Receptor hemagglutinin glycoproteins influenza virus. Medical search. Frequent questions

The neuraminidase (NA) gene encodes the other surface protein of the virus. (cdc.gov)
Carbohydrate - protein inte ractions in nature are often mediated via multivalent binding where the combined strength of multiple receptor - ligand interactions results in a binding that is highly specific and strong. (avhandlingar.se)
P - selectin glycoprotein ligand - 1 (PSGL - 1) is a mucin - type protein that is heavily substituted with O - glycans. (avhandlingar.se)
The prediction models were trained on influenza protein sequences isolated from both avian and human samples, which were transformed into amino acid physicochemical properties feature vectors. (springer.com)
To explore the physiological role of the various levels of M2 protein in pathogenicity, we challenged C57BL/6 mice with the H1N1 WSN wild-type strain, mutant H1N1 (55T), and chimeric viruses including H1N1 + H3wt and H1N1 + H3mut. (biomedcentral.com)
The C55T substitution significantly reduced both M2 mRNA and protein levels regardless of the virus subtype. (biomedcentral.com)
Recall that an adhesin is a protein or glycoprotein found on the surface of a pathogen that attaches to receptors on the host cell. (pressbooks.pub)
The HN protein possesses both hemagglutinin and neuraminidase activity. (bvsalud.org)
Both brefeldin A and monensin disrupt glycoprotein processing by inhibiting protein translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. (healthdrugpdf.com)
What protein does influenza bind to? (tag-challenge.com)
To infect cells without getting stuck in the mucus, influenza A relies on a balance between two proteins on the surface of its viral particles: the receptor-binding protein hemagglutinin (HA) and the cleaving protein neuraminidase (NA). (tag-challenge.com)
Influenza A virus (IAV) binds its host cell using the major viral surface protein hemagglutinin (HA). (tag-challenge.com)
The influenza viral spike that attaches to the cell receptor is the HA protein - hemagglutinin. (tag-challenge.com)
Llama heavy chain antibody fragments ( VHH ) against the trimeric envelope proteins of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (Fusion protein), Rabies virus (Glycoprotein) and H5N1 Influenza (Hemagglutinin 5) were selected from llama derived immune libraries by phage display. (sciensano.be)
Similar to influenza C virus (ICV), IDV also has seven segments in its genome and has only one major surface glycoprotein, called the hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion (HEF) protein, for receptor-binding, receptor-destroying, and membrane fusion. (flu.org.cn)
IMPORTANCE A key component of influenza computer virus evolution is usually antigenic drift mediated by the accumulation of amino acid substitutions in the hemagglutinin IC-87114 (HA) protein resulting in escape from prior immunity generated by natural contamination or vaccination. (tam-receptor.com)
Following our previous work characterizing antigenic phenotypes of contemporary wild-type swine H3 influenza viruses we experimentally validated that substitutions IC-87114 at 6 amino acid positions in the HA protein have major effects on antigenicity. (tam-receptor.com)
Disclosed herein are neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for the surface hemagglutinin (HA) protein of the influenza H5N1 strain. (justia.com)
Mouse anti Newcastle Disease Virus antibody, clone 8H2 recognizes the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). (bio-rad-antibodies.com)
The HN protein of the virus is a type II membrane glycoprotein on virion and infected cell surfaces. (bio-rad-antibodies.com)
It binds to sialic acid-containing cellular receptors and promotes activity of the viral fusion protein, thereby allowing the virus to penetrate the cell. (bio-rad-antibodies.com)
This not an official Baltimore classification, because it describes mostly viroids that are not viruses (they don't encode for any protein). (expasy.org)
December 7, 2020 -- A new universal influenza vaccine has been developed that targets the stalk portion of the influenza virus surface protein rather than the head portion. (scienceboard.net)
Our chimeric HA vaccine, by contrast, is directed at the proximal part of the HA protein -- the stalk domain -- which has been shown to broadly neutralize diverse influenza virus strains in both animal models and humans. (scienceboard.net)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16537593 ), carried out such experiments and did not observe any differences in protein synthesis between wild-type and the different mutant viruses. (microbe.tv)

RNA viruses may escape acquired humoral and cellular immune responses by mutations in protective antigenic epitopes (e.g., avian influenza viruses), while accessory nonstructural proteins or multifunctional structural proteins interfere with the interferon system (e.g. (imperial.ac.uk)
In this thesis we have produced proteins that are densely decorated with carbohydrate determinants in order to study the glycosylation capacity of cell lines (paper I) and generate efficient binders of antibodies (paper II), bacterial toxins (paper III) and virus receptors such as the influenza hemagglutinin (paper IV). (avhandlingar.se)
Avain Influenza (AI) is a highly contagious disease caused by type A influenza viruses which have negative-sense, single-stranded genomes that encode at least ten proteins including two surface glycoproteins [haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA)], nucleoprotein (NP), three polymerase proteins [polymerase basic (PB1), (PB2) and polymerase acidic (PA)], two matrix (M1 and M2) proteins and two non-structural (NS1 and NS2) proteins. (scialert.net)
Several influenza proteins have been shown to be major determinants in host tropism. (springer.com)
In this study, computational models for 11 influenza proteins have been constructed using the machine learning algorithm random forest for prediction of host tropism. (springer.com)
0.916) capable of determining host tropism of individual influenza proteins. (springer.com)
In addition, features from all 11 proteins were used to construct a combined model to predict host tropism of influenza virus strains. (springer.com)
Understanding and predicting host tropism of influenza proteins lay an important foundation for future work in constructing computation models capable of directly predicting interspecies transmission of influenza viruses. (springer.com)
Our initial studies involved polypeptide insertions derived from the Bacillus anthracis protective antigen (PA), and showed that the entire140 amino acid receptor binding domain of PA could be incorporated into functional chimeric PA/HA proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
Using similar strategies, chimeric HIV Env/influenza HA proteins have been generated, functionally characterized, incorporated into influenza viruses by reverse genetics, analyzed for replication properties, and used as immunogens. (biomedcentral.com)
ELISA data suggest that some of these expressed chimeric Env/HA glycoproteins can be recognized by the anti-Env neutralizing antibodies 2G12 and 447-52D, and the chimeric proteins have been incorporated into influenza viruses that replicate to titers within one log of WT influenza. (biomedcentral.com)
It is possible to generate efficiently replicating influenza viruses with chimeric hemagglutinin proteins that contain insertions of up to 250 residues of HIV Env proteins to evaluate as vaccine candidates. (biomedcentral.com)
What are the proteins of influenza? (tag-challenge.com)
Influenza A viruses are divided into subtypes based on two proteins on the surface of the virus: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). (tag-challenge.com)
What two proteins are present on the envelope of influenza viruses? (tag-challenge.com)
What are two of the most important surface proteins found on the influenza virus? (tag-challenge.com)
Two proteins (hemagglutinin and neuraminidase) on the surface of influenza viruses contain the major antigens targeted by antibodies (see Figure 1). (tag-challenge.com)
The eight segments of the influenza A virus genome code for the viral proteins (Table 1). (tag-challenge.com)
What is the role of N neuraminidase proteins of influenza viruses? (tag-challenge.com)
The cell receptor is sialic acid - a small sugar that is attached to many different proteins on the cell surface. (tag-challenge.com)
Proteins found in any species of virus. (lookformedical.com)
The serotype of influenza A virus is determined by the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins present on its surface, and there are at least 18 subtypes of HA in influenza A. (scienceboard.net)

H3N8 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus that is endemic in birds, horses and dogs. (wikipedia.org)
In 1963, the H3N8 (A/equine/2/Miami/63) subtype created an epidemic of equine influenza in Miami and subsequently spread throughout North and South America and Europe, creating massive outbreaks during 1964 and 1965. (wikipedia.org)
The discrepancy in M2-dependence emphasizes the importance of M2 in human influenza A virus pathogenicity, which leads to subtype-specific evolution. (biomedcentral.com)
In this study, we used H7 (a subtype of HA) as a subject and developed a molecular docking based theoretical calculation method to evaluate the affinity of HA variants for human receptors. (pku.edu.cn)
Nevertheless, the calculation results also showed that some newly-found virus strains of the H7N9 subtype have a high binding affinity for human receptors, suggesting that the H7N9 subtype might include strains with a high risk for infecting humans. (pku.edu.cn)
To get at the genetics behind the newly emerged flu virus subtype, the team sequenced all eight genes that make up the influenza A genome in 37 of the new H7N9 isolates. (genomeweb.com)
Other genes housed a bit more genetic diversity, the study's authors noted, and half a dozen genes showed signs of mixing with sequences from influenza A viruses in the H9N2 subtype. (genomeweb.com)
Influenza A pathogen (IAV) from the H3 subtype can be an important respiratory pathogen that impacts both human beings and swine. (tam-receptor.com)
An influenza virus vaccine that results in broad immunity would likely protect against any emerging influenza virus subtype or strain and would significantly enhance our pandemic preparedness, avoiding future problems with influenza pandemics as we see them now with COVID-19," said author Florian Krammer, PhD, professor of microbiology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, in a statement. (scienceboard.net)

Spread of the disease has been associated with the movement of people, pets, horse equipment and tack where proper biosecurity procedures have not been followed Subclinical infection with virus shedding can occur in vaccinated horses, particularly where there is a mismatch between the vaccine strains and the virus strains circulating in the field. (wikipedia.org)
82 rheumatoid patients and 30 healthy controls were vaccinated with a split-virion inactivated vaccine containing 15 μg haemagglutinin (HA) per dose of each of B/Hong Kong/330/2001 (HK), A/Panama/2007/99 (PAN), and A/New Caledonian/20/99 (NC). (bmj.com)
Influenza virus vaccine generated a good humoral response in rheumatoid patients, although lower than in healthy controls. (bmj.com)
In addition to these concerns over the safety of the influenza vaccine in rheumatoid arthritis, there is uncertainty about the immunogenicity of vaccines in immunocompromised patients such as rheumatoid patients. (bmj.com)
The HA is also the primary target of neutralizing antibodies elicited by infection or vaccination, and the HA of virus from this specimen is very closely related (99% identity) to the A/Astrakhan/3212/2020-like pre-pandemic candidate vaccine viruses (e.g. (cdc.gov)
L104M, L115Q, V210A) between the HA of the virus from the Chilean case and A/Astrakhan/3212/2020-like candidate vaccine, and they are not in major antigenic epitopes strongly suggesting that antibodies elicited by the A/Astrakhan/3212/2020-like vaccine would be expected to have good cross-reactivity - and therefore protection - against this virus. (cdc.gov)
They ranged from structures solved by his group at Purdue University, of behemoth viruses with incomprehensible T numbers as well as the demurest ones with T = 1 and everything in between, to structure-based vaccine and drug design. (mdpi.com)
Unfortunately, influenza vaccine composition needs to be updated annually due to antigenic shift and drift in the viral immunogen hemagglutinin (HA). (mdpi.com)
[ 74 ] The vaccine viruses recommended by the World Health Organization and the CDC for the 2014-2015 northern hemisphere influenza season are the same as those for the northern hemisphere 2013-2014 influenza season and 2014 southern hemisphere season. (medscape.com)
Influenza viruses containing chimeric hemagglutinin (HA) glycoproteins with large foreign polypeptide insertions are being examined as a novel vaccine vectors. (biomedcentral.com)
Influenza vaccine effectiveness could be improved by combination with an adjuvant with the potential to enhance the host-vaccine response both quantitatively and qualitatively. (researchsquare.com)
The goal of this study was to explore a RIG-I agonist (SDI-nanogel) and a TLR7/8 agonist (Imidazoquinoline (IMDQ)‐PEG‐Chol) as adjuvants, when co-administered with a licensed quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (QIV), and to determine the role of these adjuvants in directing helper T (Th) cell responses for their role in the immunoglobulin (Ig) class switching. (researchsquare.com)
Vaccine-induced antibody and T cell responses correlated with protection against lethal influenza virus infection. (researchsquare.com)
This study details the benefit of adjuvants that target multiple innate immune receptors to shape the host vaccine response. (researchsquare.com)
Despite several vaccine candidates available on the market, influenza virus is responsible for severe illness in humans, with a substantial global death toll every year (https://gis.cdc.gov/grasp/fluview/flu_by_age_virus.html). (researchsquare.com)
Additionally, vaccine-induced neutralizing antibody titers diminish over time, thereby affecting the extent of protection against infection during an entire influenza season and the subsequent seasons. (researchsquare.com)
Therefore, there is an urgent need for a better cost-effective influenza vaccine which can induce antigenically broader and long-lasting immune response. (researchsquare.com)
Other viruses, such as those that cause the childhood diseases measles, mumps, and rubella, mutate so infrequently that the same vaccine is used year after year. (lumenlearning.com)
The concept behind this is that by giving the vaccine, immunity is boosted without adding more disease-causing virus. (lumenlearning.com)
Understanding which amino acid positions of the HA contribute to the ability of the computer virus to avoid prior immunity is important for understanding antigenic evolution and informs vaccine efficacy predictions based on the genetic sequence data from currently circulating strains. (tam-receptor.com)
An improved understanding of the antigenic variety of swine influenza will facilitate a logical approach for choosing far better vaccine components to regulate the blood flow of influenza in pigs and decrease the prospect of zoonotic infections to emerge. (tam-receptor.com)
Important components of a successful vaccine strain selection program include a comprehensive understanding of the antigenicity of circulating strains and early detection of antigenically drifted viruses against which the current vaccine would be less efficacious warranting an update of the vaccine formulation if epidemiologic evidence suggests that blood circulation and spread of the variant have occurred. (tam-receptor.com)
Thus the development of an effective and safe vaccine against divergent influenza A virus strains is urgently needed for the prevention of future outbreaks of influenza. (justia.com)
This vaccine, which is capable of neutralizing diverse strains of influenza, was evaluated in a phase I clinical study whose results were published in Nature Medicine on December 7. (scienceboard.net)
Therefore, the development of a universal influenza virus vaccine is desirable. (scienceboard.net)
The vaccine consists of group 1 or group 2 stalk domains in combination with head domains from avian influenza virus subtypes. (scienceboard.net)
Our chimeric hemagglutinin vaccine is a major advance over conventional vaccines which are often mismatched to the circulating strains of virus, impacting their effectiveness. (scienceboard.net)
The researchers conducted a randomized, multicenter, observer-blind, placebo-controlled phase I clinical trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the group 1 cHA-based vaccine (a live attenuated or inactive influenza virus vaccine expressing a cH8/1 HA and an N1 NA with a backbone from a master donor stain) in 65 participants in the U.S. (scienceboard.net)

While much knowledge regarding the virus has been discovered, we are still no closer to having the ability to predict the next pandemic, such as in the case of 2009 H1N1 pandemic. (springer.com)
We examined the M splicing of human H1N1 and H3N2 viruses by comparing three H1N1 and H3N2 strains, respectively, through reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses. (biomedcentral.com)
We randomly selected M sequences of human H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2 viruses isolated from 1933 to 2020 and examined their phylogenetic relationships. (biomedcentral.com)
Consequently, herboxidiene treatment dramatically decreased both the H1N1 and H3N2 virus titers. (biomedcentral.com)
However, a lower M2 expression only attenuated H1N1 virus replication and in vivo pathogenicity. (biomedcentral.com)
This attenuated phenotype was restored by M replacement of H3N2 M in a chimeric H1N1 virus, despite low M2 levels. (biomedcentral.com)
Similarly, during the 2009-2010 novel influenza A H1N1 pandemic, preliminary data from a limited number of states indicated a high prevalence of virus strains resistant to oseltamivir. (medscape.com)
The results demonstrated that N30 inhibited the replication of H1N1, H3N2, influenza B viruses, including oseltamivir and amantadine resistant strains in vitro. (biomedcentral.com)
H1N1 and H3N2 are the major subtypes that cause human seasonal flu and global pandemics of influenza. (justia.com)
The influenza pandemic in 2009 was caused by influenza A virus H1N1 of swine origin. (justia.com)
The Masters of the ScienTWIVic Universe discuss a novel poxvirus isolate from an immunosuppressed patient, H1N1 and the gain-of-function debate, and attenuation of dengue virus by recoding the genome. (microbe.tv)

This reluctance is based on sporadic case reports on the onset or exacerbation of the disease following vaccination with influenza, tetanus, hepatitis, and other vaccines. (bmj.com)
We discuss the different vectored vaccines that have been or are currently in clinical trials, with a forward-looking focus on immunogens that may be protective against seasonal and pandemic influenza infection, in the context of viral-vectored vaccines. (mdpi.com)
Vaccines against seasonal influenza are reformulated annually in order to contain the most recently circulating strains. (medscape.com)
For the trivalent formulation influenza vaccines, two strains of influenza A and one of influenza B are included. (medscape.com)
The quadrivalent vaccines contain an additional influenza B strain. (medscape.com)
Recombinant Platelet Membrane Glycoprotein IV (GP4) The exact identification of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) liable for productive medical an infection might be instrumental in elucidating the molecular foundation of HIV-1 transmission and in designing efficient vaccines. (sirp-a.com)
However, due to antigenic drift in influenza viruses, vaccines need to be updated every year to protect against the circulating strains of the virus. (researchsquare.com)
Moreover, antibody responses induced by influenza virus vaccines are usually short-lived and less cross-reactive against antigenically drifted virus variants than those induced by a natural influenza virus infection 1 . (researchsquare.com)
These diseases can be treated by antiviral drugs or by vaccines, but some viruses, such as HIV, are capable of both avoiding the immune response and mutating to become resistant to antiviral drugs. (lumenlearning.com)
Vaccines may be prepared using live viruses, killed viruses, or molecular subunits of the virus. (lumenlearning.com)
The killed viral vaccines and subunit viruses are both incapable of causing disease. (lumenlearning.com)
The danger of using live vaccines, which are usually more effective than killed vaccines, is the low but significant danger that these viruses will revert to their disease-causing form by back mutations . (lumenlearning.com)
Live vaccines are usually made by attenuating (weakening) the "wild-type" (disease-causing) virus by growing it in the laboratory in tissues or at temperatures different from what the virus is accustomed to in the host. (lumenlearning.com)
Some vaccines are in continuous development because certain viruses, such as influenza and HIV, have a high mutation rate compared to other viruses and normal host cells. (lumenlearning.com)
However, influenza vaccines must be reformulated each year due to the constant antigenic evolution of influenza. (biomedcentral.com)
Although vaccination is an important strategy to prevent influenza infection, most of the current vaccines cannot provide immediate protection in the event of influenza pandemics and epidemics due to the length of time required for producing effective vaccines. (justia.com)
Furthermore, these vaccines are limited to one or just a few strains and don't produce highly potent neutralizing antibodies or cross-reactive immunity against divergent influenza viruses. (justia.com)
When developing influenza vaccines, researchers are forced to predict the genetic makeup of the virus some months in advance, and mismatches occur relatively frequently as strains become antigenically diverse. (scienceboard.net)
Most current influenza vaccines target the immunodominant head domain of the viral HA and therefore antibodies produced by these vaccines are strain specific. (scienceboard.net)
This genetic change, or shift, in the virus results in immunity to only specific strains of the influenza virus, requiring frequent re-formulation and re-administration of seasonal vaccines. (scienceboard.net)

Cats have been experimentally infected with the virus, leading to clinical signs, shedding of the virus and infection of other cats. (wikipedia.org)
Viremia is rare, but is possible if the virus crosses the basement membrane and enters the circulation, potentially causing inflammation of skeletal and cardiac muscle (myositis and myocarditis), encephalitic signs, and limb edema Fever of 102.5-105.0 °F (39.2-40.6 °C), frequent dry cough for several weeks, 'drippy' nose with discharge and secondary bacterial infection are some of the clinical signs of Equine influenza virus infection. (wikipedia.org)
On March 29, 2023, Chile reported its first human infection with HPAI A(H5N1) virus. (cdc.gov)
In order to better understand differences in the outcome of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection, we inoculated a very virulent (vv) strain into White Leghorn chickens of inbred line W that was previously reported to experience over 24% flock mortality, and three inbred lines (15I, C.B4 and 0) that were previously reported to display no mortality. (imperial.ac.uk)
conformational changes, energy-driven molecular motors, and receptor-triggered infection machines. (mdpi.com)
To honor Michael, we invite submissions for this Special Issue of Viruses focusing on Michael's interests: virus structures and assembly mechanisms, conformational transitions and structure-function relationships, and genome packaging and virus infection mechanisms. (mdpi.com)
Vaccination is the primary intervention used to curb influenza virus infection, and the WHO recommends immunization for at-risk individuals to mitigate disease. (mdpi.com)
HA plays a key role in the infection process, binding to receptors on the host cell surface and mediating the fusion between viral and host endosomal membranes. (pku.edu.cn)
Oseltamivir and zanamivir are antiviral neuraminidase inhibitors that are used for chemoprophylaxis and treatment of influenza A and B infection. (medscape.com)
Because of this, zanamivir was recommended as the initial choice for antiviral prophylaxis or treatment when influenza A infection or exposure was suspected. (medscape.com)
These viruses depend on its host for replication and infection. (biomedcentral.com)
Influenza virus infection is lethal to the chick embryo. (biomedcentral.com)
TMP, Zn or saline separately had no effect on embryo survival, none of the embryos survived influenza virus infection. (biomedcentral.com)
These findings suggest that combination of trimethoprim and zinc at optimal ratio can be provided as treatment for influenza and possibly other respiratory RNA viruses infection in man. (biomedcentral.com)
Vaccinations are designed to boost immunity to a virus to prevent infection. (lumenlearning.com)
These attenuated viruses thus still cause infection, but they do not grow very well, allowing the immune response to develop in time to prevent major disease. (lumenlearning.com)
Upon infection many viruses, including Herpesviruses, target T cell function via specific interactions with TCR and HLA-I molecules. (frontiersin.org)
Together with results from infection studies on chicken, duck, mouse, and ferret models, the genetic profiles generated for the H7N9 viruses hint that fairly small genetic changes could potentially lead to a version of the virus capable of human-to-human transmission. (genomeweb.com)
The ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant within a cell (latent infection). (lookformedical.com)
Additionally, NA inhibitors and M2 ion-channel inhibitors have limited efficacies as drug resistance occurrence [ 7 , 8 ], and they only worked at the early phase of virus infection. (biomedcentral.com)
The present application is drawn to neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for preventing and treating influenza virus infection and methods of treating influenza virus infection. (justia.com)
Neutralizing antibodies can provide a first line of defense against influenza pathogens and passive immunization with neutralizing MAbs can provide immediate effects to prevent the spread of influenza infection and mortality. (justia.com)
These two MAbs were proven to inhibit virus infection in the post-attachment process rather than inhibition of receptor binding. (justia.com)
Also disclosed herein is a method of treating influenza virus infection in a subject in need thereof comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the neutralizing antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin and thereby treating said influenza virus infection in said subject. (justia.com)

The major role of the NA is to release new progeny virions from an infected cell by enzymatically cleaving sialic acid receptors, which aids virus spread to uninfected cells within an infected host. (cdc.gov)
Nucleotide sequence analysis of five representative isolates confirmed that all isolates possessed one type of amino acid motif (R-S-S-R/GL) at cleavage site of HA, Deduced amino acid sequences showed the presence of L226 (234 in H9 numbering) in all five Iranian isolates which indicates a preference to binding of α (2-6) sialic acid receptors. (scialert.net)
One crucial determinant of host tropism is hemagglutinin (HA) receptor specificity, in particular, preference of specific species of sialic acid on host cells. (springer.com)
NA plays an important role in the propagation of influenza virus by removing terminal sialic acid from sialyl decoy receptors and thereby facilitating the release of viruses from traps such as in mucus and on infected cells. (bvsalud.org)
Influenza A viruses generally mediate binding to cell surface sialic acid receptors via the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein, with the neuraminidase (NA) glycoprotein being responsible for cleaving the receptor to allow virus release. (tag-challenge.com)
HEF utilizes 9-O-acetylated sialic acids as its receptor and has both receptor binding and esterase activities, thus is a critical determinant of host tropism. (flu.org.cn)
It also removes sialic acids from progeny virus particles to prevent viral self-agglutination. (bio-rad-antibodies.com)

The enzymatic activity of NA is inhibited by one class of antiviral drugs that are FDA-approved for treatment of influenza (i.e. (cdc.gov)
Some NA inhibitors have become widely used drugs for treatment of influenza. (bvsalud.org)
Use of influenza-specific antiviral drugs for chemoprophylaxis or treatment of influenza is an important adjunct to vaccination, particularly for controlling outbreaks in closed populations. (medscape.com)
Zanamivir and oseltamivir are members of a class of drugs termed neuraminidase inhibitors and are active against both influenza virus type A and type B. They are approved for both prophylaxis and treatment of influenza. (medscape.com)
It is approved for treatment of influenza A or B in children aged 2 weeks or older who have been symptomatic for no more than 2 days. (medscape.com)
The MAbs recognize the highly conserved HA1 region of H5N1 hemagglutinin and inhibit multiple strains of the H5N1 virus, as well as treated mice infected with a lethal dose of H5N1 viruses of two divergent strains, demonstrating their potential as therapeutic agents for multivalent prophylaxis and treatment of influenza. (justia.com)

Being associated with seasonal influenza (flu) epidemics, IAVs have caused several pandemics worldwide, including the 1918 Spanish flu, which resulted in 50 million deaths [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Respiratory RNA viruses are continuing to challenge man with epidemics and devastating pandemics. (biomedcentral.com)
Influenza virus Influenza history Historical records indicate flu-like epidemics throughout recorded history. (powershow.com)
Influenza A virus (IAV) is extremely prone to cause periodic epidemics and pandemics in the world through evolution by point mutations or swapping of gene segments, correspondingly [ 1 - 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
There are four classes of influenza viruses (A-D), with influenza A and B causing most seasonal epidemics. (scienceboard.net)

Acquisition of α2-6 sialoside receptor specificity by α2-3 specific highly-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (H5N1) is thought to be a prerequisite for efficient transmission in humans. (nih.gov)
This has led to a growing concern regarding the pandemic potential of the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses. (justia.com)
Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), particularly those having cross-clade neutralizing activity, play a critical role in immunoprotection against various influenza A virus (IAV) infections, particularly those caused by the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus and any future unpredictable virus strains. (justia.com)

Transmission of the equine influenza virus (EIV) to humans has not occurred during outbreaks of the disease in horses. (wikipedia.org)
With the emergence of non-human H9N2 isolates with avian characteristics, it is important to study the H9N2 isolates from avian hosts in addition to those obtained from humans for pandemic influenza understanding and preparedness. (scialert.net)
Majority of influenza A viruses reside and circulate among animal populations, seldom infecting humans due to host range restriction. (springer.com)
Further understanding and determining host tropism would be important in identifying zoonotic influenza virus strains capable of crossing species barrier and infecting humans. (springer.com)
Our findings provide insights into virus adaptation processes in humans and highlights splicing regulation as a potential antiviral target. (biomedcentral.com)
When the binding ability of HA variants towards human receptors becomes strong, influenza A virus can infect humans. (pku.edu.cn)
To prevent the influenza A virus from infecting humans, proper assessments of the infectious risk posed are urgently needed. (pku.edu.cn)
The results showed that the binding affinity of H7 for human receptors is lower than that of H1, which shows a strong ability to infect humans. (pku.edu.cn)
Our method may be used to rapidly predict the affinity of HA for human receptors and provides a theoretical basis for the risk assessment of the infectiousness of influenza A virus toward humans. (pku.edu.cn)
Viruses are also transmitted between pigs and humans, and from poultry to humans. (powershow.com)
Viruses cause a variety of diseases in animals, including humans, ranging from the common cold to potentially fatal illnesses like meningitis (Figure 1). (lumenlearning.com)
Viruses can cause dozens of ailments in humans, ranging from mild illnesses to serious diseases. (lumenlearning.com)
Its non-pathogenic nature in poultry enables the avian H7N9 virus to replicate silently in avian species and to transmit to humans," they continued. (genomeweb.com)
Its replication in humans will provide further opportunities for the virus to acquire more mutations and become more virulent and transmissible in the human population. (genomeweb.com)
The Influenza A virus, which belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family, can cause influenza in humans, birds or domesticated food animals. (justia.com)
In humans, NDV can cause mild influenza-like symptoms. (bio-rad-antibodies.com)

Two surface glycoprotein spikes, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), are the most important influenza A virus antigens. (bvsalud.org)

Since the 2005-2006 influenza season, amantadine and rimantadine are no longer recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) because circulating strains of influenza virus have proved resistant. (medscape.com)
United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention support for influenza surveillance, 2013-2021. (cdc.gov)

Unlike the wild type H5N1, this mutant virus was transmitted by direct contact in the ferret model although not by airborne respiratory droplets. (nih.gov)
However, a reassortant virus with the mutant hemagglutinin, a human N2 neuraminidase and internal genes from an H5N1 virus was partially transmitted via respiratory droplets. (nih.gov)
H5N1 1 , H5N1 virus clade 1. (cdc.gov)
The virus was identified as having a clade 2.3.4.4b HA and was determined to be the same genotype that has been detected in the majority of wild birds in South America, indicating no evidence for genetic reassortment compared to A(H5N1) viruses predominating in birds in South America. (cdc.gov)
The virus was 99% identical to many viruses identified in A(H5N1) virus-infected wild birds in Chile. (cdc.gov)
Phylogenetic analysis HA and NA genes showed that they share a common ancestor Qa/HK/G1/97 isolate which had contributed internal genes of H5N1 virus. (scialert.net)
This is highlighted by confirmed cases of human infections by highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses, and more recently, the H7N9 outbreak in China [ 5 ]. (springer.com)
Similar to H5N1 strains, this further affirms the potential of avian influenza strains capable of directly infecting human, causing severe illnesses. (springer.com)
By fusion of VHH with variable linker lengths, multimeric constructs were made that improved neutralization potencies up to 4,000-fold for RSV, 1,500-fold for Rabies virus and 75-fold for Influenza H5N1. (sciensano.be)
Trivalent anti-H5N1 VHH neutralized both Influenza H5N1 clade1 and 2 in a pseudotype assay and was very potent in neutralizing the NIBRG-14 Influenza H5N1 strain with IC(50) of 9 picomolar. (sciensano.be)
Disclosed herein are neutralizing antibodies with cross-neutralizing activity and cross-protective effects against divergent stains of influenza virus, which are specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
In one embodiment disclosed herein, a neutralizing antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin is provided. (justia.com)
In another embodiment, the epitope has at least 95% or at least 98% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
Also disclosed herein is a pharmaceutical formulation for neutralizing influenza virus comprising an antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)

With the huge influenza A virus reservoir in wild birds, it is a cause for concern when a new influenza strain emerges with the ability to cross host species barrier, as shown in light of the recent H7N9 outbreak in China. (springer.com)
Previously it has been found in studies with the C/Johannesburg/1/66 strain of influenza C virus (HEF-JHB) that transport of HEF to the cell surface is severely inhibited, and it is thought that the short cytoplasmic tail, Arg-Thr-Lys, is involved in blocking HEF cell surface expression (F. Oeffner, H.-D. Klenk, and G. Herrler, J. Gen. Virol. (northwestern.edu)
Depending on the strain, influenza A virus causes animal, zoonotic, pandemic, or seasonal influenza with varying degrees of severity. (bvsalud.org)
Symptoms of the disease vary greatly, depending on the strain of virus and the species, age and health of the bird. (bio-rad-antibodies.com)

However, a mutant virus combining Q196R with mutations from previous pandemic viruses (Q226L and G228S) revealed predominantly α2-6 binding. (nih.gov)
Some of these mutations may allow RNA virus to cross species like SARS and COVID-19 whereby no vaccination existed. (biomedcentral.com)
Adaptations to these new cells or temperatures induce mutations in the genomes of the virus, allowing it to grow better in the laboratory while inhibiting its ability to cause disease when reintroduced into conditions found in the host. (lumenlearning.com)
With influenza, mutations in the surface molecules of the virus help the organism evade the protective immunity that may have been obtained in a previous influenza season, making it necessary for individuals to get vaccinated every year. (lumenlearning.com)
Here, we show that the African Rhinolophus bat clade 3 sarbecovirus PRD-0038 S has a broad angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) usage and that receptor-binding domain (RBD) mutations further expand receptor promiscuity and enable human ACE2 utilization. (uw.edu)

Furthermore, the NA has a full-length stalk which is consistent with viruses that naturally circulate in wild birds. (cdc.gov)
Within each experimental group, some individuals experienced more severe disease than others but line 15I birds experienced milder disease based on average clinical scores, percentage of birds with gross pathology, average bursal lesion scores and average peak bursal virus titre. (imperial.ac.uk)
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) of the Orthomyxoviridae family infect various species, including mammals and birds. (biomedcentral.com)
Influenza B and C are human viruses do not infect birds. (powershow.com)
Wild aquatic birds are the main reservoir of influenza A viruses. (powershow.com)
Exposure to H7N9 viruses initially isolated from birds did not lead to discernible signs of disease in mice - nor did they produce symptoms in their typical avian hosts such as chickens and ducks. (genomeweb.com)

Seasonal Influenza A virus (IAV) and influenza B virus (IBV) co-circulate in the human population and keep evolving with time. (researchsquare.com)

Equine influenza is caused by a type A influenza virus in the family Orthomyxoviridae (genus Influenzavirus). (wikipedia.org)
Influenza viruses belong to the orthomyxoviridae family of RNA viruses and are divided into five genera: Influenza A, B and C, Thogtovirus and Isavirus. (scialert.net)

For instance, within hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes coding for surface glycoproteins used to classify influenza A subtypes, they saw between 99 and 100 percent sequence homology in the set of isolates tested. (genomeweb.com)

The inherent property of influenza viruses to mutate, resulting in low efficacy of available drugs, has underscored the necessity of developing alternative strategies to provide protection against pandemic influenza. (biomedcentral.com)

The hemagglutinin (HA) gene codes for one of the two surface glycoproteins and is central to species specificity because it is responsible for virus attachment and fusion with host cells. (cdc.gov)

By in vitro selection for binding α2-6 sialosides, we identified four variant viruses with amino acid substitutions in the hemagglutinin (S227N, D187G, E190G, and Q196R) that revealed modestly increased α2-6 and minimally decreased α2-3 binding by glycan array analysis. (nih.gov)
Since 1963, the H3N8 virus has drifted along a single lineage at a rate of 0.8 amino acid substitutions per year. (wikipedia.org)
Analysis of this HA gene shows that it is closely related to avian A(H5) viruses in HA clade 2.3.4.4b and lacked amino acid changes that improve recognition of mammalian receptors or fusion of the viral membrane with the host endosomal membranes. (cdc.gov)
The hemadsorbing site of neuraminidase had up to 3 amino acid substitutions and is different from those of earlier Iranian viruses. (scialert.net)
In nature, influenza A virus undergoes continuous variation, particularly the amino acid sequence at the receptor binding site of HA. (pku.edu.cn)
From their genome sequencing data, investigators speculated that the increased virulence and transmissibility of the human H7N9 isolates may stem from subtle genetic changes that alter one or two amino acids encoded by H7N9's basic polymerase 2 gene, for instance, and/or shift hemagglutinin interactions with host cell receptors. (genomeweb.com)
I]t is difficult to conclude which amino acid substitution alone makes the virus highly transmissible," the study's authors concluded. (genomeweb.com)
But, they added, results from their analysis indicated that "only a few amino acid changes would be needed to make the avian H7N9 viruses highly transmissible in mammals. (genomeweb.com)

Genetically and antigenically, AIV exist as multiple subtypes based on the two glycoproteins (HA and NA) on the virion surface. (scialert.net)
The influenza A virion is studded with glycoprotein spikes of HA and NA, in a ratio of approximately four to one. (scialert.net)

NEW YORK (GenomeWeb News) - A team from the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Gansu Agricultural University used genome sequencing as part of its effort to understand the traits and transmissibility of influenza A H7N9 viruses that are behind a spate of human infections in China. (genomeweb.com)
By comparing those sequences with the genomes of five H7N9 viruses involved in human infections, they found hints about the small genetic changes needed to make the H7N9 more virulent and transmissible in mammals. (genomeweb.com)
Currently, implementation of compulsory control measures in H7N9 virus-positive live poultry markets is preventing further human infections," senior author Hualan Chen, a veterinary researcher affiliated with the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Gansu Agricultural University, and her colleagues wrote. (genomeweb.com)
H]owever, the elimination of the H7N9 virus from nature is a huge and long-term challenge. (genomeweb.com)
More than 130 individuals in China have come down with flu cases involving the avian influenza A virus H7N9 over the past few months, Chen and her co-authors noted, and the virus has been linked to 37 deaths in that country since mid-February. (genomeweb.com)
That rash of flu infections has prompted closure of poultry-markets where the H7N9 virus was detected and spurred interest from several research groups keen to understand the strain's origins, pathogenicity, and transmissibility. (genomeweb.com)
On the other hand, viruses involved in human H7N9 flu cases in China did appear capable of causing disease in mice: animals infected with those viruses dropped as much as 30 percent of their body weight. (genomeweb.com)

Watch this NOVA video to learn how microbiologists are attempting to replicate the deadly 1918 Spanish influenza virus so they can understand more about virology. (lumenlearning.com)

The hemagglutinin, esterase, and fusion (HEF) glycoprotein of influenza C virus possesses receptor binding, receptor destroying, and membrane fusion activities. (northwestern.edu)
The HEF-AA and HEF-Tay HEF glycoproteins bound human erythrocytes, promoted membrane fusion in a low-pH and trypsin-dependent manner, and displayed esterase activity, indicating that the HEF glycoprotein alone mediates all three known functions at the cell surface. (northwestern.edu)
Construction of the haemagglutinin membrane glycoprotein of influenza virus at Three A decision. (sirp-a.com)

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) resistance emerged in the United States during the 2008-2009 influenza season, and the CDC issued revised interim recommendations for antiviral treatment and prophylaxis of influenza. (medscape.com)
Local influenza surveillance data and laboratory testing can assist the physician regarding antiviral agent choice. (medscape.com)
While we do have limited numbers of effective antiviral drugs, such as those used to treat HIV and influenza, the primary method of controlling viral disease is by vaccination, which is intended to prevent outbreaks by building immunity to a virus or virus family (Figure 2). (lumenlearning.com)
At present, vaccination and antiviral drugs are principle strategies to prevent influenza. (biomedcentral.com)
Widespread utilization of directly antiviral drugs accelerates resistance problem, hence host cellular factors become attractive therapeutic targets to treat influenza virus infections. (biomedcentral.com)
In the present study, we developed the broad-spectrum antiviral activity of N30 in vitro, including oseltamivir-resistant strains and amantadine-resistant strains of influenza virus, coxsackie B virus, coronavirus, and respiratory syncytial virus. (biomedcentral.com)
Our results indicated that N30 is a potential compound with antiviral activities through suppressing the activity of IMPDH type II, these finding also proves that development of anti-influenza drugs directing at IMPDH is warranted. (biomedcentral.com)

Binding of influenza A virus hemagglutinins to A) fetuin and B) transferrin. (cdc.gov)
Molecular Docking of Human-Like Receptor to Hemagglutinins of Avian Influenza A Viruses[J]. Acta Phys. (pku.edu.cn)

These were engineered into infectious influenza viruses by reverse genetics, and the resulting viruses displayed replication properties similar to WT influenza virus. (biomedcentral.com)
Host inosine-5'- monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) involved in the synthesis of guanine nucleotides, is known to be a potential target to inhibit the replication of viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
Based on these findings, we further confirmed that N30 provided a strong inhibition on the replication of respiratory syncytial virus, coronavirus, enterovirus 71 and a diverse strains of coxsackie B virus. (biomedcentral.com)
We identified the small molecule N30, as an inhibitor of IMPDH, might be a potential candidate to inhibit the replication of various viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
Growing evidences support that inhibition of IMPDH decreases intracellular levels of guanosine nucleotides in DNA or RNA synthesis, thereby indirectly inhibits virus replication which requires host guanine nucleotides as raw materials [ 10 , 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The replication kinetics of this mutant virus were identical to wild-type, supporting the notion that in this case RNA secondary structure is not involved in virus attenuation. (microbe.tv)

The development of human influenza H3N2 viruses. (tam-receptor.com)

Amantadine and rimantadine are effective against type A influenza virus only. (medscape.com)

Equine influenza (EI) is a highly contagious respiratory disease of horses and related animals such as donkeys, mules and zebras (collectively known as equines). (wikipedia.org)
The ultimate source of the virus is respiratory tract secretions. (wikipedia.org)
The virus multiplies in epithelial cells of upper respiratory tract. (wikipedia.org)
Aerosolized influenza virus is inhaled and embeds in the respiratory mucosa, of the upper and lower respiratory tract. (wikipedia.org)
The virus is attracted to the glycoproteins and mucopolysaccharides of the mucus coating the respiratory mucosa. (wikipedia.org)
The virus then enters the cell by endocytosis into the cell cytoplasm where it replicates to produce new virions that are released back into the respiratory tract by budding from the infected cell. (wikipedia.org)
The most commonly isolated virus is respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). (medscape.com)
Avian influenza virus was isolated from poultry farms with history of respiratory illness and increased mortality. (scialert.net)
Some avian H9 viruses have acquired receptor binding characteristics typical of human strains, increasing the potential for reassortment in both human and pig respiratory tracts ( Suzuki, 2005 ). (scialert.net)
Respiratory RNA viruses including influenza virus have been a cause of health and economic hardships. (biomedcentral.com)
In the wrong hands, a technology involving respiratory RNA viruses may become a threat to national security. (biomedcentral.com)
Public health education, vaccination and drug treatment are strategies whereby national security against threats of respiratory RNA virus pandemics is ensured. (biomedcentral.com)
When combined at a ratio TMP and Zn may treat respiratory RNA virus infections [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Most influenza A viruses are restricted to their host species, having limited capability to cross species barrier and infect a new host. (springer.com)
RNA virus requires host cell wall receptors to infect and its nucleus to replicate [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Outer virus particle The envelope is covered with glycoproteins HA and NA which form structures like spikes. (tag-challenge.com)

Unfortunately, the virus is able to escape neutralization by mutating this part of hemagglutinin through a process known as antigenic drift," explained co-author Peter Palese, PhD, professor and chair of the department of microbiology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. (scienceboard.net)

To assess the efficacy and safety of vaccination against influenza virus in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, with special emphasis on the effect of disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), including tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) blockers. (bmj.com)
4, 5 However, the eventual capacity of influenza vaccination to induce a significant clinical flare of rheumatoid arthritis is still debated. (bmj.com)

Mechanistically, neuraminidase inhibition assay and hemagglutination inhibition assay suggested that N30 did not directly target the two envelope glycoproteins required for viral adsorption or release. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition, we examined the inhibitory rate of the compound against two IAV envelope glycoproteins, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, and investigated its effect on expression and the enzyme activity of IMPDH type II. (biomedcentral.com)
Scholars@Duke publication: Prefusion structure of trimeric HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein determined by cryo-electron microscopy. (duke.edu)
Prefusion structure of trimeric HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein determined by cryo-electron microscopy. (duke.edu)
The activation of trimeric HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) by its binding to the cell-surface receptor CD4 and co-receptors (CCR5 or CXCR4) represents the first of a series of events that lead to fusion between viral and target-cell membranes. (duke.edu)

The mechanism by which latent viruses, such as genetically transmitted tumor viruses ( PROVIRUSES ) or PROPHAGES of lysogenic bacteria, are induced to replicate and then released as infectious viruses. (lookformedical.com)

Crossing the species barrier to mammals highlights the pandemic potential of H9N2 virus. (scialert.net)
A large number of influenza A viruses naturally reside in avian species where they constantly circulate and evolve. (springer.com)
Species barrier limits influenza strains from freely infecting different host organisms as they must overcome host range restriction to adapt to a new host. (springer.com)
Influenza virus can adapt to species specific haemagglutinin biding receptors on cell surface and then cross the species [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The type species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS, related to COWPOX VIRUS , but whose true origin is unknown. (lookformedical.com)

Fluorescent assay methods for inhibition of influenza neuraminidase and virus proliferation are also provided. (bvsalud.org)
The effect of Tri-Z on virus binding to its cell surface receptor was evaluated in a hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assay using chicken red cells. (biomedcentral.com)
We tested the antigenic effect of these introduced substitutions by using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) data with monovalent swine antisera and antigenic cartography to evaluate the antigenic phenotype of the mutant viruses. (tam-receptor.com)

Immunoevasion is a common ploy by which viruses neutralize or evade immune responses. (imperial.ac.uk)
Antibodies to HA neutralize virus. (powershow.com)
However, it has been difficult to obtain MAbs which neutralize divergent strains of influenza viruses with sufficient cross-protective immunity. (justia.com)

The virus then attaches to epithelial cells through binding of the hemagglutinin spike to the N-acetylneuraminic acid receptor on the cell. (wikipedia.org)

H9N2 viruses circulate widely in the Middle East and are associated with serious disease in poultry. (scialert.net)
No cleavage site mutation as seen in virulent poultry influenza strains (e.g. (cdc.gov)

IAV is an enveloped virus carrying a segmented genome that comprises eight negative-sense and single-stranded RNA segments. (biomedcentral.com)
What is the structure of the influenza virus genome? (tag-challenge.com)
The genome of influenza A viruses consists of eight single-stranded RNA segments, and the viral particle has two major glycoproteins on its surface: hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. (tag-challenge.com)
When they compared the genomes to one another and to sequences from five human viruses - including an isolate called A/Anhui/1/2013 from the current outbreak in China - the researchers determined that much of the genome was similar across the isolates. (genomeweb.com)
Firstly, we would like to thank you for the segment on the current debate as to the mechanism of how viruses can become attenuated through wholescale genome modification. (microbe.tv)

Although Rhinolophus bats harbor diverse clade 3 sarbecoviruses, the structural determinants of receptor tropism along with the antigenicity of their spike (S) glycoproteins remain uncharacterized. (uw.edu)

Protective anti-influenza immunity often correlates with antibody responses to influenza surface glycoproteins, particularly hemagglutinin (HA), the main antigenic determinant on the surface of both influenza virus and infected cells. (researchsquare.com)
Bottom line Influenza virus somehow manages to make frequent minor changes and sudden major changes which permit temporary evasion of a population's immunity. (powershow.com)

We delineated the genomes, receptor binding profile and HB sites of NA gene of these field isolates and we also established their phylogenetic relationship to the other Asian H9N2 lineages. (scialert.net)
Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action in viruses. (lookformedical.com)

The antigenic regions of a pandemic human H3 computer virus from 1968 were deduced using monoclonal antibodies against naturally occurring and laboratory produced antigenic variants. (tam-receptor.com)
In previous animal studies, the researchers determined that the Fc-FcR (immunoglobulin receptors)-mediated effector functions were important mechanisms of protection of anti-stalk antibodies. (scienceboard.net)
Distinct In Vitro and In Vivo Neutralization Profiles of Monoclonal Antibodies Elicited by the Receptor Binding Domain of the Ancestral SARS-CoV-2. (cdc.gov)

The role of mucins, high molecular weight glycoproteins that comprise the mucus, in the pathophysiology of cystic fibrosis is currently being investigated. (healthdrugpdf.com)

check the result on computer virus antigenicity of these 7 positions substitutions were introduced into the HA of an isogenic swine lineage computer virus. (tam-receptor.com)

The association between M segment splicing and pathogenicity remains ambiguous in human influenza A viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
In this study, we aimed to investigate M splicing in various human influenza A viruses and characterize its physiological roles by applying the splicing inhibitor, herboxidiene. (biomedcentral.com)

Using a mouse model, we examined the induction of antibody responses using heterologous prime/boost strategies with a variety of PA vectors (influenza, vaccinia, rabies, cDNA), and we found that strategies involving initial priming with the influenza vector resulted in anti-PA serum antibody titers that were 10-fold higher than alternative regimes. (biomedcentral.com)

Biacore biosensor assays indicated that PSGL - 1/mIgG 2b carrying the blood group P1 determinant in multiple copies bound with high affinity to Stx1 and Stx2, while PSGL - 1/mIgG 2b presenting multiple copies of Sia α 2,3Gal on different O - linked cores bound with high affinity to avian influenza H5. (avhandlingar.se)
IgG2a also engages in high affinity interactions with Fc receptors on immune cells which can result in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) as well as antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) by phagocytosing cells like macrophages 3-8 . (researchsquare.com)

This would help assess a novel influenza strain's host range capability. (springer.com)

The virus can be classified into different subtypes based on their surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (justia.com)

Anatomy22

Organisms69

Diseases13

Chemicals and Drugs61

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment32

Phenomena and Processes59

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science5

Health Care9

Geographicals2

Protein25

Proteins22

Subtype9

Vaccine28

H1N111

Vaccines20

Infection24

Sialic7

Treatment of influenza6

Epidemics5

Highly-pathogeni3

Humans16

Antigens1

Centers for Diseas2

H5N114

Strain4

Mutations5

Birds6

Seasonal1

Orthomyxoviridae2

Neuraminidase Genes1

Pandemic influenza1

Specificity1

Amino8

Virion2

H7N97

Virology1

Membrane3

Antiviral7

Hemagglutinins2

Replication6

H3N21

Type A influenza vir1

Respiratory13

Infect2

Spikes1

Antigenic drift1

Vaccination2

Envelope5

Replicate1

Species5

Inhibition3

Neutralize3

Attaches1

Poultry2

Genome5

Spike1

Immunity2

Gene2

Antibodies3

Mucus1

Substitutions1

Human influenza2

Antibody responses1

High affinity2

Novel influenza1

Subtypes based1