• Rectal prolapse (rectum protrudes from the anus). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Rectal prolapse was described as early as 1500 BCE. (medscape.com)
  • Rectal prolapse occurs when a mucosal or full-thickness layer of rectal tissue protrudes through the anal orifice. (medscape.com)
  • Mucosal prolapse, in contrast, is defined as protrusion of only the rectal mucosa (not the entire wall) from the anus. (medscape.com)
  • Most of this article focuses on full-thickness rectal prolapse, which will be referred to as rectal prolapse. (medscape.com)
  • The pathophysiology of rectal prolapse is not completely understood or agreed upon. (medscape.com)
  • The first theory postulates that rectal prolapse is a sliding hernia through a defect in the pelvic fascia. (medscape.com)
  • The second theory holds that rectal prolapse starts as a circumferential internal intussusception of the rectum beginning 6-8 cm proximal to the anal verge. (medscape.com)
  • With time and straining, this progresses to full-thickness rectal prolapse, though some patients never progress beyond this stage. (medscape.com)
  • The pathophysiology and etiology of mucosal prolapse most likely differ from those of full-thickness rectal prolapse and internal intussusception. (medscape.com)
  • [ 4 ] Mucosal prolapse occurs when the connective tissue attachments of the rectal mucosa are loosened and stretched, thus allowing the tissue to prolapse through the anus. (medscape.com)
  • Often, prolapse begins with an internal prolapse of the anterior rectal wall and progresses to full prolapse. (medscape.com)
  • Rectal prolapse is a condition in which part of the rectum slips down (prolapses) and protrudes through the anus. (rchsd.org)
  • Rectal prolapse is usually painless, but it can cause mild discomfort, bleeding, and loss of bowel control. (rchsd.org)
  • Rectal prolapse most commonly affects young children and the elderly. (rchsd.org)
  • A rectal prolapse usually doesn't cause pain, and treating the cause usually cures the prolapse. (rchsd.org)
  • About 90% of kids under 3 years old who get rectal prolapse can be treated without surgery, and in many of those cases a prolapse won't occur again. (rchsd.org)
  • Structural problems, such as anal fissures and fistulas or rectal prolapse . (nyp.org)
  • Certain anatomic features found during surgery for rectal prolapse are common to most patients. (medscape.com)
  • In children, rectal prolapse is probably related to the vertical orientation of the rectum, the mobility of the sigmoid colon, the relative weakness of the pelvic floor muscle, mucosa that is poorly fixed to submucosa, and redundant rectal mucosa. (medscape.com)
  • Even though 1 in 4 colorectal cancers (CRC) is located in the rectum, little evidence supports the effectiveness of using the DRE for rectal cancer detection and it is not recommended in the colorectal cancer screening guidelines. (wikipedia.org)
  • Rectal bleeding is when blood passes from the rectum or anus. (medlineplus.gov)
  • For the most part, treatment for rectal cancer depends on the stage of the tumor-specifically the size and location of the tumor in the rectum as well as the degree of metastasis (how far the tumor may have spread). (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Rectal cancer that is confined to the inner lining of the rectum can typically be removed with minimally invasive surgery. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Stage I rectal cancer involves tumors that have grown into the wall of the rectum but are still localized (have not spread beyond the rectum). (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Local transanal resection or excision: This procedure is used to remove early stage rectal cancers in the lower rectum. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • When stage I tumors can't be removed through the rectum, it may be necessary to use more invasive surgical techniques, which are more common for stage II and stage III rectal cancers. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Stage II rectal cancer is cancer that has grown through the wall of the rectum and possibly into nearby tissues. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • We aim to graduate a fellow who is competent to treat a wide variety of problems of the colon and rectum and who is prepared for the independent practice of colon and rectal surgery. (ohsu.edu)
  • Surgeons in the Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery at Mayo Clinic offer the latest in diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the colon, rectum and anus. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Our colon and rectal surgery program is committed to the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of disorders of the colon, rectum, and anus. (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • Rectal bleeding refers to bleeding from the lower portion of the colon or the rectum, which is the last few inches of the colon. (livestrong.com)
  • In most cases your doctor will order blood tests to determine the duration and severity of rectal bleeding and schedule a colonoscopy to inspect the rectum and colon directly. (livestrong.com)
  • Stage 0 rectal cancer is found only in the innermost lining of the rectum wall, called the mucosa. (mskcc.org)
  • Stage I rectal cancer means that the tumor has spread beyond the inner lining but remains within the rectum wall and has not spread to the lymph nodes. (mskcc.org)
  • Budesonide rectal foam is used to help get mild to moderate active ulcerative colitis that extends from the rectum to the sigmoid colon under control (induce remission). (mayoclinic.org)
  • Colon and rectal cancer, or colorectal cancer for short, occurs when abnormal cells grow out of control and form tumors in the lining of your colon and/or rectum. (upmc.com)
  • The objectives of this study were to In Queen Alia Military Hospital, rectal evaluate the agreement between temperature temperature is usually taken in those less measured at the axilla and that measured in than 3 years while axillary temperature is the rectum in children and young people, us- taken in children over this age. (who.int)
  • CHICAGO - Many patients with locally advanced rectal cancer who do not have high-risk disease can skip radiotherapy to the pelvic area, and instead be treated with chemotherapy alone and then surgery, say researchers reporting results from the PROSPECT trial. (medscape.com)
  • Most stage I rectal tumors are treated with surgery. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Most stage II and III rectal cancers are treated with a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgery. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • The Colon and Rectal Surgery Fellowship at OHSU is one year in length and is for applicants who have completed a residency in general surgery. (ohsu.edu)
  • Individual weekly meetings with the Program Director are designed to ready the fellow to undergo the certification process by the American Board of Colon and Rectal Surgery. (ohsu.edu)
  • Colon and rectal surgeons at Mayo Clinic have completed training in general surgery as well as advanced training in the treatment of colon and rectal problems. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Colon and rectal surgery patients at Mayo Clinic experience excellent outcomes. (mayoclinic.org)
  • The Division of Colon & Rectal Surgery at UT Southwestern Medical Center provides clinical coverage at Parkland Hospital, Dallas Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and UT Southwestern University Hospitals (William P. Clements Jr. University Hospital and Zale Lipshy Pavilion). (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • Following full training in general surgery, they have completed advanced training in the treatment of colon and rectal disorders. (upmc.com)
  • Currently, we have no reliable method to indicate whether standard neoadjuvant therapies have shrunk or eradicated a rectal cancer tumor and therefore allow us to delay or avoid invasive surgery. (genomeweb.com)
  • The Colon and Rectal Surgery Department at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center is accepting applications for a one-year advanced training fellowship in Advanced Colon and Rectal Surgical Oncology (ACRSO). (mdanderson.org)
  • The ACRSO fellows are integrated into the research program of the Department of Colon and Rectal Surgery. (mdanderson.org)
  • OhioHealth Physician Group Colon and Rectal Surgery leads the way in providing advanced colorectal care for cancer and other colorectal conditions. (ohiohealth.com)
  • Standard treatment for stage II/III rectal cancer, as outlined in National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines, includes RT, chemotherapy and surgery (i.e., trimodality therapy), yet as this retrospective study of NCDB patient records indicates, many eligible patients do not receive RT to treat their cancer. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The purpose of this issue in Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery is to collectively voice the struggles and barriers we face as women in colon and rectal surgery. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Background and aims: The treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer often consists of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery. (lu.se)
  • This study establishes preoperative therapy with FOLFOX and only selective use of chemoradiation for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer," commented principal investigator Deborah Schrag, MD, MPH, gastrointestinal oncologist at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City. (medscape.com)
  • Reacting to the findings, Pamela Kunz, MD, leader of the Gastrointestinal Cancers Program at Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut, commented: "What's important here is that radiation can be safely omitted in many patients with clinically advanced rectal cancer - this is really 'less is more. (medscape.com)
  • Deaths: 52,550 (rectal and colon cancers combined). (cancer.gov)
  • A local transanal resection can be used to treat early-stage rectal cancers and is performed using instruments that are inserted into your anus. (upmc.com)
  • TAMIS treats early-stage rectal cancers using a specially designed scope that is inserted into your anus. (upmc.com)
  • Colon and rectal cancers do not usually cause symptoms until they are advanced. (upmc.com)
  • Press Release: Digital rectal examination is not useful to early detect prostate cancers. (healthnews.com)
  • Coloplasty Neorectum versus Straight Anastomosis in Low Rectal Cancers. (bvsalud.org)
  • The scientists observed differences in the stage distribution of colon and rectal cancers across countries, with large proportions of cases with localized colon or rectal cancers in Norway and Australia (and in the United Kingdom for colon cancer) and small proportions with metastatic cancers in Australia and Canada (and in Ireland for rectal cancer). (who.int)
  • This study suggests that survival disparities across countries could partly be explained by differences in the treatment and management of regional and distant colon and rectal cancers, and by earlier diagnosis in some countries. (who.int)
  • Iron supplements may cause rectal bleeding indirectly by triggering constipation or diarrhea. (livestrong.com)
  • We report a case of ruptured stercoral ulceration due to chronic constipation which is caused by rectal carcinoma. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • AU - Chen,J H, AU - Shen,W C, PY - 2000/10/6/pubmed PY - 2001/3/3/medline PY - 2000/10/6/entrez SP - 1018 EP - 9 JF - Hepato-gastroenterology JO - Hepatogastroenterology VL - 47 IS - 34 N2 - We report a case of ruptured stercoral ulceration due to chronic constipation which is caused by rectal carcinoma. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Rectal pain may be caused by diarrhea, constipation, or anal itching and scratching. (nyp.org)
  • New cases of rectal cancer: 46,050. (cancer.gov)
  • We suggest that rectal sampling should be considered in women visiting sexually transmitted infection clinics regardless of rectal symptoms and irrespective of anal intercourse, since our data suggest that several cases of rectal Chlamydia trachomatis otherwise would be missed, thus enabling further disease transmission. (nih.gov)
  • In France, 2 cases of rectal LGV were reported in an STD clinic in Paris from 1981 to 1986 ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Internal intussusception may be a full-thickness or a partial rectal wall disorder, but the prolapsed tissue does not pass beyond the anal canal and does not pass out of the anus. (medscape.com)
  • A single office-based FOBT (fecal occult blood test) performed following a digital rectal examination (DRE) is not an adequate screen due to low sensitivity for advanced tumor and colorectal cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • 5 ] The location of a rectal tumor is usually indicated by the distance between the anal verge, dentate line, or anorectal ring and the lower edge of the tumor, with measurements differing depending on the use of a rigid or flexible endoscope or digital examination. (cancer.gov)
  • They participate in weekly multidisciplinary treatment-planning conferences that include the colorectal multidisciplinary tumor board as well as a dedicated rectal cancer multidisciplinary planning conference. (mdanderson.org)
  • This report emphasizes that lesions just above the anorectal junction with atypical endoscopic features for internal hemorrhoids should be carefully examined at rectal retroflexion and that polyps or suspicious lesions amidst internal hemorrhoids identified during colonoscopy should be snared or at least biopsied, even if small. (medscape.com)
  • [ 5 ] The current report of invasive adenocarcinoma in a diminutive polyp identified by rectal retroflexion and located just above the dentate line amidst hemorrhoids, illustrates and emphasizes the importance of biopsying suspicious polyps identified by rectal retroflexion despite the small polyp size, the presence of adjacent hemorrhoids, and the difficulty of biopsying in rectal retroflexion. (medscape.com)
  • If you have hemorrhoids, anal fissures, or rectal pain, tell your doctor before the exam begins. (cigna.com)
  • A diminutive rectal polyp amidst internal hemorrhoids, detected by rectal retroflexion during colonoscopy, was shown to harbor invasive rectal adenocarcinoma by colonoscopic biopsy. (medscape.com)
  • You should have a bowel movement within 15 to 60 minutes after using a rectal suppository, or within 5 to 20 minutes after using the rectal enema. (drugs.com)
  • Do not take a rectal suppository or enema by mouth. (drugs.com)
  • Do not use more than one rectal suppository per day. (drugs.com)
  • Each CANASA® rectal suppository contains 500 mg or 1000 mg of mesalamine (USP) in a base of Hard Fat NF. (theodora.com)
  • Mesalamine (5-ASA) administered as a rectal suppository is variably absorbed. (theodora.com)
  • In patients with ulcerative colitis treated with one 500 mg mesalamine rectal suppository every eight hours for six days, peak concentration (C max ) of N-acetyl-5-ASA ranged from 467 ng/mL to 1399 ng/mL following the initial dose and from 193 ng/mL to 1304 ng/mL at steady state. (theodora.com)
  • Digital rectal examination (DRE), also known as a prostate exam (Latin: palpatio per anum (PPA), lit. (wikipedia.org)
  • traditionally, the digital rectal examination (DRE) was considered an essential part of the physical examination for all trauma patients. (wikipedia.org)
  • In men aged 55-69 who have been counseled on the known harms and potential benefits of prostate cancer screening, the U.S. Preventive Service Task Force May 2018 statement states, "The use of digital rectal examination as a screening modality is not recommended because there is a lack of evidence on the benefits. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this study, we evaluated rectal Chlamydia trachomatis testing in relation to symptoms and sexual habits in women and men who have sex with men. (nih.gov)
  • Help find the cause of symptoms such as rectal bleeding (blood in the stool), belly or pelvic pain, a change in urination, or a change in bowel habits. (cigna.com)
  • What are the symptoms of colon and rectal cancer? (upmc.com)
  • All 14 patients had symptoms of acute proctitis, including rectal pain, discharge, and tenesmus, and 3 (all HIV-infected) had fever. (cdc.gov)
  • In 1 patient in whom a late diagnosis was made 4 months after the onset of symptoms, a rectal tumorlike stricture was observed. (cdc.gov)
  • But when men have received radiation treatments, it's important to evaluate carefully any symptoms that could be a sign of bladder or rectal cancer,' says senior study author Kathleen A. Cooney, M.D., professor of hematology/oncology and urology at the U-M Medical School. (news-medical.net)
  • Long-term survivors who have undergone treatment with radiation and their physicians should be careful to monitor for symptoms of bladder and rectal cancer. (news-medical.net)
  • NEW YORK (GenomeWeb) - Clinical Genomics said today that it is initiating a therapy monitoring study with investigators at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, which will evaluate the ability of the company's Colvera liquid biopsy assay to measure the presence of rectal cancer during and after treatment. (genomeweb.com)
  • The submission of an abstract to the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons is a requirement for graduation from this program. (ohsu.edu)
  • The fellow will attend the annual American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (ASCRS) meeting, a Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery (TEM) course in Florida, a robotic course in California, a sacral nerve simulation course in Ohio, a laparoscopic colectomy course in Ohio, and any other national or regional meeting at which he or she may be presenting, e.g. (ohsu.edu)
  • Northwest Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (NWSCRS). (ohsu.edu)
  • Mayo Clinic colon and rectal surgeons care for adults at all three campuses and for pediatric patients at Mayo's Minnesota campus. (mayoclinic.org)
  • The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons recognizes colon and rectal surgeons as experts in the surgical and non-surgical treatment of colon and rectal problems. (upmc.com)
  • Colon and rectal surgeons treat benign and malignant conditions, perform routine screening examinations and surgically treat problems when necessary. (upmc.com)
  • UPMC's colon and rectal surgeons in Central Pa. (upmc.com)
  • Our board-certified colon and rectal surgeons have more than 75 years of collective experience and are skilled in open, laparoscopic, robotic, and other minimally invasive surgical techniques. (upmc.com)
  • That's why our colon and rectal surgeons work closely with your family doctor, gastroenterologist, and other medical specialists - including pathologists, radiologists, and radiation and medical oncologists - to develop a treatment plan that is specific to your condition. (upmc.com)
  • In patients with ulcerative colitis treated with mesalamine 500 mg rectal suppositories, administered once every eight hours for six days, the mean mesalamine peak plasma concentration (C max ) was 353 ng/mL (CV=55 %) following the initial dose and 361 ng/mL (CV=67 %) at steady state. (theodora.com)
  • In patients with ulcerative proctitis treated with CANASA® (mesalamine, USP) 500 mg or 1000 mg rectal suppositories, rectal tissue concentrations for 5-ASA and N-acetyl 5-ASA have not been rigorously quantified. (theodora.com)
  • In Barcelona, there were 1,211 deaths from rectal cancer over the study period (2000 - 2008). (ucl.ac.uk)
  • Deep, extended rectal ulcerations were reported in 8 patients, 3 of whom were HIV-infected and had lesions suggestive of rectal carcinoma. (cdc.gov)
  • Diagnosis may be further hampered because rectal LGV may mimic other conditions such as rectal carcinoma or Crohn disease. (cdc.gov)
  • Only 24% of patients below 40 years and 41% of those above 40 years with confirmed rectal carcinoma presented for operation. (hindawi.com)
  • Colon, rectal, or anal cancer. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The ACRSO fellowship provides an in-depth clinical experience focused on the multidisciplinary management of patients with colon, rectal and anal cancer, including primary and recurrent disease. (mdanderson.org)
  • Some people get infections while traveling that can cause rectal itching and other problems. (nyp.org)
  • We present the case of rectal heterotopic gastric mucosa excised using transanal endoscopic microsurgery. (sages.org)
  • A retrospective analysis of transanal surgical management of 291 cases with rectal foreign bodies. (medscape.com)
  • At the completion of the fellowship, the trainee will have gained technical experience in minimally invasive colon and rectal surgical oncology including low and complex rectal cancer, intersphincteric resections for low rectal cancer and multivisceral resections. (mdanderson.org)
  • Patients who had clinical features suggestive of colon or rectal cancer were seen at the surgical out-patients clinic or through the Emergency Department of the University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan. (hindawi.com)
  • His intermittent rectal bleeding was likely from this polyp and possible intermittent ulcers on the surrounding mucosa from the acid secretion. (sages.org)
  • Of those, 38 were identified as belonging to the L2 serotype, which confirms the diagnosis of rectal LGV. (cdc.gov)
  • A new article by researchers from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and partners reports the international variation in stage at diagnosis and survival by stage for patients with colon cancer and rectal cancer. (who.int)
  • That's why it is important to have a colonoscopy, which can help your doctor find colon and rectal cancer in its earliest stages. (upmc.com)
  • Initially this lesion had appeared to be a relatively innocuous prominent anorectal mucosal fold and was recognized as a diminutive polyp only after careful rectal retroflexion during colonoscopy. (medscape.com)
  • A digital rectal exam may be done as part of a complete physical examination to check the prostate gland or the uterus and ovaries . (cigna.com)
  • Researchers in Germany found that digital rectal exams are less effective than the PSA test for detecting early-stage prostate cancer in younger men. (healthnews.com)
  • The digital rectal exam (DRE) is a test doctors use to detect abnormal changes in the prostate that may indicate prostate cancer . (healthnews.com)
  • Among men treated for prostate cancer, those who received radiation therapy were more likely to develop bladder or rectal cancer, according to a new study from the University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center. (news-medical.net)
  • In addition to removing the cancer from the rectal wall, the surgeon may remove some of the surrounding rectal tissue. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Iron supplements also contribute to rectal bleeding related to other conditions by worsening inflammation or tissue damage caused by those conditions. (livestrong.com)
  • Mesalamine administered as rectal suppositories distributes in rectal tissue to some extent. (theodora.com)
  • 20 - 25 ] A major pooled analysis evaluating the impact of T and N stage and treatment on survival and relapse in patients with rectal cancer who are treated with adjuvant therapy confirmed these findings. (cancer.gov)
  • Before developing an individualized plan for rectal cancer treatment, your health care team will determine the extent of the disease using a variety of tests, which may include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), endoscopic ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) and blood tests. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • In addition, biofeedback training in our cancer rehabilitation program may benefit rectal cancer patients before and after treatment. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Treatment for rectal bleeding depends on its cause. (livestrong.com)
  • The beloved Cheech and Chong star explained in an interview with Us Weekly that he is receiving treatment for rectal cancer. (hightimes.com)
  • take a team approach to colon and rectal cancer care and work closely with other health care specialists to develop your personalized treatment plan. (upmc.com)
  • Why choose UPMC for colon and rectal cancer treatment? (upmc.com)
  • Increased travel distance to a cancer treatment facility negatively impacts the likelihood that patients with stage II/III rectal cancer will receive radiation therapy (RT) to treat their disease, according to a study analyzing 26,845 patient records. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Evidence supports screening for rectal cancer as a part of routine care for all adults aged 50 years and older, especially for those with first-degree relatives with colorectal cancer. (cancer.gov)
  • Rectal chlamydia - should screening be recommended in women? (nih.gov)
  • Travel burden clearly creates a barrier to radiation therapy access for rectal cancer patients, but this barrier is far from absolute," said lead author Chun Chieh "Anna" Lin, PhD, MBA, director of health services research at the American Cancer Society. (sciencedaily.com)
  • But when researchers looked at patients who received external beam radiation therapy, they found these patients were estimated to be 70 percent more likely to be diagnosed with a rectal cancer and 40 percent more likely for bladder cancer than the general public. (news-medical.net)
  • It is difficult to separate epidemiological considerations of rectal cancer from those of colon cancer because studies often consider colon and rectal cancer together (i.e., colorectal cancer). (cancer.gov)
  • Shake the rectal enema before using it. (drugs.com)
  • Colon and Rectal Care at UPMC in North Central Pa. (upmc.com)
  • Presenting the findings, Schrag began by noting that approximately half of all new rectal cancer diagnoses have locally advanced disease, which in the US represents 48,000 cases per year. (medscape.com)
  • If your care team diagnoses you with rectal cancer , the next step is finding out the stage of the cancer, or how advanced it is. (mskcc.org)
  • A digital (finger) rectal examination is done to check for problems with organs or other structures in the pelvis and lower belly. (cigna.com)
  • In each pa- ing a conventional glass mercury thermom- tient, the axillary temperature was measured eter, to find if there is a direct mathematical first and then the rectal temperature before relationship between axillary and rectal examination of the patient or any medi- temperature, and to determine the optimum cal intervention. (who.int)
  • rectal bleeding , change in skin appearance (such as color, thickness), skin redness/tenderness/pus or other signs of infection, signs of serious infection (such as sore throat that doesn't go away, fever). (webmd.com)
  • Marijnen also pointed out that the definition of "locally advanced" in rectal cancer varies by region, and that in Europe many of the patients in the current trial would be defined as early and intermediate stage, and so would not qualify for neoadjuvant therapy. (medscape.com)
  • Colon and Rectal Cancer Services in Central Pa. (upmc.com)
  • In addition to rectal bleeding, other side effects such as upset stomach, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting can occur with iron supplementation. (livestrong.com)
  • All patients who presented with features suggestive of colon or rectal cancer were studied. (hindawi.com)
  • 214 mg/kg (about 1.2 times the recommended human intra-rectal dose, based on body surface area). (theodora.com)
  • In a 13-week oral gavage toxicity study in rats, papillary necrosis and/or multifocal tubular injury were observed in males receiving 160 mg/kg (about 0.86 times the recommended human intra-rectal dose, based on body surface area) and in both males and females at 640 mg/kg (about 3.5 times the recommended human intra-rectal dose, based on body surface area). (theodora.com)
  • In a combined 52-week toxicity and 127-week carcinogenicity study in rats, degeneration of the kidneys and hyalinization of basement membranes and Bowman's capsule were observed at oral doses of 100 mg/kg/day (about 0.54 times the recommended human intra-rectal dose, based on body surface area) and above. (theodora.com)
  • In a 14-day rectal toxicity study of mesalamine suppositories in rabbits, intra-rectal doses up to 800 mg/kg (about 8.6 times the recommended human intra-rectal dose, based on body surface area) was not associated with any adverse effects. (theodora.com)
  • However, elderly patients are more likely to have age-related liver, kidney, or heart problems, which may require caution and an adjustment in the dose for patients receiving budesonide rectal foam. (mayoclinic.org)