is otherwise invisible. (molvis.org)