• The gelsemine actions were determined by electrophysiological recordings of recombinant GABARs expressed in HEK293 cells, and of native receptors in cortical neurons. (iasp-pain.org)
  • The main goal of electrical synapses is to synchronize electrical activity among populations of neurons. (wikipedia.org)
  • To trace the subunit-specific trafficking of AMPARs at each synapse, GluR1 and GluR2 subunits were introduced into CA3 pyramidal neurons in hippocampal organotypic cultures using the Sindbis viral expression system. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The mechanism of the WNT5A and FZD4 receptor mediated WNT/β-catenin pathway in the degeneration of ALS spinal cord motor neurons. (nih.gov)
  • mGluR-induced dendritic synthesis of Arc is implicated in weakening or elimination of excitatory synapses by triggering endocytosis of postsynaptic AMPARs in both hippocampal CA1 and cerebellar Purkinje neurons. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Importantly, CA1 neurons with experience-induced Arc mRNA are susceptible, or primed for mGluR-induced long-term synaptic depression (mGluR-LTD). Here we review mechanisms and function of Arc in mGluR-LTD and synapse elimination and propose roles for these forms of plasticity in Arc-dependent formation of sparse neural representations of learned experience. (elsevierpure.com)
  • NMDA receptor blockade ameliorates abnormalities of spike firing of subthalamic nucleus neurons in a parkinsonian nonhuman primate. (albany.edu)
  • By tracing a protein tagged to glow fluorescent green as it migrates through individual neurons, from the cell body out through the branching dendrites, the researchers could see exactly which synapses-connections to other neurons-were involved when the mice learned to fear an electric shock. (technologyreview.com)
  • Follow the glow: By engineering mice to manufacture a fluorescently tagged glutamate receptor protein (shown in green) in active neurons, researchers could follow the protein's path as the mice learned to fear an electric shock. (technologyreview.com)
  • The fluorescently tagged glutamate receptor was modified so that neurons would only manufacture it when they became active. (technologyreview.com)
  • Mayford's group followed the glowing glutamate receptor as it migrated through neurons in a region called the hippocampus by examining brain slices at several time points after the learning task. (technologyreview.com)
  • How is it that a collection of neurons and their synapses gives rise to all of animal and human behavior? (berkeley.edu)
  • These microscopic links are remarkably similar to the synapses that connect neurons to form information-processing circuits in the brain. (medindia.net)
  • Communication at these synapses happens when one neuron fires off packets of GABA molecules that are then quickly detected by proteins called GABA type A (GABA A ) receptors on neighboring neurons. (nih.gov)
  • Like many scientists, Dr. Lu thought that Shisa7 played a role in controlling a completely different type of synapse that relies on the neurotransmitter glutamate to excite, rather than quiet, neurons. (nih.gov)
  • Genetically eliminating Shisa7 from neurons reduced the number of GABA A receptors and decreased the strength of electrical currents generated by synaptic GABA A receptor responses. (nih.gov)
  • Projects deal with coding at ribbon synapses and transduction in olfactory receptor neurons. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • Since axons have reached the exact origin, neurons begin to form synapses with the help of astrocytes once again. (degruyter.com)
  • Reelin may also regulate synaptic plasticity, which is the ability of connections between neurons (synapses) to change and adapt over time in response to experience. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Cell surface receptors that bind signalling molecules released by neurons and convert these signals into intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • In such cases, the dendrites (a neuron's receiving branches) on the postsynaptic neurons release neurotransmitters that affect receptors on the presynaptic neurons. (msdmanuals.com)
  • It may occur via direct contact between cells (i.e., via gap junctions), as in an electrical synapse, but most commonly occurs via the vesicular release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic axon terminal into the synaptic cleft, as in a chemical synapse. (wikipedia.org)
  • The excitatory neurotransmitters, the most common of which is glutamate, then migrate via diffusion to the dendritic spine of the postsynaptic neuron and bind a specific transmembrane receptor protein that triggers the depolarization of that cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • As a result of this vesicle fusion, the neurotransmitters that had been packaged into the synaptic vesicle are released into the synapse, where they diffuse across the synaptic cleft. (wikipedia.org)
  • These neurotransmitters bind to a variety of receptors on the postsynaptic cell membrane. (wikipedia.org)
  • When neurotransmitters reach the postsynaptic neuron of an excitatory synapse, these molecules can bind to two possible types of receptors that are clustered in a protein-rich portion of the postsynaptic cytoskeleton called the Postsynaptic density (PSD). (wikipedia.org)
  • These sacs release chemicals known as neurotransmitters (18) into the synapse (19). (histology-world.com)
  • The neurotransmitters cross the synapse and attach to receptors (20) on the neighboring cell. (histology-world.com)
  • We want to know how neurotransmitters diffuse outside of the synapse and generate long-distance signals to different cells. (albany.edu)
  • The biosynthesis and inactivation of neurotransmitters, neurotransmission across synapses. (muni.cz)
  • A neuron generates and propagates an action potential along its axon, then transmits this signal across a synapse by releasing neurotransmitters, which trigger a reaction in another neuron or an effector cell (eg, muscle cells, most exocrine and endocrine cells). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Neurotransmitters that are released bind to receptors on another neuron. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind briefly to specific receptors on the adjoining neuron or effector cell. (msdmanuals.com)
  • instead, they communicate through the transmission of neurotransmitters across the synapses. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Vertical cryostat sections through central retina were double labeled with immunohistochemical markers for bipolar cell types and with antibodies to alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) receptor subunits GluR1 to 4, kainate receptor subunits GluR6/7, and the NR1C2' subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. (nih.gov)
  • For all bipolar cell types, immunoreactive puncta for the AMPA receptor subunits GluR2, 2/3, and 4 were colocalized at highest densities, whereas GluR1-immunoreactive puncta were expressed at very low densities. (nih.gov)
  • Notably, Bergmann glial cells in the cerebellum have Ca 2+ -permeable α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) assembled without the GluR2 subunit. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Depolarization of RBCs from -60 mV elicited sustained Ca2+ currents and evoked AMPA receptor (AMPAR)-mediated EPSCs in synaptically coupled amacrine cells that exhibited large, rapidly rising initial peaks that decayed rapidly to smaller, steady-state levels. (nih.gov)
  • The transient component persisted in the absence of feedback inhibition to the RBC terminal and when postsynaptic AMPA receptor desensitization was blocked with cyclothiazide, indicating that it reflects a time-dependent decrease in the rate of exocytosis from the presynaptic terminal. (nih.gov)
  • What happens is you get presynaptic release of glutamate into the synaptic cleft, which causes postsynaptic depolarization mediated by the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptor. (hstalks.com)
  • The NMDA receptor subunit NR1C2' was specifically colocalized with flat midget and DB3 axons. (nih.gov)
  • Hippocampal mossy fiber synapses show an unusual form of long-term potentiation (LTP) that is independent of NMDA receptor activation and is expressed presynaptically. (nature.com)
  • Weisskopf, M.G. & Nicoll, R.A. Presynaptic changes during mossy fibre LTP revealed by NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic responses. (nature.com)
  • NMDA receptors: neuroprotective or excitotoxic? (hstalks.com)
  • And one particular focus in the lab is on an important source of calcium influx, the NMDA subtype of ionotrophic glutamate receptors. (hstalks.com)
  • So a typical glutamatergic synapse, such as the one shown in the cartoon here, the NMDA receptor is a very important source of activity-dependent calcium influx. (hstalks.com)
  • This postsynaptic depolarization alleviates the voltage-dependent magnesium block on the NMDA receptor. (hstalks.com)
  • And it's this calcium that is a major mediator of the neuroprotective, as well as the toxic effects of NMDA receptor activity. (hstalks.com)
  • And the origins of the field, the research into the control of survival and death by NMDA receptors can be traced back to a paper published in 1957 by Lucas and Newhouse. (hstalks.com)
  • And that this calcium influx was mediated by the NMDA receptor, the NMDA subtype of ionotrophic glutamate receptors. (hstalks.com)
  • And extremely soon afterwards, it became clear that NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxity was physiologically relevant because it was implicated in contributing to neuronal loss and dysfunction in acute disorders, particularly stroke and traumatic brain injury. (hstalks.com)
  • NMDA receptor blockage protects against permanent noise -induced hearing loss but not its potentiation by carbon monoxide. (cdc.gov)
  • While a clear role has been proposed for glutamate as a putative neurotransmitter at the inner hair cell type I spiral ganglion cell synapse, the possible role of excessive glutamate release in cochlear impairment and of NMDA receptors in such a process is uncertain. (cdc.gov)
  • The present study compares the protective effects of (+)-MK-801, an NMDA receptor antagonist, and the relatively inactive isomer (-)-MK-801 against permanent noise -induced hearing loss (NIHL). (cdc.gov)
  • The data suggest that NMDA receptor stimulation may play a role in NIHL resulting from fairly mild noise exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • But what sort of molecular flag gets waved to say, 'Come up here and make your home at my type of synapse,' is not really clear," says Maren. (technologyreview.com)
  • Chemical synapses are by far the most prevalent and are the main player involved in excitatory synapses. (wikipedia.org)
  • Unlike an electrical synapse, the chemical synapses are separated by a space called the synaptic cleft, typically measured between 15 and 25 nm. (wikipedia.org)
  • The work in the Gouaux Lab is concentrated on developing molecular mechanisms for the function of receptors and transporters at chemical synapses by utilizing cryo-electron microscopy, x-ray crystallography, and electrophysiology. (ohsu.edu)
  • Under inflammatory conditions, 20:4-NAPE (20 μM) also exhibited a significant inhibitory effect (74.5 ± 8.9%) on the mEPSCs frequency that was prevented by the TRPV1 receptor antagonist SB 366791 but not by PF 514273 application. (frontiersin.org)
  • Cholinergic, adrenergic, and (inhibitory) gabaergic receptors. (muni.cz)
  • Depending on the receptor, the response may be excitatory or inhibitory. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Using receptor antagonists, as well as receptor knockout mice, we found that presynaptic kainate receptors facilitate the induction of mossy fiber long-term potentiation (LTP), although they are not required for this form of LTP. (nature.com)
  • An excitatory synapse is a synapse in which an action potential in a presynaptic neuron increases the probability of an action potential occurring in a postsynaptic cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • This implies that molecular and functional properties differ between MF and AF synapses at both presynaptic and postsynaptic sites. (elsevierpure.com)
  • How are individual molecules are distributed within presynaptic terminals and how does their distribution influences the properties of neurotransmitter release from small central synapses? (albany.edu)
  • Our results show that 20:4-NAPE application has a significant modulatory effect on spinal cord nociceptive signaling that is mediated by both TRPV1 and CB 1 presynaptic receptors, whereas peripheral inflammation changes the underlying mechanism. (frontiersin.org)
  • More recently, these cells have been exploited in imaging studies to identify key players in immunological synapse (IS) assembly in superantigen-specific conjugates and to track the dynamics of signaling molecules on glass surfaces coated with activating anti-CD3 antibodies. (ox.ac.uk)
  • By comparison, Jurkat cells have been used only scantily for imaging on supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) incorporating laterally mobile TCR and integrin ligands, which allow to study synaptic rearrangements of surface molecules and the fine architecture of the mature IS, likely due to limitations in the assembly of immune synapses with well-defined architecture. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We want to understand how individual molecules are distributed within the synapse and how their spatial arrangement influences the properties of neurotransmitter release. (albany.edu)
  • To stimulate the olfactory receptors, airborne molecules must pass through the nasal cavity with relatively turbulent air currents and contact the receptors. (medscape.com)
  • Therefore, Sig1R demonstrates properties that can be attributed to both chaperone proteins and receptors. (frontiersin.org)
  • This strengthening is likely the result of a specific set of proteins migrating to synapses in a precisely choreographed pattern, but it remains a mystery which proteins are involved and how they are targeted to their destinations. (technologyreview.com)
  • The receptor's "preference" for mushroom-type synapses suggests that, at least in the process of forming a fear-related memory, there is a specialized trafficking system to direct synaptic proteins to their targets. (technologyreview.com)
  • Recent studies suggested that Shisa7 along with other Shisa genes encodes proteins that adhere to glutamate receptors. (nih.gov)
  • Once attached, these "auxiliary" proteins can control a receptor's response to glutamate or its presence at synapses. (nih.gov)
  • Further experiments suggested that Shisa7 proteins attached directly to GABA A receptors. (nih.gov)
  • After being released, it attaches (binds) to specific receptor proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
  • 2004) and subsequently to report on selective Aβ dependent alterations in synaptic proteins and neurotransmitter receptors, including surface glutamate receptors and PSD-95 (Almeida et al. (lu.se)
  • The proteins in the cell membrane function as pumps, receptors and transporters and regulate which substances find their way into and out of the cell. (lu.se)
  • Modulation of GABA receptors and of GABAergic synapses by the natural alkaloid gelsemine. (iasp-pain.org)
  • The behavioral activity profile of gelsemine suggests the involvement of GABA receptors (GABARs), which are the main biological targets of benzodiazepines (BDZs), a group of drugs with anxiolytic, hypnotic, and analgesic properties. (iasp-pain.org)
  • In a study of mice, NIH researchers showed that a protein encoded by a gene called Shisa7 (green) may boost the nerve calming effects of valium and other benzodiazepines by sticking to GABA type A neurotransmitter receptors (red). (nih.gov)
  • In this study, his team worked with researchers led by Chris J. McBain, Ph.D., senior investigator at NIH's Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), to look at synapses that rely on the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) to calm nerves. (nih.gov)
  • Before this study, it was thought that benzodiazepines worked alone to boost the nerve calming responses of GABA A receptors. (nih.gov)
  • Dr. Lu's lab found that, instead, these responses may depend greatly on whether a protein encoded by the Shisa7 gene is stuck to GABA A receptors. (nih.gov)
  • To their surprise, they found that Shisa7 appeared to play a unique and critical role in the nerve quieting GABA synapses. (nih.gov)
  • With the help of scientists in labs led by Ling Gang Wu, M.D., Ph.D., a senior investigator at NINDS, and Ronald S. Petralia, Ph.D., of the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), the researchers used advanced microscopic techniques to spot Shisa7 tightly clustered with GABA A receptors at synapses. (nih.gov)
  • Electrical recordings showed that Shisa7 hastened receptor responses to the transmitter GABA and nearly doubled the size of responses made in the presence of Valium (a.k.a. diazepam), suggesting the protein made the receptor more sensitive to benzodiazepines. (nih.gov)
  • The maximal level of enhancement seen with either CBD or 2-AG were on α2-containing GABAA receptor subtypes, with approximately a 4-fold enhancement of the GABA EC5 evoked current, more than twice the potentiation seen with other α-subunit receptor combinations. (researchgate.net)
  • Exploration of extrasynaptic α4β2δ receptors revealed that both compounds enhanced GABA EC5 evoked currents at concentrations ranging from 0.01-1 μM. (researchgate.net)
  • the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), THC and CBD potentiate GABA A receptors [21, 22] . (researchgate.net)
  • In this regard, CBD inhibition of 5-HT 3 receptors may contribute to its role in modulation of nociception and emesis, potentiation of GABA receptors may account for its anti-seizure, anxiolytic and analgesic effects, and potentiation of glycine receptors may be relevant for CBD anti-nociceptive actions [3,16, 22] . (researchgate.net)
  • A unified nomenclature for vertebrate olfactory receptors. (jax.org)
  • It is a specialized pseudostratified neuroepithelium containing the primary olfactory receptors. (medscape.com)
  • The first electrical synapse was discovered in a crayfish nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
  • Our hope is that by understanding how the brain generates perceptions at the level of synapses and circuits we will not only come to a much deeper appreciation for the biological mechanisms underlying brain function, but also reveal new avenues to treat neurological disease such as autism, schizophrenia, epilepsy, and movement disorders. (berkeley.edu)
  • A combined cell-physiological and genetic approach to the calyx of Held synapse is used to explore the mechanisms underlying temporal acuity, reliability, and plasticity of information processing in the auditory brainstem. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • Our group focuses on the pathophysiological mechanisms by which synapses are sites of early dysfunction and damage in the most common neurodegenerative disease causing dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD). (lu.se)
  • This study sought to evaluate how the presence of the HIV envelope (Env) in the CD4 T cell immunological synapse affects synapse formation and intracellular signaling to impact the downstream T cell activation events. (ox.ac.uk)
  • intracellular receptors. (muni.cz)
  • Gelsemine inhibited the agonist-evoked currents of recombinant and native receptors. (iasp-pain.org)
  • The area of contact between a T cell and an antigen-presenting cell (APC) is known as the immunological synapse. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Homozygotes for targeted mutations show variably abnormalities that may include growth retardation, death after weaning unless given hydrated food, nonresponsiveness to dopamine D1 receptor agonists and antagonists, and normal to hyperactive locomotor activity. (jax.org)
  • In accordance, systemic injection of dopamine receptor D1 agonists in vivo promote rapid cleavage of the ECM protein brevican 16 . (nature.com)
  • 5'UTR polymorphism in the serotonergic receptor HTR3A gene is differently associated with striatal Dopamine D2/D3 receptor availability in the right putamen in Fibromyalgia patients and healthy controls-Preliminary evidence. (cdc.gov)
  • Wilkerson, JR , Albanesi, JP & Huber, KM 2018, ' Roles for Arc in metabotropic glutamate receptor-dependent LTD and synapse elimination: Implications in health and disease ', Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology , vol. 77, pp. 51-62. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The synapse is the place where a signal passes from the neuron to another cell. (histology-world.com)
  • In our lab, we are interested in understanding the functional properties of central synapses, the specialized structures that convert the electrical activity of a neuron into a chemical signal for its target cells. (albany.edu)
  • To elucidate the role of these Ca 2+ -permeable AMPARs, we converted them into Ca 2+ -impermeable receptors by adenoviral-mediated delivery of the GluR2 gene. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Network analysis of disrupted genes with high brain expression identified significant enrichment in pathways of the cholinergic synapse, guanine-exchange factor activation and the mammalian target of rapamycin. (bmj.com)
  • In terms of the sequence of events, synaptogenesis happens right after the production of astrocytes and the time window of synapse formation overlaps that of the astrocyte maturation [ 14 ]. (degruyter.com)
  • In particular, a robust decrease in N -methyl- d -aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-mediated synaptic responses in the mPFC was correlated with several measures of attention. (jneurosci.org)
  • Long-term potentiation (LTP) at these synapses differs in its induction sites and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) dependence. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Endogenous Ca2+-impermeable AMPARs at these synapses were replaced with exogenous Ca 2+ -permeable receptors, and Ca 2+ influx via the newly expressed postsynaptic AMPARs induced NMDAR-independent LTP at AF synapses. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Thus, the glial Ca 2+ -permeable AMPARs are indispensable for proper structural and functional relations between Bergmann glia and glutamatergic synapses. (elsevierpure.com)
  • We conclude that the time course of vesicle release from RBCs is inherently transient and, together with the fast kinetics of postsynaptic AMPARs, speeds transmission at this synapse. (nih.gov)
  • In this study, we focused on the difference in the postsynaptic trafficking of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4- isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs) between these synapses. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The synaptic trafficking of GluR1 AMPARs was triggered by the activity of Ca 2+ /calmodulin- dependent kinase II or high-frequency stimulation to induce LTP at AF synapses, but not at MF synapses. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In addition, the inhibition was prevented by the CB 1 receptor antagonist PF 514273 (0.2 μM) but not by the TRPV1 receptor antagonist SB 366791 (10 μM). (frontiersin.org)
  • In response to neurotransmitter binding, these postsynaptic receptors can undergo conformational changes that may open a transmembrane channel subunit either directly, or indirectly via a G-Protein signaling pathway. (wikipedia.org)
  • Receptors Structure and Function Since the early nineteenth century, various spe- cialized receptors have been associated with the somatosensory system. (cdc.gov)
  • Electrical synapses, the minority, allow direct, passive flow of electric current through special intercellular connections called gap junctions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, we investigated whether different types of bipolar cells are associated with different types of ionotropic glutamate receptors in the inner retina of a New World primate, the common marmoset Callithrix jacchus. (nih.gov)
  • The kainate receptor subunits GluR6/7 were predominantly associated with diffuse bipolar (DB6) and rod bipolar cells. (nih.gov)
  • We show that, while forced LFA-1 expression did not affect TCR recruitment to the IS, E6.1 LFA-1high cells assembled better structured synapses, with a tighter distribution of signaling-competent TCRs at the center of the IS. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Our results highlight a new role for LFA-1 in the core architecture of the IS that can be exploited to study the spatiotemporal redistribution of surface receptors on SLBs, thereby extending the potential of E6.1 cells and their derivatives for fine-scale imaging studies. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Although its exact function is unknown, one model suggests that it allows for T cell receptor (TCR) clustering and for sustained signaling in T cells for many hours. (ox.ac.uk)
  • To investigate the dynamics of synaptic transmission at the second synapse in the rod pathway, we made paired voltage-clamp recordings from rod bipolar cells (RBCs) and postsynaptic AII and A17 amacrine cells in rat retinal slices. (nih.gov)
  • CD4 T cells were applied to supported lipid bilayers that were reconstituted with HIV Env gp120, anti-T cell receptor (anti-TCR) monoclonal antibody, and ICAM-1 to represent the surface of HIV Env-bearing antigen-presenting cells. (ox.ac.uk)
  • These results suggest that HIV uses the immunological synapse as a conduit not only for selective virus transmission to activated CD4 T cells but also for boosting the T cell activation state, thereby increasing its likelihood of undergoing productive replication in targeted CD4 T cells. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We found that the HIV envelope is recruited to the center of the immunological synapse together with the T cell receptor and enhances the T cell receptor-induced activation of CD4 T cells. (ox.ac.uk)
  • This study provides evidence of the exploitation of the normal immunological synapse and T cell activation process by HIV to boost the activation state of targeted CD4 T cells and promote the infection of these cells. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The sense of smell is mediated through stimulation of the olfactory receptor cells by volatile chemicals. (medscape.com)
  • These biochemical aspects will be followed by the description of how PSD-95 itself is anchored at postsynaptic sites and then up out some specific functions of PSD-95 beyond glutamate receptor functions. (hstalks.com)
  • First, I will introduce the basics of neurotransmission and glutamate receptors. (hstalks.com)
  • Allosteric modulators of sigma-1 receptor (Sig1R) are described as compounds that can increase the activity of some Sig1R ligands that compete with (+)-pentazocine, one of the classic prototypical ligands that binds to the orthosteric Sig1R binding site. (frontiersin.org)
  • However, the notion that allosteric modulators of Sig1R are identified is an additional argument for the "receptor" view of Sig1R. (frontiersin.org)
  • CBD and 2-AG were positive allosteric modulators at α1-6βγ2 receptors, with low micromolar potencies. (researchgate.net)
  • Odorants can also be perceived by entering the nose posteriorly through the nasopharynx to reach the olfactory receptor via retronasal olfaction. (medscape.com)
  • Odorants diffuse into the mucous and are transported to the olfactory receptor. (medscape.com)
  • The smell receptors detect odorants and send information on to parts of the cerebral cortex. (lu.se)
  • Transient receptor potential ion channel, vanilloid subfamily, type 1 (TRPV1) cation channel, and cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB 1 ) are essential in the modulation of nociceptive signaling in the spinal cord dorsal horn that underlies different pathological pain states. (frontiersin.org)
  • Several reports have shown modulation of Cys-loop receptors by phytocannabinoids and endocannabinoids independent of cannabinoid receptors with potential physiological or therapeutic consequences. (researchgate.net)
  • Accumulation of acetylcholine receptors and acetylcholinesterase at newly formed nerve-muscle synapses. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Nerve-muscle synapses form and the postsynaptic membrane begins to differentiate rapidly in vitro. (aspetjournals.org)
  • In a healthy neuromuscular synapse, nerve endings and their receptors on muscle fibers are almost a perfect match, like two hands placed together, finger to finger, palm to palm. (medindia.net)
  • These findings suggest that rod and cone bipolar cell types contribute to multiple but distinct glutamate receptor pathways in primate retina. (nih.gov)
  • Se- lective receptor inactivation is an early change fol- lowing exposure to certain neurotoxins, e.g., failure of the generator potential, followed by loss of the axon filopod processes in Pacinian corpuscles, are early physiological and morphological alterations following acrylamide intoxication (4, 5). (cdc.gov)
  • Here we used two-electrode voltage clamp electrophysiology to compare the actions of CBD with those of the major central endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) on human recombinant GABAA receptors (synaptic α1-6βg2 and extrasynaptic α4β2δ) expressed on Xenopus oocytes. (researchgate.net)
  • 2010). A particular emphasis for our group has been to better understand how synaptic activity modulates the pathophysiology of synapse damage in AD. (lu.se)
  • 2000). Following this work, we were the 1st group to report on the physical association between altered AD-linked Aβ peptides and synapses in the brain, showing that Aβ preferentially accumulates and associates with subcellular pathology within distal neurites and synapses in AD (Takahashi et al. (lu.se)
  • 2005). A major effort of our group has been to determine the cell biological mechanism(s) by which Aβ peptides initiate dysfunction of synapses in AD. (lu.se)
  • 2006). Moreover, we carried out studies on the mechanism whereby β-amyloid antibodies can reduce Aβ peptides and protect synapses in cellular models of AD, providing a biological mechanism for a leading therapeutic direction for AD: Aβ immunotherapy (Tampellini et al. (lu.se)
  • Therefore, the anorexigenic effect exerted by the CBD could be the result of a multitarget mechanism, involving the whole endocannabinoid receptor system, particularly in the hypothalamus. (researchgate.net)
  • The focus of his lab is to elucidate the mechanism(s) of early synapse dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related neurodegenerative disorders. (lu.se)
  • Receptors often include nonneural elements which incorporate and interact with the axon terminal in initiating generator potentials. (cdc.gov)
  • CBD modulation of Cys-loop receptors has pharmacological relevance. (researchgate.net)
  • The neural elements of somatosensory receptors in the hands and feet represent the distal extreme of long afferent fibers, and thus, are par- ticularly vulnerable in the distal axonopathies. (cdc.gov)
  • T cell receptor signaling precedes immunological synapse formation. (ox.ac.uk)
  • TRPV1 and CB 1 receptors share the endogenous agonist anandamide (AEA), produced from N-arachidonoylphosphatidylethanolamine (20:4-NAPE). (frontiersin.org)
  • Despite evidence that some endogenous and synthetic cannabinoids interact with GABAA receptors, no-one has yet investigated the effects of CBD. (researchgate.net)
  • Ionotropic glutamate receptor (GluR) subunits also show a stratified distribution in the inner plexiform layer. (nih.gov)