Receptor virus attachment. Medical search. Frequent questions

The envelope (E) glycoprotein, embedded in the membrane, allows attachment of the virus particle to the host cell receptor to initiate infection. (virology.ws)
Substituting the gene encoding the yellow fever E glycoprotein with that from Zika virus might be a good approach to quickly making a Zika vaccine. (virology.ws)
John F. Enders and Measles Virus Vaccine-a Reminiscence -- Measles Virus Receptors -- Measles Virus and CD46 -- Measles Virus Glycoprotein Complex Assembly, Receptor Attachment, and Cell Entry -- The Measles Virus Replication Cycle -- Nucleocapsid Structure and Function -- Reverse Genetics of Measles Virus and Resulting Multivalent Recombinant Vaccines: Applications of Recombinant Measles Viruses -- Measles Virus Interaction with Host Cells and Impact on Innate Immunity. (epa.gov)
A particle according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the heterologous polypeptide sterically hinders binding of d e viral glycoprotein to its cognate receptor on the eukaryotic cell. (sumobrain.com)
In studies investigating the impacts of retaining the E3 glycoprotein on mature virus outside of a host cell, we found this retention of E3 decreases receptor-mediated entry of cell targets that can be rescued on cells containing heparan sulfate suggesting viruses containing E3 on mature envelopes can utilize the E3 protein as an attachment factor. (purdue.edu)
Together, these data suggest that the E3 glycoprotein protects the fusion region of E1 on budded, mature virus dependent on the pH of the extracellular environment. (purdue.edu)
Viral attachment to unidentified cellular receptors is mediated by the E (envelope) glycoprotein. (medscape.com)

NAKED VIRUSES have an exposed protein capsid, whilst ENVELOPED VIRUSES are cloaked in cell membrane, added during budding from the host cell. (rkm.com.au)
Some viruses release their genetic material almost immediately (see entry 2) whereas others transport it to the cell nucleus still contained in a protein vehicle (see entry 5). (rkm.com.au)
the virus consists of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA, and a protein coat that envelops that nucleic acid. (bibalex.org)
During this phase, the Virion, which, according to theFreeDictionary.com, is "a complete viral particle, consisting of RNA or DNA surrounded by a protein shell and constituting the infective form of a virus", enters the host cell either through endocytosis (1) or membrane fusion. (bibalex.org)
Developed in 2007, the chemokine receptor antagonist blocks entry of certain specific strains of HIV, which attach to a particular protein on the immune cell's surface known as chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5). (hdkino.org)
The Scholars of the Podcast reveal ribosomal proteins encoded in viral genomes, and a protein cell receptor for bat influenza viruses. (virology.ws)
The overall objective of EuroNeut-41 was to design a vaccine that raises antibodies able to prevent HIV cell fusion by blocking the virus fusion protein gp41 in its pre-fusogenic conformation. (europa.eu)
The neuraminidase (NA) gene encodes the other surface protein of the virus. (cdc.gov)
Influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) is a type I (Class I) viral membrane fusion protein (VMFP), best characterized of its class. (tcdb.org)
The encoded protein is a component of a membrane complex that modulates canonical WNT signaling through lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6). (nih.gov)
This protein has also been found to be a functional receptor for Coxsackievirus A10 and may be an alternative entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2. (nih.gov)
Primers were designed for canine distemper virus nucleocapsid protein coding region fragment amplification (84 bp). (scielo.br)
We utilized a method for downregulating the cell-surface expression of the natural resistance-associated macrophage protein (NRAMP2), a definitive receptor for the prototypic alphavirus Sindbis (SIND), on cellular targets. (purdue.edu)
This association potentially serves a role as an attachment factor on virus and presents new binding sites for protein interactions and potential inhibition. (purdue.edu)
The images show the virus latched onto a protein found on cell surfaces in joints. (futurity.org)
Scientists took the protein from mice, but people have the same protein, and the virus interacts with the mouse and human proteins in virtually identical ways. (futurity.org)
As reported in Cell , the structures show in atomic-level detail how the virus and cell-surface protein fit together-data that promises to accelerate efforts to design drugs and vaccines to prevent or treat arthritis that chikungunya or related viruses cause. (futurity.org)
Now that we have these new structures, we can see how to disrupt the interaction between the virus and the protein it uses to get inside cells in the joints and other musculoskeletal tissues in order to block infections," adds co-senior author Daved Fremont, a professor of pathology and immunology, of biochemistry and molecular biophysics, and of molecular microbiology. (futurity.org)
In 2018, Diamond, Fremont, and colleagues identified the protein Mxra8, found on the outer surface of cells in the joints, as the molecular handle that chikungunya and related viruses grasp to gain entry into cells of mice, humans, and other species. (futurity.org)
in mice, thwarting chikungunya's attempts to attach to the protein using blocking antibodies or decoy receptors reduced signs of arthritis. (futurity.org)
But to design effective drugs and vaccines that interfere with attachment, researchers needed a detailed picture of the molecular interactions between the virus and the protein.The researchers used a technique called cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to visualize the virus bound to the cell-surface protein. (futurity.org)
To visualize how the virus interacts with the cell-surface protein, the researchers first flash-froze the viral particles attached to the protein. (futurity.org)
FCV is the only calicivirus for which a protein cellular receptor has been identified - junctional adhesion molecule A (JAM-A). (gla.ac.uk)
Some viruses have an outer envelope consisting of protein and lipid, surrounding a protein capsid complex with genomic RNA or DNA and sometimes enzymes needed for the first steps of viral replication. (msdmanuals.com)

Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans and Viral Attachment: True Receptors or Adaptation Bias? (nih.gov)
APOE associated to the LVP allows the initial virus attachment to cell surface receptors such as the heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), syndecan-1 (SDC1), syndecan-1 (SDC2), the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and scavenger receptor class B type I (SCARB1) (PubMed:12970454, PubMed:12356718, PubMed:12913001, PubMed:28404852, PubMed:22767607). (proteopedia.org)

Laboratory exposures that have led to infection with vaccinia and tanapox viruses, which are commonly used as vectors for experimental vaccines, have recently been documented. (medscape.com)
GRFT can inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection at picomolar concentrations, surpassing the ability of most anti-HIV agents. (mdpi.com)
What is antiretroviral therapy (ART) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection? (hdkino.org)
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a complete treatment regimen for human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) infection, with a combination of three or more classes of drugs . (hdkino.org)
Each drug class targets the virus at a different stage in its replication cycle, which improves the chances of controlling the infection. (hdkino.org)
HIV infection is caused by a virus that infects human immune cells known as T-cells. (hdkino.org)
The immune system could play a crucial role in virus infection. (medsci.org)
The successful development and implementation to intervene prevention and treatment of virus infection over the past hundred years have had great advances on human and animal health. (medsci.org)
However, to this day, in the fight against virus infection, there is no real winner. (medsci.org)
On March 29, 2023, Chile reported its first human infection with HPAI A(H5N1) virus. (cdc.gov)
The HA is also the primary target of neutralizing antibodies elicited by infection or vaccination, and the HA of virus from this specimen is very closely related (99% identity) to the A/Astrakhan/3212/2020-like pre-pandemic candidate vaccine viruses (e.g. (cdc.gov)
The virus-infected cells were harvested at various times after infection and analyzed for the ability to bind strains of Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. (lu.se)
This suggested that adenovirus infection upregulated receptors for S. pneumoniae. (lu.se)
The increased attachment may be one mechanism by which viruses precondition the respiratory mucosa for bacterial infection. (lu.se)
The rapid spread of Zika virus through the Americas, together with the association of infection with microcephaly and Guillain-Barre syndrome, have propelled this previously ignored virus into the limelight. (virology.ws)
Two conditions associated with Zika virus infection have made the outbreak potentially more serious. (virology.ws)
Congenital microcephaly has been associated with Zika virus infection in Brazil. (virology.ws)
Whether or not Zika virus infection is responsible for this birth defect is not known. (virology.ws)
Current epidemiological data are insufficient to prove a link of microcephaly with Zika virus infection. (virology.ws)
Needed are studies in which pregnant women are monitored to see if Zika virus infection leads to microcephaly. (virology.ws)
Given the serious nature of Guillain-Barre and microcephaly, it is prudent for pregnant women to either avoid travel to areas that are endemic for Zika virus infection, or to take measures to reduce exposure to mosquitoes. (virology.ws)
There are currently no antiviral drugs or vaccines that can be used to treat or prevent infection with Zika virus. (virology.ws)
Mosquito control is the only option for restricting Zika virus infection. (virology.ws)
Microbial infection) Acts as a receptor for SARS coronavirus/SARS-CoV and human coronavirus NL63/HCoV-NL63. (avivasysbio.com)
A particle according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the heterologous polypeptide has specific binding affinity for a cognate receptor on die surface of an eukaryotic cell, binding to which does not allow infection of the cell by the viral particle. (sumobrain.com)
When the Zika epidemic spread through the American continent and then later to Africa and Asia in 2015, researchers compared the characteristics of the Zika infection to Dengue, considering both these viruses were transmitted primarily through the same vector, the Aedes aegypti female mosquitoes. (frontiersin.org)
We are studying the attachment and entry pathway of FCV to build an understanding of the early stages of calicivirus infection. (gla.ac.uk)
The present application is drawn to neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for preventing and treating influenza virus infection and methods of treating influenza virus infection. (justia.com)
These two MAbs were proven to inhibit virus infection in the post-attachment process rather than inhibition of receptor binding. (justia.com)
Also disclosed herein is a method of treating influenza virus infection in a subject in need thereof comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the neutralizing antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin and thereby treating said influenza virus infection in said subject. (justia.com)
In most cases, Zika virus infection causes a mild, self-limited illness. (medscape.com)
[ 2 ] Owing to the mild nature of the disease, more than 80% of Zika virus infection cases likely go unnoticed. (medscape.com)
In April 2016, a deputy director at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) warned that the risk of Zika virus infection in the United States may have been previously underestimated, citing the increased range of the mosquito vectors (now in 30 US states, up from 12 as previously thought) and the travel risks associated with the 2016 Olympics in Brazil. (medscape.com)
Zika virus infection is among the nationally notifiable diseases in the United States. (medscape.com)
State and local health departments should be informed by healthcare professionals of suspected cases of Zika virus infection to facilitate diagnosis and to reduce the risk of local transmission. (medscape.com)
The global prevalence of Zika virus infection has not been widely reported owing to asymptomatic clinical course, clinical resemblance to other infection with other flaviviruses (dengue, chikungunya), and difficulty in confirming diagnosis. (medscape.com)
Among these co-factors, hTIM-1 has been identified as an attachment factor to promote JEV infection through interacting with phosphatidylserine (PS) on the viral envelope . (bvsalud.org)

The virus shown in this example is an Adenovirus . (rkm.com.au)

The fates of viral proteins and viral genetic material vary with the type of virus. (rkm.com.au)
The spike proteins provide the virus with its bulbous surface projections, known as peplomers. (wikipedia.org)
Viruses also cannot synthesize proteins as they lack ribosomes, which are vital for transforming RNA that exists in any virus to proteins that are vital for the reproducing process. (bibalex.org)
This dictum was shattered by the discovery of giant viruses which were found to encode tRNAs, aminoacyl tRNA syntheses, and many proteins involved in translation. (virology.ws)
Adherence was not affected by pretreatment of the cells with virus particles or viral proteins. (lu.se)
The activity of the receptor is mediated by G proteins that stimulate adenylate cyclase. (globaldata.com)
The rSA11/NSP3-CoV2/S viruses produced smaller plaques and lower viral titers in cell culture than the wildtype, perhaps because the RNA elongation time required for transcription of the segment 7 dsRNAs is increased during the replication of the virus, or the longer translation time to synthesize proteins encoded from these RNAs. (news-medical.net)
These spherical proteins are the keys the virus uses to get in and out of cells in its host organism respectively and to which the Hs and Ns in flu virus names correspond, as in H1N1. (asbmb.org)

2. NAKED VIRUS - GENOME INJECTION: virus attaches to cell surface and releases its genome which penetrates the cytoplasm via a pore that has been created in the plasma membrane. (rkm.com.au)
3. NAKED VIRUS - ENDOCYTOSIS: virus attaches to cell surface receptor molecules and sinks into a clathrin coated pit. (rkm.com.au)
This first stage, in a virus's lifecycle, is when a virus attaches itself to a receptor living cell. (bibalex.org)
HIV attaches to the CD4 receptor and binds to coreceptors, CCR5 or CXCR4, which facilitates entry of the virus into the cell. (uspharmacist.com)

1999 Institute of Medicine report that addressed the scientific vaccines) cell-culture-grown vaccinia vaccine was modified needs for live variola virus (1). (cdc.gov)
L104M, L115Q, V210A) between the HA of the virus from the Chilean case and A/Astrakhan/3212/2020-like candidate vaccine, and they are not in major antigenic epitopes strongly suggesting that antibodies elicited by the A/Astrakhan/3212/2020-like vaccine would be expected to have good cross-reactivity - and therefore protection - against this virus. (cdc.gov)
We do have a safe and effective vaccine against another flavivirus, yellow fever virus. (virology.ws)
Canine distemper virus vaccine samples in VERO cells were used as positive controls. (scielo.br)
Together, this information appraises the current understanding of both Zika and Dengue infections, providing insights for future vaccine design approaches against both viruses. (frontiersin.org)
We had a vaccine that, against H3N2, was only 25 percent effective, and we had a virus that was particularly virulent," Fauci said. (asbmb.org)
At the time, the influenza virus had yet to be isolated, let alone incorporated into a vaccine, and antivirals were several decades away. (asbmb.org)
If a flu vaccine worked against every potential strain of the virus, however, the 2009 pandemic and last season might have played out differently. (asbmb.org)
While these mutations happen frequently within a flu season, the changes are usually minor enough that the existing flu vaccine protects against the new viruses in the short term. (asbmb.org)
Scientists are evaluating the virus-like particles in clinical trials as a potential vaccine for chikungunya. (futurity.org)
Thus the development of an effective and safe vaccine against divergent influenza A virus strains is urgently needed for the prevention of future outbreaks of influenza. (justia.com)

Picture shows translocation, pore formation, receptor mediated endocytosis using clathrin coated vesicles and membrane fusion. (rkm.com.au)
4. ENVELOPED VIRUS - ENDOCYTOSIS & MEMBRANE FUSION: virus enters cell by receptor mediated endocytosis. (rkm.com.au)
This multivalent attachment by multiple copies of trimetric HA triggers endocytosis of influenza virus that is contained in the endosome. (tcdb.org)

Classification of viruses is principally according to their genome sequence taking into consideration nature and structure of their genome and their method of replication, but not according to the diseases they cause (see International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), 2021 release ). (msdmanuals.com)

Samtliga nödlägen har orsakats av olika typer av virus: influensavirus (2009 - 2010), Ebola virus (2013 - 2015 och 2018 - 2020) poliovirus (2014 - pågår), Zika virus (2016 - 2017), coronavirus (2020-pågår) och poxvirus (2022-2023). (umu.se)
The SARS-related coronavirus was one of several viruses identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2016 as a likely cause of a future epidemic in a new plan developed after the Ebola epidemic for urgent research and development before and during an epidemic towards diagnostic tests, vaccines and medicines. (wikipedia.org)

The potential to inhibit other viruses as well as parasites has also been demonstrated. (mdpi.com)
The MAbs recognize the highly conserved HA1 region of H5N1 hemagglutinin and inhibit multiple strains of the H5N1 virus, as well as treated mice infected with a lethal dose of H5N1 viruses of two divergent strains, demonstrating their potential as therapeutic agents for multivalent prophylaxis and treatment of influenza. (justia.com)

Type F adenoviruses and the EKC-causing adenoviruses are substantially different in their cellular receptor homing, and thus tissue tropism, as well as their structure. (biospace.com)

These host cell receptors are normal surface molecules involved in routine cellular function, but since a portion of a molecule on the viral surface resembles the chemical shape of the body's molecule that would normally bind to the receptor, the virus is able to attach to the host cell's surface. (bibalex.org)

Graphic of Viral Entry into Animal Cells: virus attachment to cell surface (adsorption) and virus entry into cell. (rkm.com.au)
These enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses enter host cells by binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. (wikipedia.org)
Viruses that infect eukaryotic cells typically bind to a plasma membrane receptor to initiate the reproduction cycle. (virology.ws)
Attachment of bacteriophages to bacterial cells is more diverse. (virology.ws)
The hemagglutinin (HA) gene codes for one of the two surface glycoproteins and is central to species specificity because it is responsible for virus attachment and fusion with host cells. (cdc.gov)
The major role of the NA is to release new progeny virions from an infected cell by enzymatically cleaving sialic acid receptors, which aids virus spread to uninfected cells within an infected host. (cdc.gov)
The life cycle of HIV involves multiple steps through which the virus enters and infects CD4 cells and uses the enzymes within the CD4 cell to replicate (see FIGURE 1 ). (uspharmacist.com)
Meanwhile, the cross-reactivity of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells response to Dengue and Zika viruses provide important clues for further development of potential treatments. (frontiersin.org)
Using non-replicating expression systems that avoid virus-culturing artifacts, we discovered that Moloney murine leukemia virus or baculovirus pseudotyped with the alphavirus envelope spike complex of VEEV demonstrates a pH-dependent retention of E3 on mature virus for both mammalian cells and insect cells through indirect-immunofluorescence assays and neutralization studies using polyclonal antibodies against VEEV E3. (purdue.edu)
Viruses depend completely on cells (bacterial, plant, or animal) to reproduce. (msdmanuals.com)
Upregulation of Toll-like receptor 4 through anti-miR-Let-7a enhances blastocyst attachment to endometrial cells in mice. (korilog.com)
Ibalizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to a region of the CD4 receptor on T-cells. (contagionlive.com)
It blocks the post-attachment changes of the virus that are necessary before the virus can enter CD4 cells. (contagionlive.com)
The virus resembles other known flavivirus structures with the exception of approximately 10 amino acids surrounding the Asn154 glycosylation site in each of the 180 envelope glycoproteins comprising the icosahedral shell, the carbohydrate moiety of which may be the attachment site of the virus to host cells. (medscape.com)
JEV relies on various attachment or entry co-factors to enter host cells . (bvsalud.org)
The integration of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from microorganisms with their surface receptors in the immune cells, induces the production of several cytokines and chemokines that presents either a pro- and/or anti-inflammatory role by stimulating the secretion of a great variety of antibody subtypes and the activation of mechanisms of controlling the disease, such as the regulatory T cells. (bvsalud.org)

The pit invaginates and finally closes off creating a clathrin coated vesicle (drawn as a cage like sphere) and so the contained virus particle is drawn into the cytoplasm. (rkm.com.au)
A particle acording to claim 11 , wherein the protease cleavage site becomes accessible after the heterologous polypeptide has bound to its cognate receptor on the eukaryotic cell. (sumobrain.com)
They obtained the images using a chikungunya virus-like particle-which has shape of a virus but cannot cause infections because it carries no genetic material inside-as well as a fully infectious chikungunya virus. (futurity.org)
Our cryo-EM maps allow us to view the whole virus particle with Mxra8 bound to it, but not at a high enough resolution to pinpoint precise atomic locations," says first author and graduate student Katherine Basore. (futurity.org)

Serological studies done in the 1950s showed that humans carried antibodies against Zika virus, and the virus was isolated from humans in Nigeria in 1968. (virology.ws)
Immunization with monoclonal antibodies against VEEV E3 provided protection for mice challenged by lethal doses of VEEV and suggests potential new targets for antibody neutralization, but it is currently unclear if E3 is retained on mature VEEV virus. (purdue.edu)
Disclosed herein are neutralizing antibodies with cross-neutralizing activity and cross-protective effects against divergent stains of influenza virus, which are specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), particularly those having cross-clade neutralizing activity, play a critical role in immunoprotection against various influenza A virus (IAV) infections, particularly those caused by the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus and any future unpredictable virus strains. (justia.com)
Furthermore, these vaccines are limited to one or just a few strains and don't produce highly potent neutralizing antibodies or cross-reactive immunity against divergent influenza viruses. (justia.com)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARSr-CoV or SARS-CoV) is a species of virus consisting of many known strains phylogenetically related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1) that have been shown to possess the capability to infect humans, bats, and certain other mammals. (wikipedia.org)
Vaccinia virus, which has been used for vaccination, can also infect humans. (medscape.com)
Viruses are of various different types, but they all infect all kinds of organisms and they all have exactly the same anatomical structure. (bibalex.org)
For a virus to infect a host cell, that cell must have receptors for the virus on its surface and also be capable of supporting viral replication. (bibalex.org)
Avian influenza H5N1 virus is known to cross the species barrier and infect humans and felines. (flu.org.cn)

Analysis of this HA gene shows that it is closely related to avian A(H5) viruses in HA clade 2.3.4.4b and lacked amino acid changes that improve recognition of mammalian receptors or fusion of the viral membrane with the host endosomal membranes. (cdc.gov)

The viruses are large pleomorphic spherical particles with bulbous surface projections that form a corona around the particles in electron micrographs. (wikipedia.org)
The size of the virus particles is in the 80-90 nm range. (wikipedia.org)
This is all about the self-assembly of the virus particles. (bibalex.org)
When electron microscopy was used, there was no evidence that virus particles bound directly to bacteria. (lu.se)
Omicron mutations enhance infectivity and reduce antibody neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particles ' by Syed, A., et al. (asm.org)
in particular, we are studying their propensity to form filamentous virus particles. (gla.ac.uk)

CD4 also serves as the high-affinity receptor for cellular attachment and entry of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). (rcsb.org)
This gene encodes a high-affinity dickkopf homolog 1 (DKK1) transmembrane receptor that functionally cooperates with DKK1 to block wingless (WNT)/beta-catenin signaling. (nih.gov)

The cell membrane merges (fuses) with the endosome membrane and so the virus components are released. (rkm.com.au)
5. ENVELOPED VIRUS - MEMBRANE FUSION: virus enters the cell when its outer membrane fuses with the plasma membrane at the cell surface. (rkm.com.au)
This is because during that phase, the virus is released from the host cell by bursting the cell membrane and cell wall leading to the destruction of the host cell. (bibalex.org)
The newest drugs attack the virus at the stage when it binds to the T-cell and prevent it from penetrating the cell membrane. (hdkino.org)
The latest ART drug to be approved by FDA in 2018, the post-attachment inhibitor prevents the viral envelope fusion with the cell membrane after it binds to the cell. (hdkino.org)
At this location, the interior pH of the endosome becomes acidic that induces a dramatic conformational change in HA to insert the fusion peptide into the host membrane, induce juxtaposition of the two membranes, and form a fusion pore that allows the release of the genome segments of influenza virus ( Luo, 2012 ). (tcdb.org)
This includes the S1 N-terminal domain (NTD) or the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and the S2 fusion domains that mediate viral-membrane fusion following virus-host cell attachment at the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. (news-medical.net)

The SARS-related coronavirus is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. (wikipedia.org)
Dengue virus (DENV) is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family. (frontiersin.org)
Positive-sense RNA viruses possess a single-stranded RNA genome that can serve as messenger RNA (mRNA) that can be directly translated to produce an amino acid sequence. (msdmanuals.com)
Negative-sense RNA viruses possess a single-stranded negative-sense genome that first must synthesize a complementary positive-sense antigenome, which is then used to make genomic negative-sense RNA. (msdmanuals.com)

Its genome is about 30 kb, which is one of the largest among RNA viruses. (wikipedia.org)
When I first entered the field of virology, in the 1970s, the definition of virus included the then-correct observation that no viral genome encoded any part of the translational apparatus. (virology.ws)
the genome of RNA viruses ranges from 3.5 kilobases (some retroviruses) to 27 kilobases (some reoviruses), and the genome of DNA viruses ranges from 5 kilobases (some parvoviruses) to 280 kilobases (some poxviruses). (msdmanuals.com)
This manageable size together with the current advances in nucleotide sequencing technology means that partial and whole virus genome sequencing will become an essential component in epidemiologic investigations of disease outbreaks. (msdmanuals.com)

Postattachment inhibitors bind to the host CD4 receptor and block HIV from binding to the CCR5 and CXCR4 coreceptors. (uspharmacist.com)

HA contains a fusion peptide, a receptor binding site, a metastable structural motif, and the transmembrane domain. (tcdb.org)

It interferes with HIV capsid assembly, virus assembly and release, and nuclear transport. (uspharmacist.com)

The virus was identified as having a clade 2.3.4.4b HA and was determined to be the same genotype that has been detected in the majority of wild birds in South America, indicating no evidence for genetic reassortment compared to A(H5N1) viruses predominating in birds in South America. (cdc.gov)
The virus was 99% identical to many viruses identified in A(H5N1) virus-infected wild birds in Chile. (cdc.gov)
With new reports of H5N1 virus continuing across Asia, Europe, and Africa, this finding highlights the need for monitoring of domestic animals during outbreaks. (flu.org.cn)
Phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin (A) and neuraminidase (B) gene sequences of the H5N1 influenza virus isolated from a dog´s lung. (flu.org.cn)
Influenza virus was isolated from lung, liver, kidney, and urine specimens, and the viral subtype was determined to be H5N1 by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR ( 6 ). (flu.org.cn)
H5N1 viruses were isolated from the dog´s lung tissue and designated A/Dog/Thailand/KU-08/04. (flu.org.cn)
Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the hemaggluttinin (HA) and neuraminadase (NA) genes of the dog´s virus showed that they were similar to those of H5N1 viruses isolated from tigers, chickens, ducks, and humans infected in Thailand during the same time that the dog was infected ( Figure 2A and B ). In addition, analysis of 6 other genes from KU-08 showed similar results (data not shown). (flu.org.cn)
This has led to a growing concern regarding the pandemic potential of the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses. (justia.com)
In one embodiment disclosed herein, a neutralizing antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin is provided. (justia.com)
In another embodiment, the epitope has at least 95% or at least 98% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
Also disclosed herein is a pharmaceutical formulation for neutralizing influenza virus comprising an antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)

Binds RNA and may function as a RNA chaperone to induce the RNA structural rearrangements taking place during virus replication (PubMed:18033802). (proteopedia.org)

Detta steg är nödvändigt för att virus ska kunna föröka sig i en infekterad cell och sprida sig vidare till intilliggande celler och vidare till andra människor. (umu.se)
Since a virus does not constitute naturally of a cell, it does not have its own metabolism. (bibalex.org)
Moreover, viruses can neither generate nor store energy, so they have to derive their energy along with other metabolic functions from the host cell. (bibalex.org)
The virus enters into the T-cell and uses its cell machinery to replicate itself, destroying the host cell in the process. (hdkino.org)
What ART drug classes prevent entry of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) into the human immune cell? (hdkino.org)
Most of the drugs developed in the early days of ART act on the virus after it enters into the T-cell by interfering with the integration and replication activities. (hdkino.org)
The first step of influenza virus entry is recognition of the host cell receptor molecule, terminal α-sialic acid, by HA. (tcdb.org)
At this time cell lines were not available for studying viruses, so serum from the febrile monkey was inoculated intracerebrally into mice. (virology.ws)
We have developed novel methods for imaging viruses as they bud from the cell surface, allowing us to analyse the structure of the fragile filaments free of artefacts caused by purification procedures. (gla.ac.uk)
DNA viruses typically replicate in the host cell nucleus, and RNA viruses typically replicate in the cytoplasm. (msdmanuals.com)
Examples of retroviruses are the human immunodeficiency viruses and the human T-cell leukemia viruses. (msdmanuals.com)

Two strains of the virus have caused outbreaks of severe respiratory diseases in humans: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-1), which caused the 2002-2004 outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is causing the ongoing pandemic of COVID-19. (wikipedia.org)
This trait has been postulated to be a feature of wild-type viruses, while laboratory strains more commonly form virions described as being spherical. (gla.ac.uk)
However, it has been difficult to obtain MAbs which neutralize divergent strains of influenza viruses with sufficient cross-protective immunity. (justia.com)

Viruses;15(7)2023 07 21. (bvsalud.org)

The official virus name is similar to SARS-CoV-1, the virus strain that caused epidemic severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2002-2004, potentially causing confusion 38 . (radiopaedia.org)
The World Health Organization (WHO) has stated it will use "COVID-19 virus" or the "virus that causes COVID-19" instead of its official name, SARS-CoV-2 when communicating with the public 45 . (radiopaedia.org)
The registry is an effort by ASM to provide aggregated access to vetted fundamental research on SARS-CoV-2, and other relevant viruses. (asm.org)
For those scientists with a strong desire to contribute, but with little or no experience with viruses in general and SARS-CoV-2 in particular, this registry will provide reliable and up-to-date scientific information in selected areas, vetted by experts. (asm.org)
Noninfectious surrogates of SARS-CoV-2 offer ways to evaluate virus biology in biosafety level 2 (BSL2) laboratories. (asm.org)
This paper was prepared in response to the need for clear communication regarding the risk of transmission of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes COVID-19 in humans and the general societal concern of potential contamination of aquatic animals used as food or their products with the virus. (who.int)
Aquatic food animals and their products, like any other surface, may potential y become contaminated with SARS-CoV-2, especial y when handled by people who are infected with the virus. (who.int)

This allowed our colleagues in the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences to design mutant viruses that do not bind FX and therefore may be used to target efficiently different organs for gene therapy. (gla.ac.uk)

Close contacts of the patient have been asymptomatic and have tested negative for influenza viruses, indicating that no known human-to-human transmission occurred ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)

The first step in the HIV life cycle is attachment and entry. (uspharmacist.com)
Influenza virus entry. (tcdb.org)
Molecular basis of Coxsackievirus A10 entry using the two-in-one attachment and uncoating receptor KRM1. (nih.gov)
We observed a significant decrease in entry of VEEV versus control Ross River (RRV) virus that does not utilize NRAMP2. (purdue.edu)
Initiation of translation of hepatitis C virus and classical swine fever virus mRNAs outcomes from internal ribosomal entry. (bioinf.org)

The practice of vaccination with vaccinia virus began in the early 20th century. (medscape.com)
The origins of vaccinia virus remain unknown, but this virus is distinct from both variola and cowpox. (medscape.com)
Vaccinia virus has recently been shown to be closely related to the New World orthopoxviruses, cantagalo, and aracatuba viruses. (medscape.com)

Team TWiV reveals DNA polymerases that do not require a primer, and packaging of hepatitis delta virus by the envelope glycoproteins of diverse viruses. (virology.ws)

This E3-E2 association has been observed to extend to mature virions in the solved structure for the envelope of Semliki Forest virus (SFV) and supported by the solved structure for the entire Venezuelan equine encephalitis virion (VEEV) with exclusive contacts being made between E3-E2. (purdue.edu)

The other viruses cause rare zoonotic infections in humans. (medscape.com)
Zika virus is transmitted among humans by mosquito bites. (virology.ws)
The viruses come in four major categories - A, B, C and D - but influenza B viruses do not circulate in animals, C viruses are believed to cause only mild respiratory illnesses in humans and D viruses affect only cattle. (asbmb.org)
Not limited to poultry, the virus has also been shown to cross the species barrier infecting humans ( 1 ) and felines, including domestic cats ( 2 ) and tigers ( 3-5 ). (flu.org.cn)
The Influenza A virus, which belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family, can cause influenza in humans, birds or domesticated food animals. (justia.com)

Defense (DOD), academic centers, and international partners by CDC with Acambis (Cambridge, MA) to produce and to undertake a research agenda on variola virus, the etiologic maintain a stockpile of 40 million doses of a new, MRC-5 (a agent of smallpox. (cdc.gov)
however, it will be avail- tion, have substantially increased concerns that variola virus able for emergency use as an Investigational New Drug (IND) may be similarly used and have added a sense of urgency to product as soon as it is manufactured. (cdc.gov)
Following the WHO certification of smallpox eradication in 1980, only 2 known stocks of variola virus were permitted to exist. (medscape.com)

we concluded that Let-7a would possibly mediate embryo attachment by regulation of TLR4 expression ranges. (korilog.com)

H1N1 and H3N2 swine flu viruses are endemic among pig populations in the U.S. and are believed to be spread through close contact among pigs. (asbmb.org)

The viral mRNA can then be translated by the host cell's ribosomes into viral structural components and enzymes need for replication and assembly of the virus. (bibalex.org)
So we used existing high-resolution X-ray crystal structures of the components of the virus, in addition to our own crystal structure of Mxra8, to build an atomic model of the entire assembly. (futurity.org)

This interaction is probably promoted via the up-regulation of cellular autophagy by the virus (PubMed:29695434). (proteopedia.org)

Prostaglandin E2 receptor 4 (EP4) is a prostaglandin receptor encoded by the PTGER4 gene. (globaldata.com)
The present research goals to find out the impact of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) overexpression in mouse blastocysts through Let-7a downregulation utilizing intracytoplasmic sperm injection-sperm-mediated gene switch on embryo attachment price. (korilog.com)

The attempts to treat virus infections occur even earlier than there was an understanding of the concept of a virus as an independent entity. (medsci.org)
Viruses are thought to facilitate bacterial infections of the respiratory tract, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. (lu.se)
[ 2 ] The spectrum of Zika virus disease overlaps with other that of arboviral infections, but rash (maculopapular and likely immune-mediated) typically predominates. (medscape.com)

Reverse transcription is accomplished using the enzyme reverse transcriptase, which the virus carries with it inside its shell. (msdmanuals.com)
Because RNA transcription does not involve the same error-checking mechanisms as DNA transcription, RNA viruses, particularly retroviruses, are particularly prone to mutation. (msdmanuals.com)

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito -borne zoonotic virus , is one of the most important causes of human viral encephalitis . (bvsalud.org)

The corona virus (2019-nCoV OR HCOV-19 or CoV2), has emerged in China as the main cause of viral pneumonia (COVID-19, Coronavirus Disease-19). (bvsalud.org)

Molluscipoxviruses include the human poxvirus, molluscum contagiosum virus. (medscape.com)
To celebrate 100 years of this seminal discovery, one of the first to show that a virus could cause a human disease, an international symposium was held on the 20 November 2009, in Vienna, Austria ( http://www.meduniwien.ac.at/100yearspolio ). (springer.com)
Whether there are non-human reservoirs for Zika virus has not been established. (virology.ws)
Expression of ACE2 in Human Neurons Supports the Neuro-Invasive Potential of COVID-19 Virus. (avivasysbio.com)
And with those samples, we were able to use next- generation DNA sequencing methodologies to identify the virus, which, again, turned out to be this very common human virus that had never been seen in chimps before. (cdc.gov)
While they cost pork producers an average of $3.23 per pig, the viruses, for which the animals can be immunized, only spill over into human populations during rare antigenic shifts. (asbmb.org)
The human and mice versions of Mxra8 are 79 percent identical, and chikungunya virus interacts with both versions in the same way. (futurity.org)
A phase III trial of the first-ever biologic medication directed against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has demonstrated the safety and effectiveness of the ibalizumab monoclonal antibody in treating previously treated patients who are infected with multidrug resistant HIV-1. (contagionlive.com)
Zika virus was first described in a febrile rhesus monkey in the Zika forest of Entebbe, Uganda, and was reported in a human field worker shortly thereafter. (medscape.com)

either DNA or RNA viruses may have single or double strands of genetic material. (msdmanuals.com)

Furthermore, the NA has a full-length stalk which is consistent with viruses that naturally circulate in wild birds. (cdc.gov)

The resulting rSA11/NSP3-CoV2/S viruses contain 12% more material than rSA11/wt (wildtype recombinant rotavirus). (news-medical.net)

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important viral agent of childhood respiratory tract disease worldwide, causing pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants. (gla.ac.uk)

Anatomy12

Organisms114

Diseases17

Chemicals and Drugs40

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment21

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes55

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

Health Care2

Glycoprotein7

Protein24

Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans2

Infection37

Adenovirus1

Proteins8

Attaches4

Vaccine11

Endocytosis3

20211

20162

Inhibit2

Cellular receptor1

Molecules1

CELLS16

Particle4

Antibodies5

Infect5

Mammalian1

Particles6

High-affinity2

Membrane7

Single-stranded4

Genome4

CCR51

Transmembrane1

Capsid1

H5N111

Binds1

Cell11

Strains3

20231

SARS-CoV7

Bind1

Influenza viruses1

Entry5

Vaccinia3

Envelope glycoproteins1

Virion1

Humans5

Variola virus3

Mediate1

Endemic1

Assembly2

Interaction1

Gene2

Infections3

Transcription2

Zoonotic1

Coronavirus1

Human9

Genetic material1

Circulate1

Recombinant1

Respiratory syncy1