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To investigate the neural bases of these computations, we applied different spatiotemporal patterns of stimuli to rat whiskers while recording multiple neurons in the barrel cortex. (nature.com)
With uncorrelated stimuli on 24 whiskers, we identified two distinct functional categories of neurons, analogous in the temporal domain to simple and complex cells of the primary visual cortex. (nature.com)
With correlated stimuli, however, a complementary coding scheme emerged: two distinct cell populations, similar to reinforcing and antagonist neurons described in the higher visual area MT, responded specifically to correlations. (nature.com)
Indeed, activation of tactile afferents spatially encodes the contact stimuli and sends the tactile information to the upper layers of the somatosensory pathway. (nature.com)
Neurons in higher processing areas of the brain (e.g., in primary visual cortex) have been shown to demonstrate variable spike timing in response to repetitions of identical stimuli ( Hubel and Wiesel, 1962 ). (frontiersin.org)
Specifically, we observed orientation and direction columns formed by sSC neurons retinotopically mapped to the edge of grating stimuli. (bvsalud.org)
A longstanding question in sensory neuroscience is what types of stimuli drive neurons to fire. (plos.org)
A new method termed XDream (E X tending D eepDream with r eal-time e volution for a ctivation m aximization) combined a generative neural network and a genetic algorithm in a closed loop to create strong stimuli for neurons in the macaque visual cortex. (plos.org)
What stimuli excite a neuron, and how can we find them? (plos.org)
Consider vision as a paradigmatic example, the selection of stimuli to probe neural activity has shaped the understanding of how visual neurons represent information. (plos.org)
Despite the progress made in understanding visual cortex by testing limited sets of hand-chosen stimuli, these experiments could be missing the true feature preferences of neurons. (plos.org)
Linear-nonlinear (LN) models and their extensions have proven successful in describing transformations from stimuli to spiking responses of neurons in early stages of sensory hierarchies. (mit.edu)
We fit a biophysical model to these receptive fields that accurately predicts directionally selective T4 and T5 responses to both ON and OFF moving stimuli. (janelia.org)
These neurons are responsible for detecting and transmitting information about various stimuli, such as light, sound, touch, taste, and smell, from the sensory organs to the central nervous system. (nawafnet.net)
However, the complexity of sensory neurons goes well beyond just their capacity to respond to various stimuli. (nawafnet.net)
In some cases, a single sensory neuron can exhibit sensitivity to a wide range of stimuli that are seemingly unrelated, such as vibration, pressure, and stretching. (nawafnet.net)
The reason for this is that cutaneous sensory neurons are exposed to a wider range of stimuli, and are therefore more likely to develop the ability to respond to multiple modalities. (nawafnet.net)
The same sensory neuron that responds to touch stimuli can also respond to temperature changes and pressure, and the response depends on the intensity and duration of the stimuli. (nawafnet.net)
We used focused, non-damaging, short near-infrared laser heat stimuli (wavelength 1470/1475 nm) to study the involvement of TRPV1-expressing nerve fibers in the encoding of heat pain intensity. (biomedcentral.com)

Anti-GAD65 antibody (Ab) acts on the terminals of inhibitory neurons that suppress GABA release, whereas anti-VGCC, anti-mGluR1, and anti-GluR Abs impair LTD induction. (springer.com)
First, since chained inhibitory neurons shape the output signals through the mechanism of disinhibition/inhibition, impairments of GABA release and LTD distort the conversion process from the "internal model" to the output signals. (springer.com)
For both excitatory and inhibitory neurons in sSC, orientation selectivity can be induced by the edge with their preferred orientation perpendicular to the edge orientation. (bvsalud.org)
Susceptible neuronal populations also include inhibitory neurons in the thalamic Reticular Nucleus. (cdc.gov)

Each neuron has a single axon that bifurcates, sending one end to the peripheral tissues it innervates and the other into the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. (brainkart.com)
In the dorsal horn, the pri-mary afferent neuron synapses with a second-order neuron whose axon crosses the midline and ascends in the contralateral spinothalamic tract to reach the thalamus. (brainkart.com)
One of the main features of biological tactile afferents is that their distal axon branches in the skin, creating complex receptive fields. (nature.com)
Similar to the majority of vertebrate neurons, the Drosophila da neurons show clear dendrite vs. axon polarity including the orientations of microtubules (MT). It is well known from numerous studies in various organisms that MT cytoskeleton plays a major role for the proper establishment and maintenance of neuronal architecture. (ucsf.edu)
firing properties were compared between neurons with an intact axon, including a first branchpoint, and L5 neurons with axons cut proximal to the branchpoint during the slice preparation procedure (Figure 2A). (inhibitorlibraries.com)
Figure 2A shows a typical Rutecarpine example of a L5 neuron with the axon cut proximally to the first node at a distance of 98 μm. (inhibitorlibraries.com)

The majority of first-order neurons send the proximal end of their axons into the spinal cord via the dorsal (sensory) spinal root at each cervical, thoracic, lum-bar, and sacral level. (brainkart.com)
Once in the dorsal horn, in addition to synapsing with second-order neurons, the axons of first-order neurons may synapse with interneurons, sympathetic neurons, and ventral horn motor neurons. (brainkart.com)
The cell bodies shown above are surrounded by "receptive nets" (A, B) formed by their own dendrites and the axons of neurons originating in the thoracic spinal cord. (nih.gov)
Neural signals from the rods and cones undergo processing by other neurons, whose output takes the form of action potentials in retinal ganglion cells whose axons form the optic nerve. (wikipedia.org)
In contrast, many instances of IB firing were found when recording from neurons with axons cut at more distal locations (e.g., 750 μm, Figure 2A). (inhibitorlibraries.com)
Below the cortex are axons, which are long fibers that emanate from and connect neurons. (medscape.com)

One of the key components of gain-field encoding is the variability in the response amplitude of the action potentials from neurons. (wikipedia.org)
Information transmission in neural networks is often described in terms of the rate at which neurons emit action potentials. (frontiersin.org)

The cortical microcircuit can dynamically adjust to dramatic changes in the strength, scale, and complexity of its input. (researchgate.net)
A subset of cortical somatostatin (SST) neurons, the Martinotti cells, gate top down input by inhibiting the apical dendrites of pyramidal cells in laye. (researchgate.net)

This area is located in the front of the brain and mainly involves the activation of pyramidal neurons which are responsible for initiating voluntary movements. (wewantscience.com)
A commonly observed characteristic of L5 neocortical pyramidal neurons is the existence of two subpopulations generating distinct firing patterns called intrinsic bursts (IBs), characterized by a first interspike interval (ISI) less than 10 ms (firing frequency ≥ 100 Hz) or regular spiking (RS) with nonadapting ISI of ∼100-200 ms (Chagnac-Amitai et al. (inhibitorlibraries.com)

The proximal axonal processes of the first-order neurons in these ganglia reach the brainstem nuclei via their respective cranial nerves, where they synapse with second-order neurons in brainstem nuclei. (brainkart.com)
Pain fibers may ascend or descend one to three spinal cord segments in Lissauer's tract before synapsing with second-order neurons in the gray matter of the ipsilateral dorsal horn. (brainkart.com)
In many instances they communicate with second-order neurons through interneurons. (brainkart.com)
We find that signals for leg joint position and directional movement converge in second-order neurons, revealing pathways for local feedback control of leg posture. (janelia.org)
Distinct populations of second-order neurons integrate tibia vibration signals across pairs of legs, suggesting a role in detecting external substrate vibration. (janelia.org)

Most gain field activity is based in the premotor cortex found in the frontal lobe anterior to the primary motor cortex, however it receives input from a variety of locations in the brain. (wikipedia.org)

Figure 1: Barrel cortex neurons encode whisker deflections in a common low-dimensional subspace. (nature.com)
We used single neuron recordings and controlled whisker deflections to examine responses of thalamocortical neurons to sensory stimulation in rat survivors of 9 min of asphyxial cardiac arrest incurred on post-natal day 17. (cdc.gov)
We found that 48-72 hours after cardiac arrest, thalamocortical neurons demonstrate significantly elevated firing rates both during spontaneous activity and in response to whisker deflections. (cdc.gov)

These neurons are much more versatile than we once believed, with emerging research showing that they can display a remarkable ability to integrate and process multiple sensory inputs, leading to a more nuanced and integrated perception of our environment. (nawafnet.net)
Studies have shown that sensory neurons can have the ability to respond to multiple sensory inputs, such as touch and temperature, or light and movement. (nawafnet.net)
Layer four receives the densest bottom up sensory inputs, while layers 2/3 and 5 receive top down inputs that may convey predictive information. (researchgate.net)
Dendrite arborization patterns are critical determinants of neural circuit formation and influence the type of synaptic or sensory inputs a neuron is able to receive. (ucsf.edu)

The superior cervical ganglion, a section of which is shown here, is a part of the sympathetic nervous system in which neurons originating in the spinal cord form synapses with neurons that innervate the heart, head, and neck, and control responses such as heart rate and pupil dilation. (nih.gov)
The neural retina consists of several layers of neurons interconnected by synapses and is supported by an outer layer of pigmented epithelial cells. (wikipedia.org)

Furthermore, our findings suggest that successful selection, processing, and retention of task-relevant sound properties relies on the joint encoding of information across early and higher-order regions of the auditory cortex. (jneurosci.org)
For example, in the auditory system, some neurons receive input from both the inner hair cells, which detect frequency information, and the outer hair cells, which detect amplitude information. (nawafnet.net)

The first six laminae, which make up the dorsal horn, receive all afferent neural activity and represent the principal site of modulation of pain by ascending and descending neural pathways. (brainkart.com)
WDR neurons are the most prevalent cell type in the dorsal horn. (brainkart.com)
Although they are found throughout the dorsal horn, WDR neurons are most abundant in lamina V. During repeated stimulation, WDR neurons characteristically increase their firing rate exponentially in a graded fashion ("wind-up"), even with the same stimulus intensity. (brainkart.com)
and ii) an exaggerated response of dorsal horn neurons to normally innocuous afferent input. (asra.com)

They also have large receptive fields compared with nociceptive-specific neurons. (brainkart.com)
Here, using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we combine detailed mapping of both population receptive fields (pRF) and category-selectivity, with independently acquired resting-state functional connectivity analyses, to examine scene and retinotopic processing within medial parietal cortex. (frontiersin.org)
Although larger response magnitudes were reported for scenes presented contralaterally, fMRI adaptation was found not to depend on visual field position, indicating perhaps, the presence of receptive fields that span the vertical meridian ( MacEvoy and Epstein, 2007 ) and suggesting RSC plays a more prominent role in spatial memory rather than scene perception per se ( MacEvoy and Epstein, 2007 ). (frontiersin.org)
Moore, C.I. & Nelson, S.B. Spatio-temporal subthreshold receptive fields in the vibrissa representation of rat primary somatosensory cortex. (nature.com)
We found that all four subtypes of both T4 and T5 cells implement both mechanisms, that is preferred direction enhancement and null direction inhibition, on opposing sides of their receptive fields. (elifesciences.org)
Follicle-innervating Aδ-low threshold mechanoreceptive neurons form receptive fields through homotypic competition. (ohsu.edu)
Here we show that an efficient coding model that incorporates biologically realistic ingredients -- input and output noise, nonlinear response functions, and a metabolic cost on the firing rate -- predicts receptive fields and response nonlinearities similar to those observed in the retina. (nips.cc)
Using whole-cell electrophysiology, we recorded visual responses of T4 (ON) and T5 (OFF) cells, mapped their composite ON-OFF receptive fields, and found that they share a similar spatiotemporal structure. (janelia.org)
Visual working memory capacity in retinotopic cortex: Number, resolution, and population receptive fields. (scirp.org)
Despite the overall increase in firing, by 6 weeks, thalamocortical neurons display degraded receptive fields, with decreased responses to adjacent whiskers. (cdc.gov)

That is to say, when gain is increased, the connections between the neurons firing increase in strength leading to further gain if the neurons continue to receive stimulation. (wikipedia.org)
they are normally silent and respond only to high-threshold noxious stimulation, poorly encoding stimulus intensity. (brainkart.com)
Neurotransmitter switching is the gain of one neurotransmitter and the loss of another in the same neuron in response to chronic stimulation. (deepdyve.com)

The mechanisms underlying this spontaneous pain and the miscoding of low threshold afferent input are not completely understood. (asra.com)

In the following, we will apply this approach in order to investigate which of the two mechanisms is at work in primary motion-sensitive neurons of the fruit fly Drosophila . (elifesciences.org)
Non-preferred contrast responses in the Drosophila motion pathways reveal a receptive field structure that explains a common visual illusion. (janelia.org)
We recently found that Golgi outposts serve this role in the dendrites of Drosophila da neurons. (ucsf.edu)
For example, in the Drosophila PNS, the Zn-finger containing protein Hamlet functions as a binary switch between the elaborate multiple dendrite morphology of da neurons and the single, un-branched dendrite morphology of external sensory (es) neurons. (ucsf.edu)

Using these data, we find that Pax7 expression is restricted to a subset of GABAergic neurons. (bvsalud.org)

1991). Organization of visual inputs to the inferior temporal and posterior parietal cortex in macaques. (scirp.org)
2011). Temporal dynamics of encoding, storage, and reallocation of visual working memory. (scirp.org)
Indeed, dorsal, ventral, nasal and temporal domains have evolved to enable optimal encoding of specific features in the visual scene. (biorxiv.org)

Further evidence suggests that the cerebellum and posterior parietal cortex (PPC) also play major functional roles in gain field encoding. (wikipedia.org)
images are encoded by the network and processed in a similar manner as the primary layers in visual cortex. (springeropen.com)
Describe the output pathway from the ear to the cortex and how sound properties of encoded. (powershow.com)
Motor cortex analogue neurons in songbirds utilize Kv3 channels to generate ultranarrow spikes. (ohsu.edu)
Specifically, we reformulate an optimal quadratic classifier as an LN-LN computation, analogous to "subunit" encoding models that have been used to describe responses in retina and primary visual cortex. (mit.edu)
Neurons in the premotor cortex are also selectively activated before a movement starts. (wewantscience.com)
Neuron activation in the postmotor cortex is a significant part of monkey motor learning and recovery following a stroke or traumatic brain injury. (wewantscience.com)
The hippocampus likely allows long-term memory encoding in the cortex and allows short-term memory retrieval. (medscape.com)

The superior colliculus (SC) is a sensorimotor structure in the midbrain that integrates input from multiple sensory modalities to initiate motor commands. (bvsalud.org)
This indicates that sensory neurons are not just simple "on/off" switches, but rather complex machinery that is capable of encoding information about multiple sensory modalities in a single signal. (nawafnet.net)
However, it is important to note that not all sensory neurons are created equal, and their capacity to respond to multiple sensory modalities can vary depending on their location within the nervous system. (nawafnet.net)
In summary, sensory neurons are much more complex than we once believed, and can exhibit remarkable versatility in their ability to respond to and integrate multiple sensory modalities. (nawafnet.net)
However, this is not always the case, and a single sensory neuron can sometimes respond to multiple sensory modalities. (nawafnet.net)
Another way a sensory neuron can respond to multiple sensory modalities is through the integration of sensory information from different receptors. (nawafnet.net)
In conclusion, while there are specialized sensory neurons for each sensory modality, some sensory neurons can respond to multiple sensory modalities. (nawafnet.net)

In the fruit fly optic lobe, T4 and T5 cells represent the first direction-selective neurons, with T4 cells responding selectively to moving brightness increments (ON) and T5 cells to brightness decrements (OFF). (elifesciences.org)

These neurons are located in ventral premotor area F5 and parietal areas PFG and AIP7,15,23. (wewantscience.com)
These dorso-ventral gradients affect RGC responses in adult animals with respect to their spectral tuning 17 - 19 , improving encoding of achromatic contrasts 20 , 21 and providing evolutionary advantages for visual tasks 22 . (biorxiv.org)

Visual attention modulates neuronal responses in primate motion processing area MT. However, whether it modulates the strength local field potentials (LFP-power) within this area remains unexplored, as well as how this modulation relates to the one of the neurons' response. (jneurosci.org)

Both models implement a delay-and-compare mechanism where two input signals from neighboring image pixels interact in a nonlinear way after one of them has been delayed with respect to the other. (elifesciences.org)
Diverse sensory systems, from audition to thermosensation, feature a separation of inputs into ON (increments) and OFF (decrements) signals. (janelia.org)
And one of the key building blocks of brains is the neuron, a tiny cell that sends signals to other neurons over connections. (oreilly.com)
So, an ANN is an attempt to simulate a collection of neuron-like components that send signals to each other. (oreilly.com)
Researchers in ANNs write a program that simulates these neurons and the signals that travel between them, yielding a process vaguely reminiscent of what happens in brains. (oreilly.com)
The challenge is that simply connecting a bunch of neuron-like elements to each other and letting them share signals does not yield intelligence. (oreilly.com)
I have proposed the concept of "synchrony receptive field" to describe the set of sensory signals that elicit synchronous firing in a given set of neurons, together with neural network models that can identify sensory models based on selective synchrony (13) (see my comments on the difference between correlation and synchrony ). (romainbrette.fr)

Model-based analysis of the responses revealed different coding schemes according to the level of input correlation. (nature.com)
Comparing the responses of directional neurons to the sequence with the sum of the responses to each individual stimulus presentation ('linear expectation') allows one to calculate the nonlinear response component as the difference between the sequence response and the linear expectation. (elifesciences.org)
Further, we found that with maturation receptive field (RF) center sizes decrease, responses to light get stronger, and centers become more circular while seeing differences in all of them between RGC types. (biorxiv.org)

Figure 3: Neurons' nonlinear functions depend on interwhisker instantaneous correlation. (nature.com)

In the Hassenstein-Reichardt detector ( Figure 1a ), the delay is on the preferred side, that is where a preferred direction stimulus is entering the receptive field of the detector, and the non-linearity is excitatory. (elifesciences.org)
In the Barlow-Levick detector ( Figure 1b ), the delay is on the null side, that is where a null direction stimulus is entering the receptive field of the detector, and the nonlinearity is inhibitory. (elifesciences.org)
These results demonstrate that in area MT, shifting attention into the RFs of neurons in the vicinity of the recording electrode, or to the direction of a moving stimulus located far away from these RFs, distinctively modulates LFP-power in the various frequency bands. (jneurosci.org)
These findings indicate that the tuning properties of sSC neurons are not fixed by circuit architecture but rather dependent on the spatiotemporal properties of the stimulus. (bvsalud.org)
While conventional wisdom suggests that each sensory neuron is dedicated to detecting and transmitting information about a specific type of stimulus, recent evidence has begun to challenge this notion. (nawafnet.net)
Brain state has profound effects on neural processing and stimulus encoding in sensory cortices. (researchgate.net)
We now investigated intensity coding of the same adequate stimulus at different system levels, facilitating translation of peripheral encoding of noxious heat pain from cellular models to human experiments using a specific non-damaging noxious heat stimulus. (biomedcentral.com)

This suggests that these mirror neurons code both the action itself and the overarching goal of the action, as a kinematic representation of what is being accomplished. (wewantscience.com)
This suggests that binaural neurons are tuned to acoustical features of ecological environments, rather than to fixed interaural delays, and we proposed that this is achieved by a combination of cochlear disparity (binaural neurons receiving inputs from mismatches places on the two cochleae) and axonal delay mismatches. (romainbrette.fr)

These cells, also through the optic nerve, project directly to the thalamus which is also receiving intracranial nociceptive input. (researchgate.net)
The thalamus receives light and pain information, which is then projected to sensory and association cortices [85, 86] . (researchgate.net)

First, we determined the direction and contrast selectivity of the LFPs in different frequency bands, as well as the correlation of the LFP-power in each band with the neurons spiking activity. (jneurosci.org)
Point of resonance is determined by frequency of sound wave, providing a basis for anatomical encoding of pitch. (powershow.com)
These observations led to the common assumption that the main mode of information transmission in most brain areas is encoded in the neurons average spike-frequency. (frontiersin.org)
The method further includes generating a transcription for the utterance that is determined based at least on output that the neural network provides in response to receiving the processed frequency domain data. (justia.com)
We then found out that the frequency dependence of ITD, measured in acoustics, matches the frequency dependence of the preferred ITD of binaural neurons (measured electrophysiologically) (19). (romainbrette.fr)

Inherited and age-related retinal degenerative diseases cause progressive loss of rod and cone photoreceptors, leading to blindness, but spare downstream retinal neurons, which can be targeted for optogenetic therapy. (researchgate.net)
Although the retina cannot experience patterned vision beforehand, it is remarkable that RGCs are already capable of encoding information originating from photoreceptors and transmit it to retinal central targets as soon as eyes open. (biorxiv.org)

We use ConvNet units as in silico models of neurons, enabling experiments that would be prohibitive with biological neurons. (plos.org)
To test this hypothesis, we studied the response of VLPF neurons to observation of biological movements and object motion. (wewantscience.com)

Lamina II, also called the substantia gelatinosa, contains many interneurons and is believed to play a major role in processing and modulating nociceptive input from cutaneous nociceptors. (brainkart.com)
For example, the sensory neurons that are located in the skin, known as cutaneous sensory neurons, have been found to be much more versatile than those that are located deeper within the body, such as in the muscle or joints. (nawafnet.net)

Results show that the model can successfully learn and classify black and white images with added noise or partially obscured samples with up to ×20 computing speed-up at an equivalent classification ratio when compared to classic SRM neuron membrane models. (springeropen.com)
The proposed solution combines spike encoding, network topology, neuron membrane model and STDP learning. (springeropen.com)
It can also be used for computer simulations with up to ×20 speed-up compared to classic SRM neuron membrane model. (springeropen.com)

The cell bodies of primary afferent neurons are located in the dorsal root ganglia, which lie in the vertebral foramina at each spinal cord level. (brainkart.com)

For example, neurons implicated in processing a part of the visual field see a gain in the response amplitude due to shifting focus to that part of the field of vision. (wikipedia.org)
In this paper, a novel, simplified and computationally efficient model of spike response model (SRM) neuron with spike-time dependent plasticity (STDP) learning is presented. (springeropen.com)
Specifically, we develop numerical methods for simultaneously learning the linear filters and response nonlinearities of a population of model neurons, so as to maximize information transmission subject to metabolic costs. (nips.cc)
In this way, the weights of connections determine how neurons influence each other, yielding a pattern of neural activation across a neural network in response to inputs to the network (which could be, for example, from the eyes). (oreilly.com)
In response to constant suprathreshold current injections, the neuron responded with RS patterns (9.7 Hz at threshold). (inhibitorlibraries.com)

Gain field encoding is a hypothesis about the internal storage and processing of limb motion in the brain. (wikipedia.org)
The input from these neurons is taken multiplicatively, forming what is referred to as a gain field. (wikipedia.org)
Neuron involved in gain field encoding work multiplicatively, taking the input from several together to form the gain field. (wikipedia.org)
Instead of simply encoding the motion of the limb in which a specific motion is desired, the multiplicative nature of the gain field ensures that the positioning of the rest of the body is taken in to consideration. (wikipedia.org)
The encoding of the neurons involved in the motor gain field follow the same gain modulation principles as most of the neurons within the brain. (wikipedia.org)
One of the main results of gain-field encoding is the cognitive ability to manipulate different coordinate planes that are dealt with daily and adjust limb muscle movements accordingly. (wikipedia.org)
Given these physiological observations, the bio-inspired afferents are randomly connected to the several neighboring mechanoreceptors with different weights to form their own receptive field. (nature.com)
A previous study has demonstrated that the amplitude of local field potentials oscillations (LFP-power) in this area encodes, within certain frequencies, motion direction and speed ( Liu and Newsome, 2006 ). (jneurosci.org)
2009). Visual field maps, population receptive field sizes, and visual field coverage in the human MT+ complex. (scirp.org)

Neurons are typically assumed to encode values-such as the orientation of a bar-using their mean firing rate, with individual spikes emitted using a Poisson process ( Dean, 1981 ). (frontiersin.org)
A dense neural layer is typically connected to every other neuron within the preceding or subsequent layers. (aichatgpt.co.za)

Sensitive genetically encoded sensors for population and subcellular imaging of cAMP in vivo. (ohsu.edu)

[6] In contrast, in the cephalopod retina, the photoreceptors are in front, with processing neurons and capillaries behind them. (wikipedia.org)

These mechanoreceptors are innervated by the first-order neurons of the tactile pathway. (nature.com)

Observation of a hand grasping a cup to drink and a hand grasping a cup to clear the table after a meal activated different sets of F5 neurons in human subjects as observed by functional MRI. (wewantscience.com)

When many neurons are connected to each other in a network (as happens in brains), we call that a neural network. (oreilly.com)

Neurons respond maximally to characteristic frequencies. (powershow.com)

Figure 4: Center-surround tuning maps of local neurons reveals preference for antagonist center-surround stimulations. (nature.com)

This processing enables deriving distinct perceptual representations from the same acoustic input and is at the basis of adaptive and goal-oriented behavior. (jneurosci.org)

Each node in a dense layer network represents an artificial neuron and contains several weights which interconnect with all other neurons in the following layers. (aichatgpt.co.za)

Furthermore, we found that this edge-induced orientation selectivity is associated with saliency encoding. (bvsalud.org)

These hairs are innervated by sensory neurons which relay wind direction information to the terminal abdominal ganglion (TAG) forming a map of direction sensitivity [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In DRG neurons and TRPV1-expressing HEK cells, heat sensitivity was restricted to capsaicin sensitive cells. (biomedcentral.com)
TRPV1-expressing nociceptors encode transient non-damaging heat pain in humans, thermal gating of TRPV1 is similar in HEK cells and DRG neurons, and TRPV1 tachyphylaxis is an important modulator of heat pain sensitivity. (biomedcentral.com)

Neurons are not transistors and they are not neural networks. (neurosimlab.com)
Dense Layer Neural Networks (DLNNs) are artificial neural networks made up of connected layers of interconnected nodes and neurons. (aichatgpt.co.za)
First, each layer in a DLNN consists of all nodes connected to every other node in the next layer, allowing it to learn from more data inputs than other types of neural networks with fewer connections. (aichatgpt.co.za)

A sensory neuron is a specialized neuron whose primary function is to carry sensory information from the sensory receptors to the central nervous system. (nawafnet.net)

The Feed-Back pathway carries information DOWN through hierarchy levels towards regions that represent more concrete, raw, unclassified inputs. (agi.io)
Remarkably, three encode components of the secretory pathway. (ucsf.edu)

The equation for the firing rate of a gain modulated neuron is a combination of the two types of information being transmitted to the neuron: r = f ( x ) g ( y ) {\displaystyle r=f(x)g(y)} where r {\displaystyle r} is the rate of fire, f ( x ) {\displaystyle f(x)} is a function of one type of information input and g ( y ) {\displaystyle g(y)} is another. (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy107

Organisms16

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs59

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment24

Psychiatry and Psychology10

Phenomena and Processes39

Disciplines and Occupations3

Information Science3

Health Care2

Stimuli19

Inhibitory neurons4

Axon6

Axons6

Action potentials2

Cortical2

Pyramidal2

Second-order neurons5

Primary motor1

Whisker deflections3

Sensory inputs4

Synapses2

Auditory2

Dorsal horn4

Fields10

Stimulation3

Afferent input1

Drosophila4

Subset1

Temporal3

Cortex8

Multiple sensory modalities7

Selectively1

Ventral2

Neuronal1

Signals7

Responses3

Nonlinear1

Stimulus7

Suggests2

Thalamus2

Frequency5

Retinal2

Biological2

Cutaneous2

Membrane3

Spinal1

Response5

Field9

Typically2

Population1

Photoreceptors1

Tactile1

Observation1

Brains1

Frequencies1

Center-surround1

Distinct1

Weights1

Orientation1

Sensitivity3

Neural networks3

Nervous system1

Pathway2

Firing rate1