The presence of gastrin stimulates parietal cells of the stomach to secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl)/gastric acid. (wikipedia.org)
[ 5 ] Parietal cells, which predominate in the oxyntic glands, secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor. (medscape.com)
Enterochromaffin-like2
Gastrin binds to cholecystokinin B receptors to stimulate the release of histamines in enterochromaffin-like cells, and it induces the insertion of K+/H+ ATPase pumps into the apical membrane of parietal cells (which in turn increases H+ release into the stomach cavity). (wikipedia.org)
Circulating gastrin triggers the release of histamine from enterochromaffin-like cells in the body of the stomach. (msdmanuals.com)
Cholinergic agents2
Stimulatory factors: Beta-adrenergic agents, cholinergic agents, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) Inhibitory factor: Enterogastric reflex Stimulatory factor: gastrin Inhibitory factors:gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), secretin, somatostatin, glucagon, calcitonin Gastrinoma paraneoplastic oversecretion (see Role in disease) In the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, gastrin is produced at excessive levels, often by a gastrinoma gastrin-producing tumor, mostly benign of the duodenum or the pancreas. (wikipedia.org)
[ 12 ] However, functional antagonists of the H2 receptor only partially inhibits acid secretion stimulated by cholinergic agents. (medscape.com)
Pepsinogen3
Causes chief cells to secrete pepsinogen, the zymogen (inactive) form of the digestive enzyme pepsin. (wikipedia.org)
Chief cells, located at the base of the oxyntic glands, are responsible for secreting the digestive enzyme precursor pepsinogen. (medscape.com)
Smoking and nicotine stimulate pepsinogen secretion also by increasing the chief cell number or with an enhancement of their secretory capacity. (susrutaayurveda.com)
Stomach15
Gastrin is a peptide hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid (HCl) by the parietal cells of the stomach and aids in gastric motility. (wikipedia.org)
It is released by G cells in the pyloric antrum of the stomach, duodenum, and the pancreas. (wikipedia.org)
Its release is stimulated by peptides in the lumen of the stomach. (wikipedia.org)
Gastrin is a linear peptide hormone produced by G cells of the duodenum and in the pyloric antrum of the stomach. (wikipedia.org)
hypercalcemia (via calcium-sensing receptors) Gastrin release is inhibited by: the presence of acid (primarily the secreted HCl) in the stomach (a case of negative feedback) somatostatin also inhibits the release of gastrin, along with secretin, GIP (gastroinhibitory peptide), VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide), glucagon and calcitonin. (wikipedia.org)
This is done both directly on the parietal cell[failed verification] and indirectly via binding onto CCK2/gastrin receptors on ECL cells in the stomach, which then responds by releasing histamine, which in turn acts in a paracrine manner on parietal cells stimulating them to secrete H+ ions. (wikipedia.org)
i.e. during the gastric phase) Inhibitory factor: acidity (pH below 3) - a negative feedback mechanism, exerted via the release of somatostatin from δ cells in the stomach, which inhibits gastrin and histamine release. (wikipedia.org)
In autoimmune gastritis, the immune system attacks the parietal cells leading to hypochlorhydria low stomach acid secretion. (wikipedia.org)
Acid is secreted by parietal cells in the proximal two thirds (body) of the stomach. (msdmanuals.com)
Acid secretion is initiated by food: the thought, smell, or taste of food effects vagal stimulation of the gastrin-secreting G cells located in the distal one third (antrum) of the stomach. (msdmanuals.com)
The arrival of protein to the stomach further stimulates gastrin output. (msdmanuals.com)
[ 8 ] The efferent fibers are preganglionic neurons that do not directly innervate the parietal cells, but rather synapse with postganglionic neurons in the wall of the stomach. (medscape.com)
Sympathetic receptors of the stomach consist of unmyelinated nerve endings located within the smooth muscle layer. (medscape.com)
As the first two chemicals may damage the stomach wall, mucus and bicarbonates are secreted by the stomach. (wikipedia.org)
Alcohol causes the stomach cells to oversecrete both acid and histamine which makes the stomach linings vulnerable to ulcer formation. (susrutaayurveda.com)
Inhibits2
it inhibits acid secretion by acting on parietal cells. (wikipedia.org)
The parietal cells secrete acid, and the resulting drop in pH causes the antral D cells to release somatostatin, which inhibits gastrin release (negative feedback control). (msdmanuals.com)
Ions3
Epithelial cells remove excess hydrogen ions (H+) via membrane transport systems and have tight junctions, which prevent back diffusion of H+ ions. (msdmanuals.com)
Also, because NSAIDs are weak acids and are nonionized at gastric pH, they diffuse freely across the mucus barrier into gastric epithelial cells, where H+ ions are liberated, leading to cellular damage. (msdmanuals.com)
Ethanol also reduces prostaglandin levels and increases the release of histamine and the influx of calcium ions. (susrutaayurveda.com)
Gastric acid3
Gastric acid aids digestion by creating the optimal pH for pepsin and gastric lipase and by stimulating pancreatic bicarbonate secretion. (msdmanuals.com)
Targeted gene disruption of HDC and the H2 receptor demonstrate the key role of gastric acid secretion mediated by hormones such as gastrin or PACAP. (medscape.com)
The increased gastric acid secretion is mediated through the stimulation of the H2-receptor by histamine released after mast cell degranulation and due to the increase of the functional parietal cell volume or secretory capacity in smokers. (susrutaayurveda.com)
Acetylcholine2
These neurons contain neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), nitric oxide and substance P. [ 9 ] Through these messengers, postganglionic neurons are able to regulate acid secretion directly by influencing the parietal cell, or indirectly by modulating the secretion of hormonal and paracrine ligands. (medscape.com)
The principal stimulants for acid secretion are histamine, gastrin and acetylcholine released from postganglionic enteric neurons. (medscape.com)
Secretion7
This is the major stimulus for acid secretion by parietal cells. (wikipedia.org)
Eventually, all the parietal cells are lost and achlorhydria results leading to a loss of negative feedback on gastrin secretion. (wikipedia.org)
By inhibiting prostaglandin production via blockage of the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX), NSAIDs reduce gastric blood flow, reduce mucus and HCO3 secretion, and decrease cell repair and replication. (msdmanuals.com)
Parietal cell acid secretion is initiated by a variety of factors related to food ingestion. (medscape.com)
HDC-knockout mice produce little or no histamine, resulting in impaired acid secretion and a failure to respond to gastrin. (medscape.com)
H3 agonists stimulate acid secretion indirectly by inhibition of somatostatin-induced histamine release. (medscape.com)
Mucous cell secretion of mucin and surface-active phospholipid. (susrutaayurveda.com)
Ligands1
In this context, nanotherapy based on Magnetic Intra-Lysosomal Hyperthermia (MILH) generated by magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) that are grafted with ligands of receptors overexpressed in tumors appears to be a very promising therapeutic option. (bvsalud.org)
Pancreatic7
Most pancreatic endocrine neoplasms discovered clinically are functional-that is, they secrete one or more hormonal products into the blood, which leads to a recognizable clinical syndrome. (medscape.com)
The first report of a hormone-producing pancreatic tumor syndrome was published in 1927, when Wilder et al described insulinoma syndrome in a patient with a metastatic islet cell tumor who had hyperinsulinism and hypoglycemia. (medscape.com)
A subset of these patients have neoplasms that secrete pancreatic polypeptide (ie, PPomas). (medscape.com)
11] Other nonfunctional pancreatic endocrine tumors likely secrete unknown products that are of little or no clinical significance. (medscape.com)
The cells in pancreatic endocrine neoplasms are termed amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) cells because they have a high amine content, are capable of amine precursor uptake, and contain an amino acid decarboxylase. (medscape.com)
Although the term islet cell tumor is often used to identify neoplasms of the endocrine pancreas, this is a misnomer because many pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors do not develop directly from islet cells. (medscape.com)
Pancreatic beta-cell area was significantly increased, and alpha cell area decreased, by all treatments, with the combination group also displaying enhanced overall islet area. (bvsalud.org)
Apical1
[ 5 , 10 ] This sequence of events induce H + K + -ATPase rich tubulovesicles to fuse into the apical plasma membrane allowing the H + K + -ATPase to secrete protons directly into the lumen of the canaliculus of the parietal cell and then into the lumen of the gastric gland. (medscape.com)
Paracrine1
Neuroendocrine cells containing hormonal and paracrine signaling agents that regulate the activity of the parietal cell reside within the glands. (medscape.com)
Hormones1
Xenin-8-Gln, exendin-4 and gastrin represent compounds that activate receptors of the gut-derived hormones, xenin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and gastrin, respectively. (bvsalud.org)
Tumors3
13] APUD cells were once believed to originate from the embryologic neural crest, but current evidence suggests that these cells-and thus endocrine tumors of the pancreas and other endocrine tumors of the upper gastrointestinal tract (eg, carcinoid tumors)-actually develop from the embryologic endoderm. (medscape.com)
15] Instead, the tumors arise from APUD stem cells, which are pluripotential neuroendocrine cells located within the ductular epithelium of the exocrine pancreas and elsewhere in the distal foregut. (medscape.com)
Further evaluation is needed to understand the relation between GRPR expression and hormonal-resistant PCa, and for tumors characterized by heterogeneity of receptors expressed (e.g. (bvsalud.org)
Polypeptide1
Imaging the gastrin-releasing polypeptide receptor (GRPR) recently drawn attention. (bvsalud.org)
Antagonists1
H2 receptors are also localized in smooth muscle and cardiac myocytes, which may explain why certain cardiac arrhythmias have been observed with rapid infusion of intravenous H2 antagonists. (medscape.com)
Neuroendocrine1
12] Pearse first used the term APUD in 1968 to unify a group of functionally and structurally similar neuroendocrine cells that are present throughout the body. (medscape.com)
Decarboxylation1
Histamine is produced in ECL cells by decarboxylation of L-histidine by histidine decarboxylase (HDC). (medscape.com)
Induces1
However, mechanisms whereby MILH induces cell death are still elusive. (bvsalud.org)
Growth1
Along with the above-mentioned function, gastrin has been shown to have additional functions as well: Stimulates parietal cell maturation and fundal growth. (wikipedia.org)
Blood1
Ulcers are also more common in blood group O subjects and in those who do not secrete blood group antibodies into gastric secretions. (susrutaayurveda.com)
Mechanism1
The mechanism of cell death involves a local temperature elevation at the nanoparticle periphery which enhances the production of reactive oxygen species through the lysosomal Fenton reaction. (bvsalud.org)
Include1
These include D cells, enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells, A-like cells and enterochromaffin (EC) cells. (medscape.com)
Effects1
Together, these data confirm the antidiabetic effects of co-activation of GLP-1, gastrin and xenin cell signalling pathways, and highlight the sustainable benefits this type of treatment paradigm can offer in T2DM. (bvsalud.org)