Receptors mitogen activated protein kinases. Medical search. Frequent questions

G protein-coupled receptors can activate Erk MAPK pathways through a variety of mechanisms, including stimulation of Src, phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI-3-K), protein kinase C (PKC), or the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor tyrosine kinase. (aspetjournals.org)
In isolated strips of rat aorta, the MAPK/Erk kinase inhibitor U0126 (50 μM), Src inhibitor PP1 (0.5 μM), PKC inhibitors calphostin C (1 μM) and chelerythrine (10 μM), and the PI-3-K inhibitor LY294002 (1-20 μM) reduced 5-HT-induced contraction. (aspetjournals.org)
Activated nongenomically by L-thyroxine (T4), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) complexed in 19-20 min with endogenous nuclear thyroid hormone receptor (TRβ1 or TR) in nuclear fractions of 293T cells, resulting in serine phosphorylation of TR. (tmu.edu.tw)
Treatment of cells with the MAPK kinase inhibitor, PD 98059, prevented both T4-induced nuclear MAPK-TR co-immuno-precipitation and serine phosphorylation of TR. (tmu.edu.tw)
T4 treatment caused dissociation of TR and SMRT (silencing mediator of retinoid and thyroid hormone receptor), an effect also inhibited by PD 98059 and presumptively a result of association of nuclear MAPK with TR. (tmu.edu.tw)
Transfection into CV-1 cells of TR gene constructs in which one or both zinc fingers in the TR DNA-binding domain were replaced with those from the glucocorticoid receptor localized the site of TR phosphorylation by T4-activated MAPK to a serine in the second zinc finger of the TR DNA-binding domain. (tmu.edu.tw)
In an in vitro cell- and hormone-free system, purified activated MAPK phosphorylated recombinant human TRβ1 (102-461). (tmu.edu.tw)
Thus, T4 activates MAPK and causes MAPK-mediated serine phosphorylation of TRβ1 and dissociation of TR and the co-repressor SMRT. (tmu.edu.tw)
Mechanistically, HD-13 activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kB (NF- κ B) signals. (hindawi.com)
In conclusion, HD-13 may activate MAPK and NF- κ B pathways via accelerating TLR9 expression, thereby accelerating the inflammatory response in the progression of swine pneumonia. (hindawi.com)
It has been reported that various hosts recognize lipopolysaccharides in the cell membrane structure through TLR9 and activate downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear transcription factor- κ B (NF- κ B) pathways mediated by MyD88 to promote the MAPK protein phosphorylation, and NF- κ B enters the nucleus, further releasing cellular inflammatory factors [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
The opioid receptor activation regulates a variety of intracellular signaling, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. (iasp-pain.org)
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways are essential to the adaptation to the human host. (bath.ac.uk)
Our global phosphoproteome network analysis showed an enrichment for protein kinases, RNA recognition motif domains, and the MAPK signaling pathway. (bath.ac.uk)
The Shc- and/or Grb2-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is a common target downstream of all ErbB receptors. (genome.jp)
Adenosine A2A receptor agonist polydeoxyribonucleotide ameliorates short-term memory impairment by suppressing cerebral ischemia-induced inflammation via MAPK pathway. (iasp-pain.org)
Cerebral ischemia causes tissue death owing to occlusion of the cerebral blood vessels, and cerebral ischemia activates mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and induces secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. (iasp-pain.org)
Johan Lennartsson's research focuses on platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling in normal physiology and cancer. (onclive.com)
Stimulation of CD30 leads signal mediation through tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated proteins (TRAF), thereby stimulating the nuclear factor-kappa B (NFkB) pathway and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. (aad.org)
In recent years, the MAPK family has been found to be an important signal-regulating enzyme between cell surface receptors and determinants of gene expression ( 8 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Pexmetinib is a potent inhibitor of cytokine synthesis, via the dual inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and Tie2/Tek receptor tyrosine kinase. (adooq.com)
Additionally, approximately 66% of melanomas harbour the BRAFV600E mutation, which represents a constitutive signal of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) that is known to phosphorylate a range of substrates, resulting in the regulation involved in hyper-proliferation and survival of transformed cells. (bl.uk)
Thus far, no reports have shown that MAPK can influence VDR function however, it is known that MAPK can phosphorylate a subgroup of nuclear receptors, which VDR is a member of, and thereby alter their signalling. (bl.uk)
An abrogation of MAPK activity by the clinically applied BRAFV600E inhibitor vemurafenib (PLX4032) or MEK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 has shown to downregulate the overall VDR levels in BRAFV600E melanoma, in part by shortening the half-life of this protein involving proteasomal activity. (bl.uk)
We identified two potential MAPK acceptor sites on VDR protein, which are T175 and S177 on VDR isoform 1 and T225 and S227 on VDR isoform 2, both of which lie within the PEST region that is commonly associated with short-lived regulatory proteins mediated through the ubiquitinproteasome system. (bl.uk)
The results suggest that PQ may generate reactive oxygen species, impair the MAPK/p53 signaling pathway, activate angiogenesis and depress apoptosis in the lungs. (cdc.gov)
The disorder is caused by a dominantly inherited FGFR3 mutation that permanently activates the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) and its downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. (medscape.com)

Activation of these receptors sustained the undifferentiated state of GICs in culture by negatively modulating the action of bone morphogenetic proteins, which physiologically signal through the phosphorylation of the transcription factors, Smads. (nih.gov)
Src-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of dynamin is required for beta2-adrenergic receptor internalization and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. (musc.edu)
Concomitant activation of the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor, Akt, and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1 and 2 as well as increased phosphorylation of Bad also were unique to the hippocampus of APP Sw mice. (jneurosci.org)
Here, we biochemically demonstrated that the systemic crotalphine activates ERK1/2 and JNK and decreases the phosphorylation of p38 in the lumbar spinal cord. (iasp-pain.org)
The beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 1 (beta ARK1) is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) family that mediates the agonist-dependent phosphorylation and desensitization of G protein-coupled receptors. (duke.edu)
We constructed phosphomutants for the phosphorylation sites of several proteins differentially phosphorylated in the wild-type and mutant strains. (bath.ac.uk)
Mapk8 is a member of the MAP kinase group that is activated by dual phosphorylation at thr and tyr residues during exposure to stress such as UV irradiation. (creativebiomart.net)
Ligand binding to the four closely related members of this RTK family -epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, also known as ErbB-1 or HER1), ErbB-2 (HER2), ErbB-3 (HER3), and ErbB-4 (HER4)-induces the formation of receptor homo- and heterodimers and the activation of the intrinsic kinase domain, resulting in phosphorylation on specific tyrosine residues (pY) within the cytoplasmic tail. (genome.jp)
We further demonstrated that in vitro administration of pro-inflammatory lipopolysaccharide (LPS) significantly upregulated expression levels of CCL2 and CXCL1 as well as phosphorylation (activation) of the stress-associated transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and p38 in cultured astrocytes prepared from cerebral cortices of neonatal rats. (researchsquare.com)
Furthermore, PDRN treatment enhanced the concentration of cyclic adenosine-3,5'-monophosphate (cAMP) as well as phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein (p-CREB). (iasp-pain.org)

Thus, PAR 2 can signal to multiple pathways that are differentially triggered by distinct proteinase-revealed TLs or by synthetic signal-selective activating peptides. (aspetjournals.org)
In certain cells, activation of FP also stimulates G12/G13-Gβγ G proteins to activate the Rho family of GTPases signaling proteins and Gi-Gβγ G proteins to activateRaf/MEK/mitogen-activated kinase pathways. (wikipedia.org)
What pathways are this gene/protein implicaed in? (cancerindex.org)
Endothelin-1 Protects Human Melanocytes from UV-Induced DNA Damage by Activating JNK and p38 Signaling Pathways. (uc.edu)
The ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) couples binding of extracellular growth factor ligands to intracellular signaling pathways regulating diverse biologic responses, including proliferation, differentiation, cell motility, and survival. (genome.jp)
Signaling effectors containing binding pockets for pY-containing peptides are recruited to activated receptors and induce the various signaling pathways. (genome.jp)
This knowledge may then be used to develop drugs that interfere with these pathways, with the ultimate goal of simultaneously striking against both KIT receptor activity as well as intracellular circuits. (onclive.com)
The pathways involved in cellular differentiation or transformation are Smad, Rho proteins, and PI3-kinase. (molvis.org)
CD30 is a transmembrane glycoprotein receptor of the tumor necrosis factor receptor super family 8 (TNFRSF8), mediating its effects through a number of signaling pathways that produce a survival advantage to the cells on which the protein is overexpressed. (aad.org)
All over- and under-represented proteins were subjected to Ingenuity Pathway Analysis to create 25 biological networks and 38 pathways of interacting protein clusters. (cdc.gov)

Animal and human studies have found that the stimulation of FP receptors located on Ciliary muscle and trabecular meshwork cells of the eye widens the drainage channels (termed the uveoscleral pathway) that they form. (wikipedia.org)
The cross-talk between mGlu3 receptors and BMP receptors was mediated by the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. (nih.gov)
The expression of transthyretin, a protein shown to sequester Aβ and prevent amyloid fibril formation in vitro , and several genes in the insulin-signaling pathway, e.g., insulin-like growth factor-2, were increased selectively in the hippocampus of APP Sw mice. (jneurosci.org)
On the other hand, PQQ did not inhibit the signaling pathway from RANK/RANKL binding to NFATc1 activation, including NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). (nih.gov)
Our phosphoproteomics allowed the identification of novel kinases and transcription factors (TFs) involved in osmotic stress and in the cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway. (bath.ac.uk)
This showed the involvement of the HOG pathway and identified novel protein kinases and transcription factors, which were confirmed by fungal genetics to be involved in promoting tolerance of cell wall damage. (bath.ac.uk)
Similarly, the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI-3K) pathway is directly or indirectly activated by most ErbBs. (genome.jp)
Major functions regulated by this pathway include cell survival and acting as a guiding cue for migrating cells expressing the KIT receptor. (onclive.com)
Over-represented proteins were involved in the C-jun-amino-terminal kinase pathway, caveolae-mediated endocytosis signaling, cardiovascular-cancer-respiratory pathway, regulation of clathrin-mediated endocytosis, non-small cell lung cancer signaling, pulmonary hypertension, glutamate receptor, immune response and angiogenesis. (cdc.gov)
Under-represented proteins occurred in the p53 signaling pathway, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway, cartilage development and angiogenesis inhibition in the PQ-treated lungs. (cdc.gov)
Taken together, MNNG&HPV regulates autophagy and further accelerates cell appreciation by activating the p62/KEAP1/NRF2 and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. (bvsalud.org)
Phase II Study of Selumetinib in Children and Young Adults With Tumors Harboring Activating Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway Genetic Alterations: Arm E of the NCI-COG Pediatric MATCH Trial. (cdc.gov)

The EGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor AG1478 (0.25-1 μM) was without effect. (aspetjournals.org)
Expression of a beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 1 inhibitor prevents the development of myocardial failure in gene-targeted mice. (duke.edu)
Functionally active targeting domain of the beta-adrenergic receptor kinase: an inhibitor of G beta gamma-mediated stimulation of type II adenylyl cyclase. (duke.edu)
U0126 is a potent and selective non-competitive inhibitor of MAP kinase kinase. (rndsystems.com)
Identification of a novel inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase. (rndsystems.com)
Our study examined the effect of a selective Rho kinase inhibitor, Y-27632, on corneal wound healing and potential stromal scarring after superficial keratectomy. (molvis.org)
Free shipping on inhibitor and protein orders over $500. (adooq.com)
SB202190 is a highly selective, potent and cell-permeable inhibitor of p38 MAP kinase. (adooq.com)
SB 203580 is a specific inhibitor of p38α and p38β which suppresses downstream activation of MAPKAP kinase-2 and heat shock protein 27. (adooq.com)

5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) activates the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in the vasculature, resulting in contraction. (aspetjournals.org)
Using primary cultures of sensory neurons, it was demonstrated that crotalphine increases the level of activated ERK1/2 and JNK-MAPKs and this increase is dependent on the activation of protein kinase Cζ (PKCζ). (iasp-pain.org)
Upon cell wall stress, MAPKs phosphorylate multiple target proteins involved in the remodeling of the cell wall. (bath.ac.uk)
Primary astrocytes were stimulated with LPS following TRAF6 siRNA or control transfection, and NF-κB, MAPKs, chemokine, and chemokine receptor expression levels evaluated by western blotting and ELISA. (researchsquare.com)
MAPKs are short for the mitogen-activated protein kinase family. (spandidos-publications.com)

To do so, we mutated the proteolytically revealed TL sequence of rPAR 2 and examined the impact on stimulating intracellular calcium transients and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase. (aspetjournals.org)
These include the adaptors Crk, Nck, the phospholipase C gamma (PLCgamma), the intracellular tyrosine kinase Src, or the Cbl E3 ubiquitin protein ligase. (genome.jp)
In cells lacking expression of Ca 2+ -mobilizing G proteins, coexpression of human GPR40 and Gα q allowed medium- and long-chain fatty acids to elevate intracellular [Ca 2+ ]. (aspetjournals.org)

beta2-Adrenergic receptor regulation by GIT1, a G protein-coupled receptor kinase-associated ADP ribosylation factor GTPase-activating protein. (duke.edu)

It has become clear that a large number of tumors have aberrant expression of receptor tyrosine kinases, and that this class of cell surface receptors frequently regulates functions such as proliferation, migration, and survival-functions that are deregulated in tumor cells. (onclive.com)

The mitogen-activated protein kinase homolog, WNK lysine deficient protein kinase 1 (WNK1), is activated downstream of epidermal growth factor receptor during decidualization. (bioone.org)
Her research group (funded by the BBSRC, The Wellcome Trust and the British Heart Foundation) is investigating the molecular mechanisms important for regulating pro- and anti-inflammatory gene expression and downstream cellular functions in response to a range of external stimuli, including ligands for G protein-coupled receptors and growth factor receptors, and exogenous lipoproteins. (rvc.ac.uk)

Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) signaling may promote post-TBI neuroinflammation, thereby exacerbating secondary injury. (researchsquare.com)
CONCORDANCE: A real-world evidence study to evaluate the concordance of detecting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation by circulating tumor DNA* versus tissue biopsy in patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. (cdc.gov)

The synthetic analogs that like PGF2α act as selective receptor agonists of FP viz. (wikipedia.org)
When bound to PGF2α or other of its agonists, FP mobilizes primarily G proteins containing the Gq alpha subunit bound to of the Gq-Gβγ complex(i.e. (wikipedia.org)
Studies using animals genetically engineered to lack FP and examining the actions of EP4 receptor agonists in animals as well as animal and human tissues indicate that this receptor serves various functions. (wikipedia.org)
The increase in aqueous humor outflow triggered by FP receptor activation reduces Intraocular pressure and underlies the widespread usage of FP receptor agonists to treat glaucoma. (wikipedia.org)
Three FP receptor agonists are approved for clinical use in the USA viz. (wikipedia.org)
Since FP receptors are expresses in human dermal papillae and the use of FP agonists to treat glaucoma has as a side-effect an increase in eyelash growth, it has been suggested that FP agonists may be useful for treating baldness. (wikipedia.org)
The beta-adrenergic receptor kinase is an enzyme, possibly analogous to rhodopsin kinase, that multiply phosphorylates the beta-adrenergic receptor only when it is occupied by stimulatory agonists. (duke.edu)
Next, we assessed the effect of reversible inactivation of CeA or BLA by GABAA+GABAB receptor agonists (muscimol+baclofen, 0.03+0.3 nmol) on cue-induced methamphetamine seeking during early and late withdrawal. (nature.com)
My research is focused on investigating the function of the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) , its agonists α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and ACTH, and antagonists agouti signaling protein and human β-defensin 3 in regulating cutaneous pigmentation and the response to UV radiation. (uc.edu)
The current studies provide novel insights into the pharmacology of GPR40 and indicate that G protein-coupled receptors which respond to fatty acids, and potentially to other lipid ligands, can be occupied by endogenous agonists before assay and that this may mask the pharmacology of the receptor and may be mistaken for high levels of constitutive activity. (aspetjournals.org)

The FP receptor is the least selective of the prostenoid receptors in that it is responsive to PGD2 and to a lesser extent PGE2 at concentrations close to those of PGF2α. (wikipedia.org)
Currently, there are no selective receptor antagonists for FP. (wikipedia.org)

Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibition in Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-Amplified Gastroesophageal Cancer: Retrospective Global Experience. (cdc.gov)

Specificity and mechanism of action of some commonly used protein kinase inhibitors. (rndsystems.com)
Therefore, these receptors have been used as targets for drug development, including low-molecular-weight kinase inhibitors (eg, the clinically used drug Gleevec), but other possibilities are neutralizing antibodies against the receptor (similar to the HER2-targeting antibody Herceptin) or ligand (similar to the vascular endothelial growth factor-targeting antibody Avastin). (onclive.com)

We were among the first to demonstrate that human melanocytes express functional MC1R and that activation of this receptor is critical for the melanogenic (i.e. tanning response) to UV. (uc.edu)

G protein-coupled receptor activation leads to the membrane recruitment and activation of G protein-coupled receptor kinases, which phosphorylate receptors and lead to their inactivation. (duke.edu)

A Toll-like receptor (TLR) is a transmembrane protein encoded by the Toll gene, which is one of cell transmembrane receptors and pathogen pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in the innate immune system [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)

This abrogated expression of the decidual marker genes, insulin like growth factor binding protein 1 ( IGFBP1 ) and prolactin ( PRL ), and prevented adoption of decidual cell morphology. (bioone.org)

Standard prostanoids have the following relative efficacies as receptor ligands in binding to and activating FP: PGF2α>PGD2>PGE2>PGI2=TXA2. (wikipedia.org)
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) enable innate immune cells, such as macrophages, to recognize a wide variety of microbial ligands, thereby promoting inflammation. (frontiersin.org)
They represent the first line of defense against pathogens in the lower airspace and recognize microbial ligands via pattern recognition receptors ( 4 , 5 ). (frontiersin.org)

The lack of trypsin-triggered β-arrestin interactions correlated with impaired trypsin-activated TL-mutant receptor internalization. (aspetjournals.org)
The data indicate that the proteolytically revealed TL sequence(s) and the mode of its presentation to the receptor (tethered versus soluble) can confer biased signaling by PAR 2 , its arrestin recruitment, and its internalization. (aspetjournals.org)

HD-13 activated the inflammatory response via accelerating TLR9 expression. (hindawi.com)
Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression. (cancerindex.org)
A gene expression array showed significantly increased expression of CCR3, a receptor of eotaxin-3, in PC-3. (cancerindex.org)
Here, we explored the mechanistic role of RIP140 in breast cancer and its involvement in estrogen receptor α (ERα) transcriptional regulation of gene expression. (aacrjournals.org)
PQQ augmented the expression of type I interferon receptor (IFNAR) and enhanced the IFN-β-mediated janus kinase (JAK1) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT1) expression. (nih.gov)
Overactivity of SCF/KIT signaling occurs through a number of different mechanisms, for example, mutational activation, SCF expression in an autocrine fashion, or receptor overexpression. (onclive.com)
In reactive conditions, CD30 receptor and ligand (CD30L, CD153) expression is normally seen on activated T-immunoblasts and B-immunoblasts. (aad.org)
The results demonstrated that Vitexin pretreatment significantly reduced neuronal apoptosis, and inhibited caspase‑3 activity, apoptosis regulator BAX protein expression and malondialdehyde levels in sevoflurane‑induced newborn rats. (spandidos-publications.com)
Furthermore, it was revealed that treatment with vitexin induced hypoxia inducible factor 1α subunit (HIF‑1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein expression, and suppressed phosphorylated‑p38 MAP kinase (p38) protein expression in sevoflurane‑induced newborn rat. (spandidos-publications.com)
In vitro, we show that 1,25D3 to modestly increase the expression of E-cadherin mRNA and protein in SK-MEL-28, but remained absent in A375, a cell line that expresses relatively higher levels of EMT transcription factors including SNAI1 and ZEB1. (bl.uk)
Upon investigation on the regulation of VDR expression and function in the context of BRAFV600E vs. BRAFWT melanoma, we show for the first time that VDR mRNA and protein expression, independently, acquire dependency on BRAFV600E signalling. (bl.uk)
Our research indicated that HPV&MNNG led to a significant increase in the protein-expression levels of c-Myc, cyclinD1, BCL-2, BAX, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, mTOR, LC3II, and p62, with concomitant decreases in p21 and LC3I. (bvsalud.org)

Upon trypsin activation, all constructs stimulated MAP kinase signaling, but only the wt-rPAR 2 and rPAR 2 -Ala 39-42 triggered calcium signaling. (aspetjournals.org)
FP is classified as a contractile type of prostenoid receptor based on its ability, upon activation, to contract certain smooth muscle preparations and smooth muscle-containing tissues such as those of the uterus. (wikipedia.org)
Transient activation of AMP-activated protein kinase at G1/S phase transition is required for control of S phase in NIH3T3 cells. (nih.gov)
This peptide induces a potent and long-lasting antinociceptive effect that is mediated by the activation of peripheral opioid receptors. (iasp-pain.org)
This receptor may contribute to the accumulation and activation of eosinophils and other inflammatory cells in the allergic airway. (cancerindex.org)
Direct evidence that Gi-coupled receptor stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase is mediated by G beta gamma activation of p21ras. (duke.edu)
Stimulation of Gi-coupled receptors leads to the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAP kinases). (duke.edu)
PQQ inhibited the activation of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFATc1), a key transcription factor of osteoclastogenesis, in RANKL-stimulated cells. (nih.gov)

Prognostic and Predictive Value of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Alterations in High-grade Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer Treated with and Without Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Immunotherapy. (cdc.gov)

Several cytoplasmic docking proteins appear to be recruited by specific ErbB receptors and less exploited by others. (genome.jp)

Melanocortins and the melanocortin 1 receptor, moving translationally towards melanoma prevention. (uc.edu)

This receptor binds and responds to a variety of chemokines, including eotaxin (CCL11), eotaxin-3 (CCL26), MCP-3 (CCL7), MCP-4 (CCL13), and RANTES (CCL5). (cancerindex.org)
Multiple signaling cascades are activated when TGFβ binds to its cognate receptor. (molvis.org)

Protein kinase C regulates human pluripotent stem cell self-renewal. (rndsystems.com)

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the major pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system that sense a wide range of "danger" signals or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) ( 6 - 8 ). (frontiersin.org)

In addition, the presence of EVs reduced inflammatory responses in Pam 3 CSK 4 -treated endothelial cells and HEK Dual reporter cells, demonstrating that TLR2-EVs can act as decoy receptors. (frontiersin.org)
VEGF is purified from bovine pituitary follicular cells in 1959 and is a vascular endothelial cell-specific mitogen that promotes the growth of vascular endothelial cells. (spandidos-publications.com)

In in vivo experiments, a 3-month treatment with the brain-permeant mGlu receptor antagonist, LY341495 limited the growth of infiltrating brain tumours originating from GICs implanted into the brain parenchyma of nude mice. (nih.gov)
Characterization of the brain penetrant neuropeptide Y Y 2 receptor antagonist SF-11. (rndsystems.com)
In order to confirm the participation of the adenosine A2A receptor in the effects mediated by PDRN, 8 mg/kg 7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine (DMPX), adenosine A2A receptor antagonist, was treated with PDRN. (iasp-pain.org)

We have found that GICs express mGlu3 metabotropic glutamate receptors. (nih.gov)

The effect of pyrroloquinoline quinine (PQQ) on receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast formation was examined using RAW 264.7 macrophage-like cells. (nih.gov)

The PTGFR gene is located on human chromosome 1 at position p31.1 (i.e. 1p31.1), contains 7 exons, and codes for a G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) of the rhodopsin-like receptor family, Subfamily A14 (see rhodopsin-like receptors#Subfamily A14). (wikipedia.org)

We evaluated the ability of different trypsin-revealed tethered ligand (TL) sequences of rat proteinase-activated receptor 2 (rPAR 2 ) and the corresponding soluble TL-derived agonist peptides to trigger agonist-biased signaling. (aspetjournals.org)
The peptides AAIGRL-NH 2 and LSIGRL-NH 2 triggered neither calcium nor MAP kinase signals. (aspetjournals.org)
Similarly, bioactive peptides, which are specific protein fragments that are thought to have physiological health benefits, are good candidates for cosmeceutical components that provide enzyme-modulating activity. (dovepress.com)

The protein encoded by this gene is a receptor for C-C type chemokines. (cancerindex.org)

This gene and seven other chemokine receptor genes form a chemokine receptor gene cluster on the chromosomal region 3p21. (cancerindex.org)

Bbeta-adrenergic receptor kinase-1 levels in catecholamine-induced myocardial hypertrophy: regulation by beta- but not alpha1-adrenergic stimulation. (duke.edu)

It has been reported that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a vital role in swine pneumonia progression. (hindawi.com)
PRRs comprise TLRs, RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), and NOD-like receptors (NLRs). (hindawi.com)
TLRs activate viral responses by recognizing pathogenic microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, and mycoplasmas to release inflammatory cytokines [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
Toll is a gene in fruit fly and toll-like proteins which was discovered in animals and also was named as TLRs. (hindawi.com)

Studies in mice indicate that FP mRNA and/or protein is expressed in diverse tissues including the kidney (distal tubules), uterus, and ovary (Luteal cells of corpus luteum. (wikipedia.org)
Tg2576 mice overexpress a mutant form of human amyloid precursor protein with the Swedish mutation (APP Sw ), resulting in high β-amyloid (Aβ) levels in the brain. (jneurosci.org)

Studies in developing rodents indicate that nicotine is a neuroteratogen that disrupts brain development by stimulating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) that control neural cell replication and differentiation. (nature.com)
Fetal brain regions and peripheral tissues were examined for nAChR subtypes, other neurotransmitter receptors, and indices of cell signaling and cell damage. (nature.com)
Similarly, indices of cell loss (reduced DNA), cell size and neuritic outgrowth (protein/DNA and membrane/total protein ratios) were distinct for each region and did not necessarily follow the rank order of nAChR upregulation, suggesting the involvement of additional mechanisms such as oxidative stress. (nature.com)
Here, an evaluation of the global A. fumigatus phosphoproteome under cell wall stress caused by the cell wall-damaging agent Congo red (CR) revealed 485 proteins potentially involved in the cell wall damage response. (bath.ac.uk)
I believe it is important to identify which signaling circuits are activated by KIT, and how these circuits contribute to the observed effects on cell survival, growth, and migration. (onclive.com)
The hormonally active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25D3), has shown to induce anti-cancerous effects through its cognate vitamin D receptor (VDR), in part through inducing the cell-cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin and inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signalling. (bl.uk)

Our preliminary study found that CCL2 was mainly co-localized with the astroglial marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), while the CCL2 receptor chemokine C-C motif receptor 2 (CCR2) was mainly co-localized with the neuronal nuclear marker NeuN in TBI model rats, suggesting that CCL2‒CCR2 signaling is a major driver of neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and concomitant motor and cognitive dysfunction following TBI [9]. (researchsquare.com)

Adenosine is metabolized by adenosine deaminase and adenosine kinase. (dissertations.se)
Adenosine A2A receptor agonist, polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN), suppresses the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and exhibits anti-inflammatory effect. (iasp-pain.org)

Functional desensitization of the isolated beta-adrenergic receptor by the beta-adrenergic receptor kinase: potential role of an analog of the retinal protein arrestin (48-kDa protein). (duke.edu)

What does this gene/protein do? (cancerindex.org)

PKCζ-Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Mediates Crotalphine-Induced Antinociception. (iasp-pain.org)

In contrast to the wild-type strain, there is an overall decrease of differentially phosphorylated kinases and phosphatases in ΔsakA, ΔmpkC, and ΔsakA ΔmpkC mutants. (bath.ac.uk)

and the EGF cellular receptor. (wikipedia.org)
p62/sequestosome is a multifunctional adaptor protein that participates in a wide variety of cellular processes. (bvsalud.org)

Anatomy20

Organisms8

Chemicals and Drugs173

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment12

Phenomena and Processes39

Information Science3

MAPK27

Phosphorylation10

Pathways10

Pathway12

Inhibitor9

MAPKs5

Intracellular3

Beta2-adrenergic receptor1

Tyrosine kinases1

Downstream2

Tumor2

Agonists10

Selective2

Epidermal1

Inhibitors2

MC1R1

Phosphorylate1

Transmembrane1

Insulin1

Ligands3

Internalization2

Expression12

Activation8

Fibroblast1

Cytoplasmic1

Melanocortin 1 recept1

Binds2

Regulates human1

Pattern recogniti1

Endothelial Cells2

Antagonist3

Glutamate1

Activator1

Rhodopsin1

Peptides3

Chemokines1

Genes1

Stimulation1

TLRs4

Mice2

Cell6

Motif1

Adenosine2

Retinal1

Gene1

Mediates1

Mutants1

Cellular2