• Smell is the only sensory system with a back up, which throughout most of adult life forms new sensory neurons that express specific odor receptors. (scitechdaily.com)
  • We systematically examined the trichoid sensilla, one of the three major types of sensilla that house olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) on the Drosophila antenna, by electrophysiological analysis. (cardiff.ac.uk)
  • Olfactory receptors (ORs), also known as odorant receptors, are chemoreceptors expressed in the cell membranes of olfactory receptor neurons and are responsible for the detection of odorants (for example, compounds that have an odor) which give rise to the sense of smell. (wikipedia.org)
  • In vertebrates, the olfactory receptors are located in both the cilia and synapses of the olfactory sensory neurons and in the epithelium of the human airway. (wikipedia.org)
  • Olfactory sensory neurons express either a class I or class II olfactory receptor gene in order to express either class I (blue) or class II (pink) olfactory sensory neurons. (titech.ac.jp)
  • In female mosquitoes, AgOR1-expressing olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) were almost exclusively segregated in segments 3 to 9, whereas AgOR2-expressing ORNs were distributed over flagellomeres 2 to 13. (ijbs.com)
  • Insects detect and discriminate volatile odorants by means of olfactory receptor neurons (ORN) located in sensory structures called olfactory sensilla. (ijbs.com)
  • Olfactory receptors are supposed to act not only as molecular sensors for odorants but also as cell recognition molecules guiding the axons of olfactory neurons to their appropriate glomerulus in the olfactory bulb. (jneurosci.org)
  • On serial sections through the olfactory bulb of mOR37-transgenic mouse lines, double-labeling experiments demonstrated that distinct immunoreactive glomeruli corresponded to glomeruli that were targeted by neurons expressing a particular member of the mOR37 receptor subfamily. (jneurosci.org)
  • These data indicate that olfactory receptor (OR) proteins are indeed present in the axonal processes and nerve terminals of olfactory sensory neurons, thus supporting the notion that ORs may participate in the molecular processes underlying the fasciculation and targeting of olfactory axons. (jneurosci.org)
  • The various lines helped researchers pinpoint the neurons involved in signal transfer and to precisely locate the neuronal site of the interaction of two odors. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Buck was part of the team that won the Nobel Prize for identifying the receptors that allow olfactory neurons to detect odors. (scienceblog.com)
  • Across species, large numbers of odor receptor neurons with diverse sensitivities line peripheral structures. (nih.gov)
  • The receptor neurons project brain-ward, sorting by receptor type, and converging upon relatively small numbers of inter-connected glomeruli. (nih.gov)
  • Through the actions of interglomerular circuitry, principal neurons respond to odors with complex patterns of action potentials. (nih.gov)
  • Further, spikes from many principal neurons tend to fire together in oscillatory synchrony that is required for precise discrimination of odors. (nih.gov)
  • And all the neurons with receptors for the banana smell connect to the same part of the brain. (weos.org)
  • Younger thinks this finding that a mosquito's sense of smell is organized differently than expected (i.e., many neurons house multiple receptors instead of one) may explain why its ability to sniff people out is so tamper-proof. (weos.org)
  • Neural androgen receptors affect the number of surviving new neurons in the adult dentate gyrus of male mice. (neurotree.org)
  • There are many scents in the environment that can be detected by specific olfactory neurons through specific receptors. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Some odors selectively activate or inhibit a single olfactory neuron, while others can stimulate a group of neurons," Mutlu said. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • The researchers tested several odors in C. elegans and discovered that only certain scents dynamically regulate fat mobilization by interacting with specific olfactory neurons through specific receptors. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Specificity of olfactory perception integrates diverse environmental odors and olfactory neurons expressing different receptors. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Here, we report that specific but not all olfactory neurons actively regulate fat metabolism without affecting eating behaviors in Caenorhabditis elegans, and identified specific odors that reduce fat mobilization via inhibiting these neurons. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Prokineticin 2 and its receptor play a role in the development of a group of nerve cells that are specialized to process smells (olfactory neurons). (medlineplus.gov)
  • These neurons move (migrate) from the developing nose to a structure in the front of the brain called the olfactory bulb, which is critical for the perception of odors. (medlineplus.gov)
  • the SMart ELectronic OLfaction for Body Odor Diagnostics (SMELLODI) project aims at making a product (odor display) that enables the digitization, transmission, and synthesis of BOVs (body volatilomes) over time and space for various applications in fields such as the remote diagnostics and artificial olfaction. (nano-tud.de)
  • Crabtree, in 1978, had previously suggested that Cu(I) is "the most likely candidate for a metallo-receptor site in olfaction" for strong-smelling volatiles which are also good metal-coordinating ligands, such as thiols. (wikipedia.org)
  • Odorants can also be perceived by entering the nose posteriorly through the nasopharynx to reach the olfactory receptor via retronasal olfaction. (medscape.com)
  • Olfaction is now widely understood to require a high-dimensional representation - there exists no systematic, mathematically compact means to represent the odor world. (nih.gov)
  • For example, twenty years ago [the field of olfaction] made the most important discovery in the modern era of olfaction, which "was the identification and cloning of a large family of receptors in our noses that mediate the sense of smell that act like a lock. (realbeer.com)
  • As one of the work packages in the SMELLODI, we focus on the computational modeling of mucin-based receptors (synthesized by HUJI) for body odor molecules adsorption process by atomistic simulations. (nano-tud.de)
  • In 2023, he joined Prof. Cuniberti's chair as a PHD student under supervision of Dr. Gutierrez and Dr. Dianat with the topic of odor molecules sensing by receptor-functionalized graphene. (nano-tud.de)
  • Rather than binding specific ligands, olfactory receptors display affinity for a range of odor molecules, and conversely a single odorant molecule may bind to a number of olfactory receptors with varying affinities, which depend on physio-chemical properties of molecules like their molecular volumes. (wikipedia.org)
  • As evidence it has been shown that flies can differentiate between two odor molecules which only differ in hydrogen isotope (which will drastically change vibrational energy levels of the molecule). (wikipedia.org)
  • Such isotope effects are exceedingly common, and so it is well known that deuterium substitution will indeed change the binding constants of molecules to protein receptors. (wikipedia.org)
  • The vibrant colorful world, however, pales in comparison to the complexity of the chemical world, with its many millions of odors, each composed of hundreds of molecules, all varying greatly in shape, size and properties. (rockefeller.edu)
  • The olfactory system has to recognize a vast number of molecules with only a few hundred odor receptors or even less," says Rockefeller neuroscientist Vanessa Ruta . (rockefeller.edu)
  • While most receptors are precisely shaped to pair with only a few select molecules in a lock-and-key fashion, most olfactory receptors each bind to a large number of different molecules. (rockefeller.edu)
  • The researchers chose OR5, a receptor from the jumping bristletail with broad recognition ability, responding to 60 percent of the small molecules they tested. (rockefeller.edu)
  • To stimulate the olfactory receptors, airborne molecules must pass through the nasal cavity with relatively turbulent air currents and contact the receptors. (medscape.com)
  • The olfactory epithelium contains special receptors that are sensitive to odor molecules that travel through the air. (kidshealth.org)
  • There are hundreds of different odor receptors, each with the ability to sense certain odor molecules. (kidshealth.org)
  • Your nose has special receptors that are sensitive to odor molecules travelling through the air. (softschools.com)
  • To determine what turns the receptors on, his team cloned more than 500 receptors each from 20 people that had slight variations of only one or two amino acids and systematically exposed them to odor molecules that might excite the receptors. (duke.edu)
  • The thousands of detectable odor and taste molecules come in many shapes and sizes, with different charge distributions and functional groups. (nih.gov)
  • Taste molecules, like odor molecules, are complex and diverse, suggesting gustatory and olfactory systems may face similar information-processing challenges. (nih.gov)
  • Olfactory receptors detect the different scent molecules present in the inhaled air. (petside.com)
  • The team found, for instance, that the 1,200 different types of odor receptors do more than just detect smells in the environment, but they also act as a sort of molecular glue, expressed late in maturation, that locks axons into proper targets in the brain. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Thus, by using a chemical that binds to copper in the mouse nose, so that copper wasn't available to the receptors, the authors showed that the mice couldn't detect the thiols. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tests included those for the ability to detect certain odors, depression and mobility assessments. (news-medical.net)
  • What other kinds of naturally occurring odors might they be able to detect? (scienceblog.com)
  • The team built an olfactory map that identifies exactly which receptor pairs detect and process specific odors. (icr.org)
  • These interactions enable ORNs to do two things at once: They detect odors and regulate their own signals. (icr.org)
  • Miklos said that chemical receptors in a human nose don't each detect one smell. (defencetalk.com)
  • Until Younger and the others started poking around inside mosquito brains, where she found that each neuron has multiple receptors that can detect multiple odors. (weos.org)
  • You can detect their delicious scent because we humans have receptors on the surfaces of the cells that line the inside of our noses. (morungexpress.com)
  • But any fly that can detect the useful odor signal, which means "nutritious fly food here," will have an advantage. (morungexpress.com)
  • She also defined two chemoreceptors that together detect carbon dioxide and a second major family of insect chemosensory receptors related to the ionotropic glutamate receptors. (nasonline.org)
  • In a new study, Ruta and her colleagues offer answers to the decades-old question of odor recognition by providing the first-ever molecular views of an olfactory receptor at work. (rockefeller.edu)
  • A research team led by the Leibniz Institute of Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich has now discovered which odorant receptor humans use to perceive para-cresol. (technologynetworks.com)
  • A research team led by Dietmar Krautwurst from the Leibniz Institute in Freising has now succeeded for the first time in identifying the human odorant receptor for para-cresol using a cellular test system. (technologynetworks.com)
  • The researchers tested which of more than 600 human odorant receptor variants responded to para-cresol. (technologynetworks.com)
  • Each odor-detecting neuron (referred to as olfactory sensory neuron from here on), chooses a single odorant receptor gene from a fairly large number of options that are split into class I (fish-like) and class II (terrestrial-specific) odorant receptors. (titech.ac.jp)
  • The study 'A long-range cis -regulatory element for class I odorant receptor genes' published in Nature Communications was a collaborative effort between Tokyo Tech, the University of Tokyo, Nihon BioData Corporation and RIKEN Brain Science Institute. (titech.ac.jp)
  • In this study, we have explored the expression of these olfactory proteins, as well as the ubiquitous odorant receptor heteromerization partner AgOR7, in the thirteen flagellomeres (segments) of female and male antenna. (ijbs.com)
  • CITATION: The missense of smell: functional variability in the human odorant receptor repertoire, Joel D Mainland, Andreas Keller, et al. (duke.edu)
  • The team then investigated whether the receptor also responded to other odorants. (technologynetworks.com)
  • Release odorants through a high stack causing dilution of the odorants before receptors are exposed. (cdc.gov)
  • Add additional odorants or substances into the atmosphere to change the perceived intensity or character of an odor. (cdc.gov)
  • Odorants diffuse into the mucous and are transported to the olfactory receptor. (medscape.com)
  • By exposing each receptor to a very small concentration -- 1, 10, or 100 micromoles -- of 73 odorants, such as vanillin or guaiacol, the group was able to identify 27 receptors that had a significant response to at least one odorant. (duke.edu)
  • While female Anopheles rely on their sense of smell to find a blood host in addition to sugar providing plants and appropriate oviposition sites [ 1 ], the nectar feeding male mosquitoes mainly use their olfactory system to locate host plant odors [ 2 , 3 ]. (ijbs.com)
  • Despite their diversity, these receptors function the same way: They form an ion channel-a pore through which charged particles flow-that opens only when the receptor encounters its target odorant, ultimately activating the sensory cells that initiate the sense of smell. (rockefeller.edu)
  • In comparison, humans -who rely more on vision than smell- have about 350 odor receptors and five TAARs. (scienceblog.com)
  • With its "Biological Nose," ChemCom also possesses a technology that can imitate the human sense of smell and facilitate the search for suitable receptor-blockers. (symrise.com)
  • Smell and taste disorders can be total (all odors or tastes), partial (affecting several odors or tastes), or specific (only one or a select few odors or tastes). (medscape.com)
  • The sense of smell is mediated through stimulation of the olfactory receptor cells by volatile chemicals. (medscape.com)
  • When the smell receptors are stimulated, signals travel along the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulb . (kidshealth.org)
  • High concentration -can paralyze smell receptors. (osu.edu)
  • These receptors control the sensors that determine how we smell odors. (duke.edu)
  • We found that individuals can be very different at the receptor levels, meaning that when we smell something, the receptors that are activated can be very different (from one person to the next) depending on your genome. (duke.edu)
  • To do that, we need to know which receptors are being activated by certain chemicals and the consequences of those activations in terms of how we feel and smell. (duke.edu)
  • Everything you smell triggers every receptor to a slightly different extent. (defencetalk.com)
  • Mutate a mosquito so it's insensitive to carbon dioxide - which primes them to scan for cues like odor - or fiddle with portions of its ability to smell and it can still zero in on people and bite them. (weos.org)
  • But this mechanism of one kind of receptor per neuron has been the party line for how smell generally works. (weos.org)
  • When your nose is stuffy, less air may reach your smell receptor cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Mosquitoes also have multiple smell (or "olfactory") receptors in different locations: the antennae, the maxillary palp (near the mouth), and the proboscis (a mouth-like tube that helps the insect drink). (medlineplus.gov)
  • This sebum combines with sweat and slowly evaporates into the air, which affects the way we smell-our "odor. (medlineplus.gov)
  • While in her lab, Liberles identified a new type of olfactory receptor, the trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs). (scienceblog.com)
  • Approximately half of the members of the human GPCR superfamily are chemosensory receptors, including odorant receptors (ORs), trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs), bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs), sweet and umami taste receptors (TAS1Rs). (mdpi.com)
  • We have found that mice can readily learn to place multiple odors into rewarded and unrewarded categories. (jneurosci.org)
  • However, males of various blood-sucking mosquito species are known to also respond to odors emanating from hosts of the females [ 2 ], which may allow them to find their mating partners at the host location. (ijbs.com)
  • These receptors are very small - there are about 10 million of them in your nose! (kidshealth.org)
  • Hiroaki Matsunami led a team of scientists who systematically explored the triggers for specific odor receptors in the nose. (duke.edu)
  • A given odor will activate a suite of receptors in the nose, creating a specific signal for the brain. (duke.edu)
  • Miklos said a human nose has a "couple hundred" receptors to recognize odors. (defencetalk.com)
  • But that doesn't mean that a nose is capable of recognizing only a couple hundred odors. (defencetalk.com)
  • There isn't one receptor in your nose that is for the scent of a rose," he said. (defencetalk.com)
  • Odors establish a pattern in your nose and your brain recognizes it. (defencetalk.com)
  • Each neuron in the nose or antenna has one kind of receptor that detects a single kind of odor - say, a banana. (weos.org)
  • Or for example, as the case with other animals, they're more willing to put their nose where the odors are, shall we say, delicately. (realbeer.com)
  • Analyzing the underlying neural mechanisms, the neurobiologists were able to elucidate how the odor signals were processed in the fly brain and determine which brain areas were activated. (scitechdaily.com)
  • These receptors send signals to the brain: yummy food ahead. (morungexpress.com)
  • These receptors then convert the chemical signals into electrical signals for the cat's brain to decipher. (petside.com)
  • Furthermore, we discovered that FLP-1 neuropeptide released from this olfactory neural circuit signals through peripheral NPR-4/neuropeptide receptor, SGK-1/serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase, and specific isoforms of DAF-16/FOXO transcription factor to regulate fat storage. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • These mutations disrupt the protein's activity, affecting its ability to bind to its receptor to send signals normally. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Reference: "Odorant receptors regulate the final glomerular coalescence of olfactory sensory neuron axons" by Diego J. Rodriguez-Gil, Dianna L. Bartel, Austin W. Jaspers, Arie S. Mobley, Fumiaki Imamura and Charles A. Greer, 20 April 2015, PNAS . (scitechdaily.com)
  • Once the odorant has bound to the odor receptor, the receptor undergoes structural changes and it binds and activates the olfactory-type G protein on the inside of the olfactory receptor neuron. (wikipedia.org)
  • The cAMP opens cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels which allow calcium and sodium ions to enter into the cell, depolarizing the olfactory receptor neuron and beginning an action potential which carries the information to the brain. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2 They ran a series of tests on the cells, each called an olfactory receptor neuron (ORN). (icr.org)
  • We find that none respond strongly to food odors but that all respond to fly odors. (cardiff.ac.uk)
  • Reference: "Electrical synapses mediate synergism between pheromone and food odors in Drosophila melanogaster" by Sudeshna Das, Federica Trona, Mohammed A. Khallaf, Elisa Schuh, Markus Knaden, Bill S. Hansson and Silke Sachse, 31 October 2017, PNAS . (scitechdaily.com)
  • They showed in animals with a PAN receptor that was no longer functional that it is necessary for the perception of PAN and the suppression of cannibalistic behavior. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Vinegar odor boosts the perception of a male sex pheromone in the brain of unmated female Drosophila melanogaster flies, as a team of scientists from the Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology has now discovered. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Today, Symrise is one of the first companies in the scent industry with the capability to influence the perception of undesired odors in a targeted manner through receptor interactions. (symrise.com)
  • Fourth: Suppression of odor perception at the receptor level. (symrise.com)
  • Expanding upon her previous discoveries, the lab focuses on identifying genes that govern the perception of odors, carbon dioxide, heat and other factors. (nasonline.org)
  • Although the jumping bristletail's olfactory system is simple, its receptors belong to a large family of receptors with tens of millions of variants thought to exist in hundreds of thousands of different insect species. (rockefeller.edu)
  • The olfactory receptors form a multigene family consisting of around 800 genes in humans and 1400 genes in mice. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mechanism by which J element determines expression of olfactory receptor genes. (titech.ac.jp)
  • This is a novel mechanism of expression of these receptor genes that is based on the gene regulatory region that determines if genes will be turned on or off. (titech.ac.jp)
  • Junji Hirota at Tokyo Tech and team focused on discovering a long-range enhancer for a large gene cluster, finding an evolutionary conserved sequence motif in mammalian evolution, and elucidating enhancer-dependent allelic preference or exclusion mechanism for odor-detecting receptor genes. (titech.ac.jp)
  • Since locusts have more than 140 olfactory receptor genes, the research team had to clone as many genes as possible and test them one by one. (sciencedaily.com)
  • There are about 400 genes coding for the receptors in our noses, and according to the 1000 Genomes Project, there are more than 900,000 variations of those genes. (duke.edu)
  • The study didn't look at the promoter regions of the genes, which are highly variable, or gene copy number variation, which is very high in odor receptors, so the 30 percent figure for the difference between individuals is probably conservative, Matsunami said. (duke.edu)
  • While researchers had earlier identified the genes that encode for odor receptors, it has been a mystery how the receptors are activated, Matsunami said. (duke.edu)
  • These receptors are members of the class A rhodopsin-like family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). (wikipedia.org)
  • G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) belong to the largest class of drug targets. (mdpi.com)
  • Both neural and global androgen receptor overexpression affect sexual dimorphism in the mouse brain. (neurotree.org)
  • And we have our noses stuck up here five or six feet in the air, when all the good odors are about eight or 10 inches off the ground. (realbeer.com)
  • Cats have highly sensitive noses because they possess 200 million odor receptors. (floridayards.org)
  • The authors write that understanding the molecular basis of predator odor recognition by rodents will provide crucial tools to study the neural circuitry associated with innate behavior. (scienceblog.com)
  • Going from chemicals to receptors to neural circuits to behaviors is a Holy Grail of neuroscience. (scienceblog.com)
  • Of these, only one other odorant, the structurally similar 4-ethylphenol, was able to significantly activate the receptor. (technologynetworks.com)
  • Thus both odors activate the same olfactory glomerulus, just through different neuronal pathways. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Humans and animals alike naturally synthesize endocannabinoids, chemical compounds that activate the same receptors as delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the active component of marijuana ( Cannabis sativa ). (medscape.com)
  • In insects, olfactory receptors are located on the antennae and other chemosensory organs. (wikipedia.org)
  • After detecting exhaled carbon dioxide, a mosquito follows the odor and begins to sense body heat from the host. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Primitive olfactory receptors of the jumping bristletail are thought to be amongst the most evolutionarily ancient versions of olfactory receptors in insects. (rockefeller.edu)
  • He and his collaborators at the La Jolla campus of UC San Diego found that the odor-detector cells in the insects' antennae talk to one another in a way that saves brainpower. (icr.org)
  • Over time, the insects that have the receptors for those scents will have better survival rates and produce more offspring. (morungexpress.com)
  • In a recent but highly controversial interpretation, it has also been speculated that olfactory receptors might really sense various vibrational energy-levels of a molecule rather than structural motifs via quantum coherence mechanisms. (wikipedia.org)
  • They then examined OR5's structure alone and also bound to a chemical, either eugenol, a common odor molecule, or DEET, the insect repellent. (rockefeller.edu)
  • The channel pore (blue) of an olfactory receptor dilates (pink) when an odor molecule binds to the receptor. (rockefeller.edu)
  • It's been known so long that predator odors are great rodent deterrents, but we've discovered one molecule that's a key part of this ecological relationship," Ferrero said. (scienceblog.com)
  • I think that's a good analogy because these hundreds of different receptors that Stuart just mentioned essentially are recognizing different features of a molecule. (realbeer.com)
  • To form a basic understanding of odorant recognition we need to know how a single receptor can recognize multiple different chemicals, which is a key feature of how the olfactory system works and has been a mystery," says Josefina del Mármol, a postdoc in Ruta's lab. (rockefeller.edu)
  • The odor of whatever chemical is being tested interacts with the assay to create reactions - or a lack of reaction - among each of the indicator chemicals. (defencetalk.com)
  • Our odor is a complex blend of chemicals that can act as a form of communication within and across species, so when we sweat or are in a humid environment, we're communicating with others that we're around…and that includes mosquitoes. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Odor, taste, and light receptors are present in many different parts of the body, and they have surprisingly diverse functions. (the-scientist.com)
  • Mosquitoes have taste receptors on their feet as well as their tongue, so once it lands, the mosquito can taste the host even before it bites. (medlineplus.gov)
  • When you sniff in air, the air passes over the receptor cells at the top of your nasal cavity. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A team of NIH-funded researchers tested different odors that mosquitoes are drawn to―including humans, rats, guinea pigs, dog hair, and milkweed flowers―and found that each one activated different combinations of glomeruli in the mosquitoes' brains: One glomeruli responded only to animal odors, another to only human odors, and a third to both animal and human odors. (medlineplus.gov)
  • We then systematically tested all members of the Odor receptor (Or) gene family 5, 6 and 7 that are expressed in trichoid sensilla [8] by using an in vivo expression system [9]. (cardiff.ac.uk)
  • Scientists at Tokyo Tech have identified a regulatory sequence that turns gene expression on, or simply an enhancer, for odor-detecting receptors, which form one of the largest gene clusters in the mouse genome. (titech.ac.jp)
  • A different amino acid on the same gene in your friend's body could mean he finds the same odor offensive, according to researchers at Duke University. (duke.edu)
  • This protein interacts with another protein called prokineticin receptor 2 (produced from the PROKR2 gene). (medlineplus.gov)
  • But trimethylamine, a related organic compound that activates TAAR5, a receptor found in humans, is deeply repugnant to people. (scienceblog.com)
  • According to Liberles, "In humans, the parts of the brain that deal with likes and dislikes go awry in many diseases, like drug addiction, and predator odor responses have been used to model stress and anxiety disorders. (scienceblog.com)
  • Flies can sense odors long before humans and their competitors can. (morungexpress.com)
  • Sniffing always involves the drawing in of "airborne" odor or scent particles. (petside.com)
  • These particles go straight into the animal's nasal chambers where its olfactory receptors pick up the airborne scent. (petside.com)
  • Research has shown that an odor can stimulate several different kinds of receptors. (kidshealth.org)
  • To scrutinize the hypothesis that olfactory receptor proteins may also be present in the axonal processes and the nerve terminals, serial sections through the olfactory bulb were probed with the antibodies. (jneurosci.org)
  • Ammonia has a very strong, pungent odor. (osu.edu)
  • For both the Ethyl acrylate (EA) is a substance with a pungent and annoying odor. (cdc.gov)
  • He wondered, could TAARs (which appear to have originally evolved from neurotransmitter receptors that mediate behavior and emotion) play a role in the social behavior of rodents? (scienceblog.com)
  • Activated olfactory receptors trigger nerve impulses which transmit information about odor to the brain. (wikipedia.org)
  • They used functional imaging techniques to monitor and visualize brain activity induced by the sex pheromone, by vinegar, and by both odors together. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Different neighboring glomeruli in the brain respond to the odor of vinegar, and the excitation from those glomeruli is transmitted to DA1 via electrical synapses," says first author, Sudeshna Das, who came to the Max Planck Institute as a fellow from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. (scitechdaily.com)
  • From there, the brain can figure out the odor by considering the activation pattern of combinations of receptors. (rockefeller.edu)
  • What happens between the receptors and the parts of the brain that trigger that avoidance behavior remains a mystery, one with direct medical relevance. (scienceblog.com)
  • The brain interprets the combination of receptors to recognize any one of about 10,000 different smells. (kidshealth.org)
  • In fact, when comparing the receptors in any two people, they should be about 30 percent different, said Matsunami, who is also a member of the Neurobiology Graduate Program and the Duke Institute for Brain Sciences. (duke.edu)
  • If you think of it, odor is a key, and when they fit together, the brain is clued in to the fact that this odor is out there somehow. (realbeer.com)
  • Prokineticin 2 and its receptor are produced in many organs and tissues, including the small intestine, certain regions of the brain, and several hormone-producing (endocrine) tissues. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Prokineticin 2 and its receptor are active in a region of the brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which acts as an internal clock that controls circadian rhythms. (medlineplus.gov)
  • These receptors connect to specific parts of the mosquito brain called "glomeruli," which respond to different kinds of smells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Through single-cell recordings in behaving male and female C57BL/6 mice, we show here that an explicit representation for reward category emerges in the OT within minutes of learning a novel odor-reward association, whereas the pPC lacks an explicit representation even after weeks of overtraining. (jneurosci.org)
  • Mice have about 1200 kinds of odor receptors, and 14 kinds of TAARs. (scienceblog.com)
  • Non-androgenic testicular mediation of androphilia in male mice with global overexpression of androgen receptors. (neurotree.org)
  • The increased willingness to mate in the presence of sufficient food is important with respect to reproductive success, which is probably why this rare synergistic interaction between the responses to two different odors has evolved. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Therefore, the present study the low concentration we investigated, carboxylic acids might act aims at investigating these effects, emphasizing also distractive via ASIC receptors that are not involved in neurogenic responses. (cdc.gov)
  • Working with commercially available predator and prey urine (used by gardeners to keep pests out of their crops and by hunters to mask their own scent or as lures for prey), Ferrero discovered that one of the 14 TAARs, TAAR4, detected the odor of several carnivores. (scienceblog.com)
  • On the other hand, flehming always involves "moisture"-based odor or scent particles. (petside.com)
  • The team turned to the jumping bristletail, a ground-dwelling insect whose genome has been recently sequenced and has only five kinds of olfactory receptors. (rockefeller.edu)
  • She identified the insect odorant receptors and showed that they function as odor-gated ion channels. (nasonline.org)
  • Altogether, the results demonstrate that both sexes express the two olfactory receptor types as well as the binding protein AgOBP1 but there is a significant sexual dimorphism concerning the number and distribution of these cells. (ijbs.com)
  • Next, the research team took a closer look at the specific chemical compounds in the odors that lit up the "human-detecting" glomeruli and narrowed in on a substance called "sebum," an oily and somewhat waxy substance made by skin and hair follicles that coats and protects the skin from harm. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Golebiowski, Ma and Matsunami showed that the mechanism of ligand recognition, although similar to other non-olfactory class A GPCRs, involves residues specific to olfactory receptors, notably in the sixth helix. (wikipedia.org)
  • The receptors AgOR1 and AgOR2, as well as the binding protein AgOBP1, have been implicated in the recognition of human host odors. (ijbs.com)
  • However, the valence-based organization in fruit flies can selectively transmit positive or negative valence odor information to effectively guide behaviors. (icr.org)
  • Cues that would steer them to a target like the complex blend of human body odor - an aroma that's magnetic to a mosquito. (weos.org)
  • 24 compounds were found to be biologically active in male olfactory receptors based on gas chromatography with electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD). (bioone.org)
  • Gas chromatography (GC) analyses of odors from individual flowers showed less intraspecific variation in the odor bouquets of the biologically active compounds as compared to nonactive compounds. (bioone.org)
  • On the cell surface, prokineticin 2 attaches (binds) to the receptor like a key in a lock. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The cooperation with ChemCom will help us expand our Neofresh ® range with specific blockers that efficiently combat bad odors," says Dr. Marco Singer, Head of Fragrance Performance at Symrise. (symrise.com)
  • These fine hairs are made up of special cells that contain receptors for specific odors . (morungexpress.com)
  • The male sex pheromone, in contrast to the vinegar, activates DA1 directly through the specialized olfactory receptor Or67d. (scitechdaily.com)
  • We were able to show in our study that vinegar odor enhances the reactions of female flies to the male sex pheromone significantly. (scitechdaily.com)
  • When sensors are arranged in an arbitrary manner (top), conflicting odor information may confuse animals. (icr.org)
  • The primary sequences of thousands of olfactory receptors are known from the genomes of more than a dozen organisms: they are seven-helix transmembrane proteins, but there are very few solved structures. (wikipedia.org)
  • Odor-detection in the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae involves large families of diverse proteins, including multiple odorant binding proteins (AgOBPs) and olfactory receptors (AgORs). (ijbs.com)
  • This concept implies that olfactory receptor proteins are located in sensory cilia and in the axons. (jneurosci.org)
  • By means of immunohistochemistry and double-labeling studies using transgenic mouse lines as well as Western blot analyses, it was demonstrated that the newly generated antibodies specifically recognized the receptor proteins. (jneurosci.org)
  • In this study, antibodies were generated against unique epitopes of distinct OR types and used in immunohistochemical experiments to visualize the receptor proteins in whole-mount preparations and tissue sections of the olfactory system. (jneurosci.org)
  • The goal of the partnership is the development and identification of aromatic substances that can neutralize unpleasant odors. (symrise.com)
  • In order to further expand the Neofresh ® platform, Symrise hopes to neutralize additional unpleasant odors at the receptor level in the future. (symrise.com)
  • The neutralization of unpleasant odors is a field of research with immense relevance for Symrise. (symrise.com)