• This gene was initially identified as a homolog of the feline sarcoma viral oncogene v-kit and is often referred to as proto-oncogene c-Kit. (nih.gov)
  • Here we describe the role of BCL9-2, a proto-oncogene previously characterized as co-activator of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling, for mammary tumorigenesis in mice and human. (oncotarget.com)
  • This gene encodes a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase family of proteins and the product of the proto-oncogene MET. (creativebiolabs.net)
  • M-CSF receptor, the product of the c - fms proto-oncogene, is a member of the type III subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases that also includes receptors for SCF and PDGF. (rndsystems.com)
  • Proteins of the TCF subfamily form a ternary complex by binding to the the serum response factor and the serum reponse element in the promoter of the c-fos proto-oncogene. (nih.gov)
  • Overexpression of the erbB-2 proto-oncogene in canine osteosarcoma cell lines and tumors. (cdc.gov)
  • The status of the erbB-2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2/neu) proto-oncogene in canine osteosarcoma (OSA) has not been reported previously. (cdc.gov)
  • The role of the cbl oncogene in regulating epidermal growth factor receptor-mediated signalling. (edu.au)
  • The ErbB/HER family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) consists of four family members: the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/ErbB1), HER2 (ErbB2/Neu), HER3 (ErbB3), and HER4 (ErbB4). (plos.org)
  • Although a number of studies have shown that patients with activating mutations in exons 18-21 of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene respond particularly well to gefitinib and erlotinib, a prospective, randomised study was needed to differentiate between the prognostic and predictive value of EGFR mutations. (ersjournals.com)
  • Clinically relevant improvements in survival have been attained by administering targeted therapy to the appropriate patient population: for example, the addition of trastuzumab to standard first-line chemotherapy in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor-positive (HER2+) metastatic breast cancer 3 . (ersjournals.com)
  • This review considers the current evidence linking biomarker profile to efficacy of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeted therapy in advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and the clinical implications of recent findings. (ersjournals.com)
  • 2004) Activating mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor underlying responsiveness of non-small-cell lung cancer to gefitinib. (scielo.br)
  • 2005) Activating mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor are associated with improved survival in gefitinib-treated chemorefractory lung adenocarcinomas. (scielo.br)
  • MA5-14485 targets Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in IHC (P) applications and shows reactivity with Human samples. (thermofisher.com)
  • EGFR (Epidermal growth factor receptor, HER1, ErbB1) is encoded by the EGFR gene located on chromosome 7 in humans. (thermofisher.com)
  • EGFR is a transmembrane receptor and binding of its cognate ligands such as EGF (Epidermal Growth Factor) and TGF alpha (Transforming Growth Factor alpha) to the extracellular domain leads to EGFR dimerization followed by autophosphorylation of the tyrosine residues in the cytoplasmic domain. (thermofisher.com)
  • The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) commonly targeted for inhibition by anti-cancer therapeutics. (biorxiv.org)
  • The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a HER-family receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) that is involved in cell signaling in healthy tissue. (biorxiv.org)
  • EPHA1, EPHA2, EFNA3, and EFNA4 mRNA expression was significantly higher in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2- (HER2-) positive tumors than in HER2-negative tumors. (hindawi.com)
  • It and the gene for the epidermal growth factor receptor ( EGFR ) are involved in cell signaling. (medscape.com)
  • EGFR belongs to the HER/ERbB family of proteins that includes three other receptor tyrosine kinases, ERbB2, ERbB3, ERbB4. (thermofisher.com)
  • Phosphorylation of EGFR at certain residues is also mediated by Src-non-receptor kinase. (thermofisher.com)
  • Upon receptor activation and signaling, EGFR is endocytosed and targeted for degradation or recycling. (thermofisher.com)
  • Vav3 enhances androgen receptor (AR) activity during progression to androgen independence in prostate cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Anti-androgen flutamide suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor mediated induction of transforming growth factor-β1. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Flutamide is an androgen receptor (AR) antagonist approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of prostate cancer. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Identification of novel androgen receptor (AR) antagonists may lead to urgently needed new treatments for patients with prostate cancer resistant to current AR antagonists. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Identification of ETS-like transcription factor 4 as a novel androgen receptor target in prostate cancer cells. (nih.gov)
  • The HER2 receptor does not bind to any known ligands, however, its dimerization arm is innately positioned in an open conformation. (plos.org)
  • IGF-IR expression is a fundamental prerequisite for the acquisition of a malignant phenotype, as suggested by the finding that IGF-IR-null cells (derived from IGF-IR knock-out embryos) are unable to undergo transformation when exposed to cellular or viral oncogenes. (tau.ac.il)
  • The majority of human breast cancers express estrogen receptor alpha (ER), which is important for therapy with anti-estrogens. (oncotarget.com)
  • Expression of nuclear estrogen receptor alpha (ER) predicts the prognosis and the therapy response to anti-estrogens of human breast cancer [ 1 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • Here, we reveal that spatial coincidence of abundant CAF infiltration with malignant cells was associated with reduced estrogen receptor (ER)-α expression and activity in luminal breast tumors. (lu.se)
  • Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor delta (PTPRD) is a member of a large family of protein tyrosine phosphatases which negatively regulate tyrosine phosphorylation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor delta ( PTPRD ) is an important regulator of axon growth and guidance and is highly expressed in the central nervous system where it functions as a transmembrane homophilic neuronal cell adhesion molecule [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) is a mosaic protein of 839 amino acids (after removal of 21-amino acid signal peptide) that mediates the endocytosis of cholesterol-rich low-density lipoprotein (LDL). (wikipedia.org)
  • In humans, the LDL receptor protein is encoded by the LDLR gene on chromosome 19. (wikipedia.org)
  • e.g. a truncation of the receptor protein at residue number 660 leads to domains 3,4 and 5 of the EGF precursor domain being missing. (wikipedia.org)
  • This precludes the movement of the receptor from the ER to the Golgi, and leads to degradation of the receptor protein. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor ( BMPR ) family includes transmembrane receptors that play vital roles in tissue development and cellular signaling. (news-medical.net)
  • analyzed the impact of RN1 (a natural product extracted from Panax notoginseng ) on bone morphogenetic protein receptors (BMPR1A and BMPR2). (news-medical.net)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily. (wikidoc.org)
  • Through its death domain , this receptor interacts with TRADD protein, which is known to serve as an adaptor that mediates signal transduction of TNF-receptors. (wikidoc.org)
  • [2] The DR6 is an alpha-helical integral membrane receptor protein that shows evidence that it has something to do with the inhibition of blood vessels forming on tumors which would allow them to grow larger. (wikidoc.org)
  • Mouse M-CSF receptor cDNA encodes a 977 amino acid (aa) type I membrane protein with a 19 aa signal peptide, a 492 aa extracellular region containing the ligand-binding domain, a 25 aa transmembrane domain and a 441 aa cytoplasmic domain. (rndsystems.com)
  • 99% aa identity with rat and 60-63% aa identity with corresponding sequences in human, canine, feline and bovine M-CSF R. Activators of protein kinase C induce TACE/ADAM17 cleavage of the M-CSF receptor, releasing the functional ligand-binding extracellular domain (5). (rndsystems.com)
  • 19 normal healthy in- receptor protein (CD117) that is structurally dividuals were recruited as a control group. (who.int)
  • The N-terminal domain of the LDL receptor, which is responsible for ligand binding, is composed of seven sequence repeats (~50% identical). (wikipedia.org)
  • Upon binding of the estrogen ligand, the receptor is translocated to the nucleus and binds to the DNA of target genes that promote tumorigenesis but also regulate transcription of the receptor itself [ 1 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • Such receptors exhibit unique ligand-binding specificities and mediate distinct signaling cascades, even though they could cross-interact with other TGF-β family ligands. (news-medical.net)
  • BMPR family of proteins is a valuable tool for studying ligand-receptor interactions, downstream signaling events, and determining therapeutic targets. (news-medical.net)
  • Binding of its ligand, hepatocyte growth factor, induces dimerization and activation of the receptor, which plays a role in cellular survival, embryogenesis, and cellular migration and invasion. (creativebiolabs.net)
  • GP30 is a potential ligand for this receptor. (hatinhibitor.com)
  • The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor and a member of the basic helix-loop-helix PER/ARNT/SIM family of chemosensors and developmental regulators. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Gene expression profiling of ErbB receptor and ligand-dependent transcription. (rochester.edu)
  • Eph/ephrin signal transduction occurs not only in the receptor-expressing cell but also in the ligand-expressing cell via bidirectional signaling [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The receptors are also categorized as A or B according to the type of ligand they bind to. (hindawi.com)
  • related to other transmembrane receptors. (who.int)
  • The IRS proteins function as adaptors and transmit signals from multiple receptors. (scielo.br)
  • The IRS proteins (IRS1-4) are the family of adaptors regulating metabolic and mitogenic signaling pathways ( Hanke and Mann , 2009 Hanke S and Mann M (2009) The phosphotyrosine interactome of the insulin receptor family and its substrates IRS-1 and IRS-2. (scielo.br)
  • Following insulin binding, the insulin receptor (IR) autophosphorylates itself and creates docking sites for IRS proteins. (scielo.br)
  • Both receptors and ligands are membrane-bound proteins that require direct cell-cell interaction for activation. (hindawi.com)
  • miRNAs can either function as oncogenes or tumor suppressors ( 10 , 11 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Family A receptors (EPHA) and ligands (EFNA) can act as oncogenes or tumor suppressors and are implicated in chemoresistance. (hindawi.com)
  • Several Ephrin A (EPHA/EFNA) family members are overexpressed or downregulated in a variety of tumors, suggesting that they act as oncogenes or as tumor suppressors according to the cellular context [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Classically, HER family members function from the cell surface, where binding to cognate ligands can induce receptor homo- or hetero-dimerization with other HER family receptors [3] . (plos.org)
  • Ephrins, also known as ephrin ligands, and Eph receptors (Ephs), which are RTKs, are key regulators of physiological and pathological processes involved in development and disease, such as cellular motility, cell repulsion, and cell adhesion [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Ephrin family A includes ten receptors named EPHA (1-10) and five ligands designated as EFNA (1-5) [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The interaction between ligands and receptors via bidirectional signaling and its involvement in cancer biology are mediated by complex processes [ 7 , 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • A receptor tyrosine kinase that transduces signals from EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX to the CYTOPLASM by binding ligands such as GALECTIN 3. (bvsalud.org)
  • In addition to binding to the insulin receptor, IRS1 also binds to and transmits signals from the receptors of prolactin, growth hormone (GH), leptin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), insulin like growth factor (IGF1), and integrins ( Vuori and Ruoslathi , 1994 Vuori K and Ruoslahti E (1994) Association of insulin receptor substrate-1 with integrins. (scielo.br)
  • Dr. Bottaro's research on the role of epithelial growth factors in the onset and progression of solid tumors began with the discovery of the cell surface receptors for keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). (cancer.gov)
  • M-CSF binding induces receptor homodimerization, resulting in transphosphorylation of specific cytoplasmic tyrosine residues and signal transduction (6). (rndsystems.com)
  • This gene encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase. (nih.gov)
  • Mutations in the gene encoding the LDL receptor are known to cause familial hypercholesterolaemia. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are 5 broad classes of mutation of the LDL receptor: Class 1 mutations affect the synthesis of the receptor in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). (wikipedia.org)
  • Class 2 mutations prevent proper transport to the Golgi body needed for modifications to the receptor. (wikipedia.org)
  • The discovery of germline mutations in the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor, Met, that predispose affected individuals to papillary renal cell carcinoma (HPRC) type 1, significantly strengthened mounting evidence of the oncogenic potential of this signaling pathway. (cancer.gov)
  • Following the discovery of oncogenic HGF receptor mutations in kidney cancer, Dr. Bottaro joined the NCI's Urologic Oncology Branch (UOB) in 2003 to study growth factor signaling in urological malignancies and support diagnostic and therapeutic development as Head of the Molecular Therapeutics Facility. (cancer.gov)
  • The molecular changes found in oral SCC from Western countries (eg, United Kingdom, United States, Australia), particularly TP53 mutations, are infrequent in Eastern countries (eg, India, Southeast Asia), where the involvement of ras oncogenes is more common, suggesting genetic differences that might be involved in explaining the susceptibility of certain groups to oral SCC. (medscape.com)
  • Membrane-bound HER receptors activate numerous tumor promoting signaling cascades via this mechanism, including the PI3K/AKT, Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk, PLCγ/PKC, and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathways [1] , [2] . (plos.org)
  • These signaling pathways, and the roles of heparan sulfate proteoglycans as KGF and HGF co-receptors, became his primary research interests after becoming an NCI Principal Investigator in 1994. (cancer.gov)
  • Death receptor 6 ( DR6 ), also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 21 ( TNFRSF21 ), is a cell surface receptor of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily which activates the JNK and NF-κB pathways. (wikidoc.org)
  • Later work helped define the structural basis of growth factor-receptor interaction and the role of heparan sulfate proteoglycans as co-receptors. (cancer.gov)
  • The intracellular domains of the EphB6 and EphA10 receptor tyrosine pseudokinases function as dynamic signalling hubs. (edu.au)
  • These receptors each contain five immunoglobulin-like domains in their extracellular domain (ECD) and a split kinase domain in their intracellular region (1-4). (rndsystems.com)
  • This process leads to the activation of each receptors' tyrosine kinase and the subsequent phosphorylation of tyrosine residues located on their C-terminal tails. (plos.org)
  • This receptor has been shown to activate NF-κB and MAPK8 / JNK , and induce cell apoptosis . (wikidoc.org)
  • Death receptor 6 gets a chemical message and starts a signaling pathway that causes apoptosis, also known as cell death, to occur. (wikidoc.org)
  • It has been speculated that the domain may have ancestrally acted as a spacer to push the receptor beyond the extracellular matrix. (wikipedia.org)
  • Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) play an important role in a variety of cellular processes in cancer [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Nuclear localized HER family receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) have been observed in primary tumor specimens and cancer cell lines for nearly two decades. (plos.org)
  • While the classical membrane-bound functions of HER family RTKs have been extensively studied, accumulating data suggest that these receptors can be found in the cell's nucleus where they can function as co-transcriptional activators [4] , [5] . (plos.org)
  • In the LCMB he helped identify keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and their respective cell surface receptors. (cancer.gov)
  • Ma Z, Gibson SL, Byrne MA, Zhang J, White MF and Shaw LM (2006) Suppression of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) promotes mammary tumor metastasis. (scielo.br)
  • Leptin Receptor (LEPR) has been suggested to have several roles in cancer metastasis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is a cell-surface receptor that recognizes apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB100), which is embedded in the outer phospholipid layer of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), their remnants-i.e. intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), and LDL particles. (wikipedia.org)
  • Exon 1 contains a signal sequence that localises the receptor to the endoplasmic reticulum for transport to the cell surface. (wikipedia.org)
  • NK cell activation and the triggering of effector functions is governed by a complex set of activating and inhibitory receptors. (frontiersin.org)
  • Here, we review tumor-NK cell interactions, discuss the mechanisms by which NK cells generate an antitumor immune response, and discuss NK cell-based therapeutic strategies targeting activating, inhibitory, and co-stimulatory receptors. (frontiersin.org)
  • However, CD56 dim NK cells can produce cytokines, specifically IFN-γ, after cell triggering via NKp46 of NKp30 activating receptors or after stimulation with combinations of IL-2, IL-12, and IL-15 ( 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • However, studies have also reported that aberrant overexpression of miR-126 contributes to carcinogenesis, suggesting that miR-126 acts as an oncogene in gastric cancer and oral squamous cell carcinoma ( 16 , 17 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Metz H, Busch SE, Hanke ML, Kargl J, Kim KH and Houghton M (2014) Insulin receptor substrate-1 regulates immune cell content in lung adenocarcinoma. (scielo.br)
  • Changes in these and other oncogenes can disrupt cell growth control, ultimately leading to the uncontrolled growth of cancer. (medscape.com)
  • H- ras was one of the oncogenes that first caught the attention of molecular biologists interested in cell signaling, cell growth control, and cancer. (medscape.com)
  • However, the regions of each receptor that confer transcriptional potential remain poorly defined. (plos.org)
  • Sex steroid receptors (SSRs), which are involved in BC etiology and progression, promote BCSC proliferation, dedifferentiation and migration. (wjgnet.com)
  • Sesti G, Federici M, Hribal ML, Lauro D, Sbraccia P and Lauro R (2001) Defects of the insulin receptor substrate (IRS) system in human metabolic disorders. (scielo.br)
  • The insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) mediates the biological actions of both IGF-I and IGF-II. (tau.ac.il)
  • Although still early in clinical development, agonists of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) have demonstrated potential for the treatment of cancer. (nih.gov)
  • Given the BMPR family's considerable involvement in several diseases, targeting these receptors presents a hopeful avenue for therapeutic interventions. (news-medical.net)