Receptors tissue distribution. Medical search. Frequent questions

The table below contains summary information from literature reviews, pharmacology databases, and supplementary primary research articles on the expression profiles, signal transduction mechanisms, ligands, and physiological functions of these receptors. (wikipedia.org)
this is an exogenous agent that interferes in the production, liberation, transport, metabolism, the union to a receptor or a modifier of the action or elimination of natural ligands responsible for maintaining homeostasis and the regulation and development of the organism. (ivis.org)
Here we discuss the history of the study of adenosine receptor ligands for asthma and how enhanced understanding of adenosine receptor biology may aid in the rational exploitation of these receptors as therapeutic targets. (jci.org)
Binding of these ligands to RAGE does not accelerate clearance or degradation but rather begins a sustained period of cellular activation mediated by receptor-dependent signaling. (jci.org)
Other unusual features of the receptor include its ability to engage classes of molecules, rather than individual ligands, and its enhanced surface expression in environments rich in RAGE ligands. (jci.org)
Taken together, these features of RAGE allow the receptor to propagate cellular dysfunction in a number of pathophysiologically relevant situations, most often dictated by the formation and persistence of ligands in the tissues. (jci.org)
Using estrogen receptor subtype-specific ligands, we found that this effect of estrogen was caused through the estrogen receptor subtype alpha. (indexindex.com)
These receptors, a subset of the Class A/1 (Rhodopsin-like) family, all bind peptide ligands which include the chemokines, opioids and somatostatins. (reactome.org)

A dopamine receptor has been characterized which differs in its pharmacology and signalling system from the D1 or D2 receptor and represents both an autoreceptor and a postsynaptic receptor. (nih.gov)
The physiology and pharmacology of the hair cell receptor is identical to that of the α9/10 receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytes. (frontiersin.org)

PPARα and LXRα were mainly expressed in liver, while PPARγ1 predominated in adipose tissue and large intestine. (diabetesjournals.org)
We found that PPARγ2 mRNA was a minor isoform, even in adipose tissue, thus causing question of its role in humans. (diabetesjournals.org)
Within this context, leptin provides the adipocyte-derived hormonal signaling allowing the bidirectional communication between adipose tissue and hypothalamic regulation of food intake and energy expenditure ( Zhou and Rui, 2013 ). (frontiersin.org)
Adipose tissue is principally deposited subcutaneously and centrally. (benthamscience.com)
Visceral adipose tissue mass secretes a number of proinflammatory cytokines, adipokines and growth factors leading to low grade inflammatory process and insulin resistance. (benthamscience.com)
Estrogen seems to promote and maintain the typical female type of fat distribution that is characterized by accumulation of adipose tissue, especially in the sc fat depot, with only modest accumulation of adipose tissue intraabdominally. (indexindex.com)
We studied the effects of estradiol in vivo and in vitro on human adipose tissue metabolism and found that estradiol directly increases the number of antilipolytic alpha2A-adrenergic receptors in sc adipocytes. (indexindex.com)
In the transition from childhood to adolescence, it was verifiable that boys and young men differ in the amounts of adipose tissue. (bvsalud.org)

After menopause, most endogenous estrogen is produced by conversion of androstenedione, secreted by the adrenal cortex, to estrone by peripheral tissues. (nih.gov)
There is an emerging literature that the distribution of the α9 and α10 subunits in peripheral tissues is widespread and non-synaptic, regulated in disease states, and may not always be assembled as heteromeric receptors. (frontiersin.org)
The close association between mast cells and nerves in peripheral tissues, and the fact that large amounts of tryptase are released upon mast cell degranulation, makes tryptase an ideal candidate to activate PAR-2 on peripheral neurons. (asahq.org)
A validated positron emission tomography (PET) radioligand for imaging CB2 in the living human brain as well as in peripheral tissues is currently lacking. (bvsalud.org)

Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs, Fig. 1 ), such as tamoxifen, act as agonists or antagonists of estrogen receptors, depending on the target tissue ( Patel and Bihani, 2018 ). (aspetjournals.org)
Chimento A, Sirianni R, Casaburi I, Pezzi V. Role of Estrogen Receptors and G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor in Regulation of Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Testis Axis and Spermatogenesis. (scielo.br)
For this reason, isoflavones are considered to be SERMs, or selective estrogen receptor modulators. (theveganrd.com)
Selective estrogen receptor modulators and phytoestrogens. (theveganrd.com)
2. Heringa M. Review on raloxifene: profile of a selective estrogen receptor modulator. (theveganrd.com)

Besides the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6), the increased expression of receptor repertoire (pattern recognition receptors, PRR) on APCs, mostly macrophages and dendritic cells, occurs as a result of the release of endogenous and exogenous antigens (damage-associated molecular patterns, DAMPs, and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs). (hindawi.com)

The CR1 receptor preferentially binds C3b that is covalently attached to immune complexes, and it has a weaker affinity for bound C4b and iC3b. (medscape.com)
AMPA receptor variants were identified with a polyclonal antibody recognizing the conserved extracellular loop region of all four AMPA receptor subunits (GluR1-4, both flip and flop ), whereas NMDA receptors were immunolabeled with a polyclonal antibody that binds to an extracellular N-terminal epitope of the NR1 subunit, common to all splice variants. (jneurosci.org)
As apoE2 binds defectively to LDL receptors, apoE2 homozygosity can precipitate type III hyperlipoproteinemia, however, only occurs when another condition, including: diabetes, oestrogen deficiency, hypothyroidism, or obesity, leads to the overproduction of VLDL or fewer LDL receptors, overwhelming the limited ability of apoE2 to mediate the clearance of triglyceride-rich and cholesterol-rich β-VLDL. (randox.com)

The orexin receptors (orexin 1R and orexin 2R) belong to the Family of G-protein coupled receptors. (researchgate.net)
In addition, the role played by different stressors in the reinstatement of preference for palatable food and food-seeking behavior is also considered in the light of endocannabinoid production, activation of orexin receptors and disinhibition of dopamine neurons. (frontiersin.org)

Antibodies that recognize extracellular epitopes and can thus label iGluRs on living neurons are important tools for the study of receptor localization and dynamics. (jneurosci.org)
As the density of neurotransmitter receptors is a key determinant of synaptic strength and function, the specific localization of receptors is critical for synapse formation, maintenance and plasticity. (jneurosci.org)
After injection in mice they displayed rapid, high, and specific localization in the CCK-2/gastrin-R-expressing tissues (stomach and AR4-2J tumor) and were excreted from the body via the kidneys in the form of hydrophilic metabolites. (snmjournals.org)
GLP-1 receptor localization in monkey and human tissue: novel distribution revealed with extensively validated monoclonal antibody. (medscape.org)

The incretin system: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes. (medscape.org)
Cardioprotective and vasodilatory actions of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor are mediated through both glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor-dependent and -independent pathways. (medscape.org)
Dulaglutide: a novel once-weekly glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist. (medscape.org)

ATP, released by cells, is rapidly metabolized by extracellular nucleotidases to adenosine, a potent signaling molecule that can activate several cell surface receptors to produce myriad effects on both parenchymal and immune cells throughout the body (Figure 1 ). (jci.org)
The key function of apoE is to mediate the binding of lipoproteins or lipid complexes in the plasma or interstitial fluids to specific cell-surface receptors. (randox.com)

report findings in adenosine deaminase-deficient mice that suggest the occurrence of anti-inflammatory actions of adenosine in the lung, mediated through A 1 adenosine receptors on macrophages. (jci.org)
2B receptor interference in type II alveolar epithelial cells, endothelial cells and M2 macrophages. (lu.se)
Macrophages are phagocytes found in tissues and maintain tissue homeostasis, regulate inflammation, and play a significant role in host protection. (frontiersin.org)
Macrophages play a significant role in many processes, such as the human immune function, parasite infection, and tissue remodeling by secreting cytokines and producing reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates. (frontiersin.org)

AMPA and NMDA receptors mediate most excitatory synaptic transmission in the CNS. (jneurosci.org)
We have developed antibodies that recognize all AMPA or all NMDA receptor variants on the surface of living neurons. (jneurosci.org)
Using these antibodies, in conjunction with GluR2-specific and synaptophysin antibodies, we have directly localized and quantified surface-expressed native AMPA and NMDA receptors on cultured living hippocampal neurons during development. (jneurosci.org)
Using a quantitative cell ELISA, a dramatic increase was observed in the surface expression of AMPA receptors, but not NMDA receptors, between 3 and 10 d in culture. (jneurosci.org)
Immunocytochemical analysis of hippocampal neurons between 3 and 20 d in vitro shows no change in the proportion of synapses expressing NMDA receptors (∼60%) but a dramatic increase (∼50%) in the proportion of them that also express AMPA receptors. (jneurosci.org)
NMDA receptors comprise the essential NR1 subunit and one or more of the modulatory NR2 subunits, NR2A-D ( Hollmann and Heinemann 1994 ). (jneurosci.org)
Turnock-Jones JJ, Jennings CA, Robbins MJ, Cluderay JE, Cilia J, Reid JL, Taylor A , Jones DN, Emson PC , Southam E. Increased expression of the NR2A NMDA receptor subunit in the prefrontal cortex of rats reared in isolation. (neurotree.org)

Yamaguchi T, Goto A, Nakahara I, Yawata S , Hikida T , Matsuda M, Funabiki K , Nakanishi S . Role of PKA signaling in D2 receptor-expressing neurons in the core of the nucleus accumbens in aversive learning. (neurotree.org)
Danjo T, Yoshimi K, Funabiki K , Yawata S , Nakanishi S . Aversive behavior induced by optogenetic inactivation of ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons is mediated by dopamine D2 receptors in the nucleus accumbens. (neurotree.org)
18 PAR-2 is a G protein-coupled receptor that is expressed in the peripheral terminals of sensory neurons and seems to play an important role in inflammatory pain. (asahq.org)

The complement system, interacting with its regulatory molecules and cellular receptors, plays a central role in the induction and regulation of immunity. (medscape.com)
Recent research also has thrown lights upon a significant role of orexins, especially orexin A, in regulation of male reproductive functions owing to their receptor expressions in vital testicular cells, such as Leydig cells, Sertoli cells as well as spermatozoa at different developmental stages, even in the epididymis and penis. (researchgate.net)
These findings demonstrate that estrogen attenuates the lipolytic response through up-regulation of the number of antilipolytic alpha2A-adrenergic receptors only in sc and not in visceral fat depots. (indexindex.com)

Effector proteins interacting with the Fc portion of immunoglobulin M (IgM) include complement and complement receptors. (medscape.com)
Partial or complete deficiencies of the components of the complement system, including its receptors and regulatory proteins, are now described in humans and may be of a genetic or familial origin or acquired. (medscape.com)
Defects in the expression of complement or complement receptors may result in loss of tolerance to self-proteins and the development of immune complex-mediated autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). (medscape.com)
The beta coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 enters cells human by binding spike proteins to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, a receptor abundantly found on airway epithelial cells, pneumocytes and enterocytes of the small intestine 1 . (nature.com)
At the neuromuscular junction, the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) is specifically clustered in the postsynaptic membrane via interactions with rapsyn and other scaffolding proteins. (jneurosci.org)
The laboratory is especially interested in transport proteins and their impact on tissue drug distribution and elimination. (uwo.ca)

CHO-CCK1 cell-derived tumors present in one flank of athymic mice accumulated 2.0% of injected (99m)Tc-sCCK8 per gram tissue at 1 h postinjection. (nih.gov)
Therefore, further studies are warranted to investigate the possible use of (99m)Tc-sCCK8 for scintigraphic imaging of CCK receptor-positive tumors in humans. (nih.gov)
The aim of this study was to evaluate 3 new 99m Tc-labeled minigastrin analogs modified with open chain tetraamines at the N-terminus for their suitability in the CCK-2/gastrin-R-targeted imaging of tumors (CCK-2/gastrin-R = cholecystokinin subtype 2/gastrin receptor). (snmjournals.org)
Tissue distribution of the peptides was compared in healthy mice and athymic mice bearing AR4-2J tumors. (snmjournals.org)
The advent of radiolabeled somatostatin analogs in the targeted imaging and radionuclide therapy of tumors overexpressing somatostatin receptors has paved the way for other radiopeptides to target alternative cancer-associated peptide receptor systems ( 1 - 4 ). (snmjournals.org)
These results yielded an unexpected in vivo distribution, such as low tumor uptake in PD-L1 positive tumors, high liver uptake, and accumulation in bone/bone marrow and potentially synovial spaces. (bvsalud.org)

One possible mechanism to explain this observation is that a pool of pre-assembled AMPA receptors can be moved from an intracellular compartment to the postsynaptic membrane. (jneurosci.org)
Although circulating estrogens exist in a dynamic equilibrium of metabolic interconversions, estradiol is the principal intracellular human estrogen and is substantially more potent than its metabolites, estrone and estriol, at the receptor level. (nih.gov)
16 , 17 Tryptase works by cleaving a specific site on the extracellular N-terminal domain of the receptor and releases a new N-terminal domain for the receptor, which acts as a tethered ligand by binding to the second extracellular loop of the receptor to induce intracellular signaling. (asahq.org)

These nuclear hormone receptors impact on hepatic triglyceride accumulation and insulin resistance. (wjgnet.com)
Marzolini C, Tirona RG , Gervasini G, Poonkuzhali B, Assem M, Lee W, Leake BF, Schuetz JD, Schuetz EG, Kim RB (2007) A common polymorphism in the bile acid receptor farnesoid x receptor is associated with decreased hepatic target gene expression. (uwo.ca)

Trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs), sometimes referred to as trace amine receptors (TAs or TARs), are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that were discovered in 2001. (wikipedia.org)
The results show that positive rate of IgG antibody against receptor-binding domain of spike protein (RBD-IgG) to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the COVID-19 convalescent plasma donors exceeded 70% for 12 months post diagnosis. (nature.com)
SARS-CoV-2 S protein has an approximate size of 180 kDa, consisted of S1 and S2 subunits, the former of which contains ACE2 receptor-binding domain (RBD, amino acid residues 331-524) 5 . (nature.com)
Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. (scienceopen.com)
Adenosine can act at 4 different 7-transmembrane, G-protein-coupled receptors present on the surfaces of both infiltrating leukocytes and resident parenchymal cells. (jci.org)
of G-protein coupled receptors. (researchgate.net)
Anatomical profiling of G protein-coupled receptor expression. (guidetopharmacology.org)
19 normal healthy in- receptor protein (CD117) that is structurally dividuals were recruited as a control group. (who.int)

Mapping neuropeptide receptors in these nontraditional species questions existing assumptions and informs proposed evolutionary explanations about the biological bases of monogamy. (brainresearchlab.com)

Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are the principal excitatory neurotransmitter receptors in the CNS. (jneurosci.org)
Neurotransmitter Receptors in the Basal Ganglia Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience . (neurotree.org)
Neurotransmitter receptor sites have been examined in both human postmortem tissue and a lesioned polysynaptic pathway in rat brain using quantitative ligand binding autoradiography. (gla.ac.uk)
Rat Visual System Studies The rat visual system was employed as a model polysynaptic pathway in which to examine neurotransmitter receptor alterations under conditions of functional deficit. (gla.ac.uk)
and (3) the relevance of alterations in neurotransmitter receptors to changes in local cerebral function, by combining the [14C]-2-deoxyglucose technique for the measurement of cerebral glucose use with in vitro receptor autoradiography. (gla.ac.uk)

Although some of these analogs originally showed promising results in rats ( 18 ), none displayed convincing accumulation in the strongly receptor-positive stomach or detected small lesions in MTC patients ( 19 ). (snmjournals.org)

Members of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family might be involved in pathologies with altered lipid metabolism. (diabetesjournals.org)
Using a quantitative and sensitive reverse transcription (RT)-competitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, we determined the distribution and relative mRNA expression of the four PPARs (α, β, γ1, and γ2) and liver X receptor-α (LXRα) in the main tissues implicated in lipid metabolism. (diabetesjournals.org)

Of particular clinical relevance is the independence of CCK-2/gastrin-R status on the degree of tumor differentiation in human MTCs ( 5 , 6 ), whereas, in advanced and clinically aggressive forms of the disease, somatostatin receptor expression is lacking ( 7 , 8 ). (snmjournals.org)

AMPA receptors are composed of four subunits, GluR1-4. (jneurosci.org)
The α9 and α10 subunits are members of the subfamily I, epithelial ion-gated nicotinic receptor gene family. (frontiersin.org)

Hikida T , Yawata S , Yamaguchi T, Danjo T, Sasaoka T, Wang Y, Nakanishi S . Pathway-specific modulation of nucleus accumbens in reward and aversive behavior via selective transmitter receptors. (neurotree.org)
Yawata S , Yamaguchi T, Danjo T, Hikida T , Nakanishi S . Pathway-specific control of reward learning and its flexibility via selective dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens. (neurotree.org)

A broad spectrum of radiolabeled peptides with high affinity for receptors expressed on tumor cells is currently under preclinical and clinical investigation for scintigraphic imaging and radionuclide therapy. (nih.gov)
The present paper evaluates two (99m)Tc-labeled forms of the C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin (CCK8): sulfated (s)CCK8, with high affinity for CCK1 and CCK2 receptors, and nonsulfated (ns)CCK8, with high affinity for CCK2 receptors but low affinity for CCK1 receptors. (nih.gov)
As nonsulfated gastrin derivatives were shown to be more suitable for tumor targeting by virtue of their CCK-2 receptor selectivity, high affinity, and favorable in vivo profile ( 20 ), Behr et al. (snmjournals.org)
Scatchard analysis of this response indicated an increase in kainate receptor numbers with no change in receptor affinity. (gla.ac.uk)

As growing lines of evidence have supported a proinflammatory role for adenosine in the asthmatic lung, interest in adenosine receptor antagonists has risen. (jci.org)
α-bungarotoxin and strychnine are antagonists of α7* and α9* receptors and α7* and α9* highly permeable to calcium. (frontiersin.org)

PPARβ mRNA was present in all the tissues tested at low levels. (diabetesjournals.org)
in contrast, no effect of estrogen on alpha2A-adrenergic receptor mRNA expression was observed in adipocytes from the intraabdominal fat depot. (indexindex.com)

Finally, type-1 cannabinoid receptor-dependent inhibition of GABA-ergic release and relapse to reward-associated stimuli is linked to ghrelin and orexin signaling in the lateral hypothalamus-ventral tegmental area-nucleus accumbens network to highlight its pathological potential for food addiction-like behavior. (frontiersin.org)
The cannabinoid type 2 receptor (CB2) has been implicated in a variety of central and peripheral inflammatory diseases, prompting significant interest in the development of CB2-targeted diagnostic and therapeutic agents. (bvsalud.org)

Together, these findings suggest that agrin-induced phosphorylation of the β subunit motif increases the stoichiometry of rapsyn binding to the AChR, thereby helping to stably cluster the receptor and anchor it at high density in the postsynaptic membrane. (jneurosci.org)

related to other transmembrane receptors. (who.int)

The number of senile plaques in each region was determined in adjacent sections to those used for receptor autoradiography. (gla.ac.uk)
The results presented in this thesis highlight the applicability of quantitative receptor autoradiography in studies of receptor dynamics in both rat polysynaptic systems and human neurodegenerative disease. (gla.ac.uk)

A growing body of literature implicates the peroxisome proliferators-activated receptors (PPARs) in the pathogenesis and treatment of NAFLD. (wjgnet.com)

Development of a polymer based neural probe - How to record intracortical neural activity while minimizing the tissue response. (lu.se)

Measurement of the activity of a cAMP-dependent reporter gene, CRE-β-galactosidase, in BHK cells endogenously expressing the GLP-2 receptor. (guidetopharmacology.org)
A metabolomic study of brain tissues from aged mice with low expression of the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) gene. (neurotree.org)

Four distinct complement receptors, CR1, CR2, CR3, and CR4, have been described for the surface-bound complement fraction C3 and its cleavage fragments. (medscape.com)
CR1/CD35 and CR2/CD21 are major receptors for activated fragments of C3. (medscape.com)

However, little is known regarding their tissue distribution and relative expression in humans. (diabetesjournals.org)
Although accumulation in some nontarget organs was also higher with (99m)Tc-sCCK8, this may not reflect the human situation due to a different receptor expression pattern in humans as compared to mice. (nih.gov)
Among healthy individuals, the number of CR1 receptors on the red blood cells varies widely, yet the phenotypic expression, regulated by 2 codominant alleles, is stable. (medscape.com)
90%) and high-density expression of CCK-2/gastrin-R (CCK-2/gastrin-R = cholecystokinin subtype 2/gastrin receptor) in human medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), already suspected by the highly sensitive pentagastrin diagnostic test ( 5 - 7 ). (snmjournals.org)
Pulmonary 5-HT 2B receptor expression in fibrotic interstitial lung diseases. (lu.se)
BT-474 cells, obtained expression of the receptor has important implications for their biology from American Type Culture Collection, were maintained in RPMI 1640 and therapy (1). (lu.se)
Measurement of cAMP levels in the stable GLP-2 receptor episomal expression line, rG2R. (guidetopharmacology.org)
BZK induced a significant increase in the severity of the clinical score, infiltration of inflammatory cells, local expression of inflammatory cytokines in subcutaneous tissue, and total serum immunoglobulin (Ig) E. PVP-I increased the clinical score, number of mast cells, and production of inflammatory cytokines, and total serum IgE. (medsci.org)
Distribution and neuronal expression of phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase IIgamma in the mouse brain. (neurotree.org)
Moreover, the role of nuclear receptors in determining the expression of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters is also an area of interest. (uwo.ca)

In vitro autoradiograms with NHP spleen tissue sections revealed a high binding of [18F]RoSMA-18-d6 to the CB2-rich NHP spleen, which was significantly blocked by coincubation with the commercially available CB2 ligand, GW405833 (10 µM). (bvsalud.org)

Recently, a metallopeptidase named angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been identified as the functional receptor for SARS‐CoV. (scienceopen.com)

The GnRH secreted from the hypothalamus activates specific receptors on the pituitary gland to stimulate the synthesis and secretion of FSH and LH from gonadotropic cells of the pituitary gland. (scielo.br)

Evidence for efficacy of adenosine receptor antagonism may date back to the Victorian era, when physicians noted the beneficial effects of strong black coffee in patients with bronchial asthma. (jci.org)

Estrogens act through binding to nuclear receptors in estrogen-responsive tissues. (nih.gov)

Mice with C5a receptor-deficient dendritic cells promote induction of Treg and Th17 cells. (medscape.com)

Using subunit-specific antibodies, however, it is not possible to distinguish between the absence of AMPA receptors and the lack of a particular subunit on the cell surface. (jneurosci.org)

It seems to mediate some of the effects of antipsychotic drugs and drugs used against Parkinson's disease, that were previously thought to interact only with D2 receptors. (nih.gov)

The primary function of the orexin system, i.e. the orexins, their receptors and associated neuronal circuitries, perhaps is to increase spontaneous physical activity and food intake, thereby promoting an increase in energy expenditure. (researchgate.net)

In conclusion, these data show that CCK8 analogues can be efficiently labeled with (99m)Tc using s-HYNIC as chelator and nicotinic acid/tricine as coligand system without compromising receptor binding. (nih.gov)
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are ion-gated channels that have diverse function in nervous and non-nervous tissues. (frontiersin.org)

Roles for another receptor are supported by TAAR5-independent trimethylamine anosmias in humans [32]. (wikipedia.org)
The receptors are widely expressed in humans. (medscape.com)

They have a wide cellular and tissue distribution, and play a major role in the mediation of biological responses. (medscape.com)
Complement and complement receptors play a critical role in immune defense by initiating the rapid destruction of invading microorganisms, amplifying the innate and adaptive immune responses, and mediating solubilization and clearance of immune complexes. (medscape.com)

Proinflammatory and bronchoconstrictive actions of adenosine in the asthmatic lung are well recognized, with the latter being mediated, in part, through A 1 receptor activation on airway smooth muscle. (jci.org)
While both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory signals can be sent depending on the specific adenosine receptor activated, adenosine produces a net proinflammatory effect in the asthmatic airway. (jci.org)

The density of CR1 receptors on cell surfaces varies with the cell type and with the activation of the cell for neutrophils and monocytes. (medscape.com)

However, to date little is known concerning the precise mechanisms of translocation of iron nanoparticle s into targeted tissues and organs from blood circulation, as well as the underlying implications of potential harmful health effects in human. (cdc.gov)
Human cells have two types of these receptors-ER-alpha and ER- beta-which have different distributions in different tissues. (theveganrd.com)
This Research Topic presents the current state of basic research activities on the function of α9 and a10 receptors, ideas about their roles in basic biology, physiology and inflammation and animal models for analysis of functions, and human disease states. (frontiersin.org)

Anatomy7

Organisms2

Chemicals and Drugs11

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment11

Phenomena and Processes12

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Health Care1

Ligands8

Pharmacology2

Adipose tissue8

Peripheral tissues4

Estrogen receptor5

Pattern recogniti1

Binds3

Orexin receptors2

Localization4

Glucagon-like pep3

Cell surface r2

Macrophages4

NMDA7

Neurons3

Regulation3

Proteins6

Tumors6

Intracellular3

Hepatic2

Protein8

Neuropeptide1

Neurotransmitter5

Rats1

Metabolism2

Somatostatin1

Subunits2

Selective2

Affinity4

Antagonists2

MRNA2

Cannabinoid2

Postsynaptic1

Transmembrane1

Autoradiography2

Peroxisome1

Neural1

Gene2

Fragments2

Expression10

Vitro1

ACE21

Pituitary1

Antagonism1

Nuclear1

Mice1

Subunit1

Mediate1

Neuronal1

Nicotinic2

Humans2

Role2

Airway2

Density1

Human3