• It is known to act through protein phosphorylation via PRKA and through the activation of guanine nucleotide exchange factors like EPAC. (plos.org)
  • Sperm intracellular cAMP levels depend on the activity of adenylyl cyclases, mostly SACY, though transmembrane-containing adenylyl cyclases are also present, and on the activity of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDE) whose role is to degrade cAMP into 5'-AMP. (plos.org)
  • Goupil S, Maréchal L, El Hajj H, Tremblay M-È, Richard FJ, Leclerc P (2016) Identification and Localization of the Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase 10A in Bovine Testis and Mature Spermatozoa. (plos.org)
  • Considerably higher resistance against cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases compared to dibutyryl or 8-Br-cAMP, no metabolic side effects. (biolog.de)
  • A cyclic nucleotide, unlike other nucleotides, has a cyclic bond arrangement between the ribose sugar and the phosphate group. (pancreapedia.org)
  • A cyclase enzyme (lyase) catalyzes the formation of the cyclic nucleotide from its nucleotide triphosphate precursor ( Figure 1 ). (pancreapedia.org)
  • Cyclic nucleotides form when the phosphate group of the molecule of nucleotide triphosphate (ATP or GTP) is attacked by the 3' hydroxyl group of the ribose, forming a cyclic 3',5'-phosphate ester with release of pyrophosphate. (pancreapedia.org)
  • Cyclic nucleotide signaling can be initiated by two general mechanisms. (pancreapedia.org)
  • After a ligand binds to the GPCR, it activates a heterotrimeric G-protein, which is composed of three subunits: a guanine nucleotide binding α-subunit, and a βγ-heterodimer (98). (pancreapedia.org)
  • The end products of this catalytic reaction are a cyclic nucleotide (cyclic AMP or cyclic GMP) and a pyrophosphate group. (pancreapedia.org)
  • The reversible phosphorylation of proteins on serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues represents a fundamental strategy used by eukaryotic organisms to regulate a host of biological functions, including DNA replication, cell cycle progression, energy metabolism, and cell growth and differentiation. (rupress.org)
  • Levels of cellular protein phosphorylation are modulated both by protein kinases and phosphatases. (rupress.org)
  • Protein phosphorylation can regulate enzyme function, mediate protein-protein interactions, alter subcellular localization, and control protein stability. (rupress.org)
  • To fully understand this complex and essential regulatory process, the kinases and phosphatases mediating the changes in cellular phosphorylation must be identified and characterized. (rupress.org)
  • Cyclin-dependent kinases are regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events. (jefferson.edu)
  • Repetto MV, Winters MJ, Bush A, Reiter W, Hollenstein DM, Ammerer G, Pryciak PM, Colman-Lerner A. CDK and MAPK Synergistically Regulate Signaling Dynamics via a Shared Multi-site Phosphorylation Region on the Scaffold Protein Ste5. (umassmed.edu)
  • Minimal model for signal-induced Ca2+ oscillations and for their frequency encoding through protein phosphorylation. (arasysperfector.com)
  • The phosphorylated enzyme catalyzes the phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of EUKARYOTIC INITIATION FACTOR-2, leading to the inhibition of protein synthesis. (bvsalud.org)
  • For example, the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and protein kinase A (PKA) pathways appear to participate in neuronal allocation. (wikipedia.org)
  • As in somatic cells, sperm intracellular cAMP concentration is regulated by the opposite action of two enzymes: the adenylyl cyclases (AC), which synthesize cAMP from ATP, and the phosphodiesterases (PDE), which break the phosphodiester bond of cAMP to form 5'-adenosine monophosphate (AMP). (plos.org)
  • Thus, our discovery of the role of functional interaction between intracellular signaling pathways mediated by calcium ions (Ca 2+) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) (Ca 2+ /cAMP signaling interaction) in these cellular responses, opened a great avenue for the development of new antitumor therapeutic strategies. (researchgate.net)
  • Through extensive biochemical and genetic analysis, we now know that pathways are not simply switched on with kinases and off with phosphatases. (rupress.org)
  • Signaling mechanisms implicated in these metaplastic effects include autophosphorylation of αCaMKII, changes in NMDA receptor subunit composition, and activation of voltage-dependent calcium channels. (wikipedia.org)
  • Figure 4: NMDA receptor carboxy-terminal evolution. (nature.com)
  • cAMP-mediated stimulation of tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA translation is mediated by polypyrimidine-rich sequences within its 3'-untranslated region and poly(C)-binding protein 2. (rochester.edu)
  • Nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are essential for the long-term response of tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression to chronic nicotine treatment in rat adrenal medulla. (rochester.edu)
  • Depending on which family the G protein is, it goes on to activate (G αs protein subunit) or inhibit (G αi protein subunit) the membrane-bound cyclase. (pancreapedia.org)
  • This enzyme also activates the transcription factor NF-KAPPA B and is composed of alpha and beta catalytic subunits, which are protein kinases and gamma, a regulatory subunit. (uchicago.edu)
  • and Its Interaction with Kaposi Sarcoma-associated Herpes Virus Flice-interacting Protein and IKK Subunit ß by EPR Spectroscopy. (uchicago.edu)
  • Cyclic nucleotides, like other nucleotides, are composed of three functional groups: a ribose sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a single phosphate group. (pancreapedia.org)
  • There are two main groups of cyclic nucleotides: the canonical or well-established and the non-canonical or unknown-function cyclic nucleotides. (pancreapedia.org)
  • The two well-established cyclic nucleotides are adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) and guanine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic GMP). (pancreapedia.org)
  • The non-canonical cyclic nucleotides include the purines inosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic IMP), xanthosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic XMP) and the pyrimidines cytidine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic cCMP), uridine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic UMP), and thymidine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cTMP) (145). (pancreapedia.org)
  • An overview of the non-canonical cyclic nucleotides is provided in Section V. (pancreapedia.org)
  • This cyclic conformation allows cyclic nucleotides to bind to proteins to which other nucleotides cannot. (pancreapedia.org)
  • F-box protein specificity for g1 cyclins is dictated by subcellular localization. (umassmed.edu)
  • The protein is referred to as the target of RAPAMYCIN due to the discovery that TACROLIMUS (commonly known as rapamycin) forms an inhibitory complex with TACROLIMUS BINDING PROTEIN 1A that blocks the action of its enzymatic activity. (harvard.edu)
  • Protein kinases that control cell cycle progression in all eukaryotes and require physical association with CYCLINS to achieve full enzymatic activity. (jefferson.edu)
  • Synapse proteomics data sets, such as those of the postsynaptic density (PSD) and associated protein complexes when combined with comparative genomics have provided unprecedented insights into the evolution of synapses. (nature.com)
  • Chen X, Jia B, Araki Y , Liu B , Ye F, Huganir R , Zhang M. Arc weakens synapses by dispersing AMPA receptors from postsynaptic density via modulating PSD phase separation. (neurotree.org)
  • Adding further complexity to this picture is the fact that both kinases and phosphatases can function in signaling networks where multiple kinases and phosphatases contribute to the outcome of a pathway. (rupress.org)
  • Exploring the role of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 in identifying idiopathic multicentric Castleman's disease types: Implications for the mTOR signaling pathway. (harvard.edu)
  • Notch signaling mediates G1/S cell-cycle progression in T cells via cyclin D3 and its dependent kinases. (umassmed.edu)
  • signaling proteins , the PSD also contains scaffolding proteins . (arasysperfector.com)
  • One mechanism is the binding of an extracellular ligand to a transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). (pancreapedia.org)
  • The receptor protein has seven transmembrane α-helices connected by alternating cytosolic and extracellular loops. (pancreapedia.org)
  • The ligand-binding site is in the extracellular domain and the cytosolic domain has a heterotrimeric G protein-binding site (127). (pancreapedia.org)
  • Although the importance of kinases in this process has long been recognized, an appreciation for the complex and fundamental role of phosphatases is more recent. (rupress.org)
  • Furthermore, kinases and phosphatases may work together to modulate the strength of a signal. (rupress.org)
  • A variety of approaches, including biochemical purification, gene isolation by homology, and genetic screens, have been successfully used for the identification of putative protein kinases and phosphatases. (rupress.org)
  • When activated by the second messengers such as cAMP and calcium ions, enzymes such as PKA and MAP kinase can translocate to the nucleus and phosphorylate CREB to initiate transcription of target genes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although a high level of PDE10A gene expression is observed in the testis, information on the identity of the isoforms or on the cell type that express the PDE10 protein is lacking. (plos.org)
  • Differential expression of polycytosine-binding protein isoforms in adrenal gland, locus coeruleus and midbrain. (rochester.edu)
  • Antiapoptotic and trophic effects of dominant-negative forms of dual leucine zipper kinase in dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra in vivo. (rochester.edu)
  • The transcription factor cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) is a well-studied mechanism of neuronal memory allocation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cyclin D1 represses p300 transactivation through a cyclin-dependent kinase-independent mechanism. (jefferson.edu)
  • ICA69 regulates activity-dependent synaptic strengthening and learning and memory. (neurotree.org)
  • Visualizing synaptic plasticity in vivo by large-scale imaging of endogenous AMPA receptors. (neurotree.org)
  • To understand the signal transduction required, we focused primarily on IL-6 induction by measuring mitogen-activated protein kinase activity and analyzing the effects of mutant or dominant negative forms of Vav, Rac1, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase-1 (JNK1). (aai.org)
  • Newly generated plasticity-related proteins (PRPs) can be captured by any tagged synapses, but untagged synapses are not eligible to receive new PPs. (wikipedia.org)
  • PKA inhibitors can block the development of long-lasting LTP, and this is accompanied by a reduction in the transcription of genes modulated by the CREB protein. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition to its PRKA-dependent effects, different studies have clearly demonstrated that cAMP also activates EPAC ( E xchange P roteins directly A ctivated by c AMP) during capacitation and acrosome exocytosis [ 15 - 17 ]. (plos.org)
  • Most of the mechanisms of motion rely on the conformational change of some molecule (usually a protein), and so unsurprisingly there are a huge range of different mechanisms available, often developed independently of each other and therefore cardinally different from one another even where they look the same and do exactly the same thing. (derangedphysiology.com)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases" was a major or minor topic of these publication. (harvard.edu)
  • "It was expected answers would describe in detail the role of troponin, tropomyosin and calmodulin in mediating muscle contraction" , the examiners rejoined. (derangedphysiology.com)
  • At the most basic level we can separate muscle tissue into smooth and striated, where the striations originate from a repeating pattern of regularly arranged proteins, whereas "smoothness" is conferred by an irregular arrangement without a repeating pattern. (derangedphysiology.com)
  • Impaired proteostatic mechanisms other than decreased protein synthesis limit old skeletal muscle recovery after disuse atrophy. (harvard.edu)
  • Cyclic AMP (adenosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate) is an important player in sperm function. (plos.org)
  • At the neuronal level, cells with higher levels of excitability (for example lower slow afterhyperpolarization) are more likely to be recruited into a memory trace, and substantial evidence exists implicating the cellular transcription factor CREB (cyclic AMP responsive element-binding protein) in this process. (wikipedia.org)
  • In mammals, adenosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) is known to play highly important roles in sperm motility and acrosomal exocytosis. (plos.org)
  • Pocklington, A. J., Cumiskey, M., Armstrong, J. D. & Grant, S. G. The proteomes of neurotransmitter receptor complexes form modular networks with distributed functionality underlying plasticity and behaviour. (nature.com)
  • TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (harvard.edu)
  • Vav overexpression resulted in the constitutive activation of JNK1 with little or no effect on p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and ERK2. (aai.org)
  • This was dependent on Vav-mediated activation of Rac1 as a Dbl domain-mutated Vav, inactive Rac N17, and inactive JNK1 down-regulated the Vav-induced JNK1 or IL-6 responses. (aai.org)
  • Below are the most recent publications written about "TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases" by people in Profiles. (harvard.edu)
  • Below are the most recent publications written about "I-kappa B Kinase" by people in Profiles. (uchicago.edu)