• They would like to learn which nerve cells mediate which sensation, how these nerve cells relay information to other cells and which proteins within these cells actually sense an itch or gentle touch. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • MicroRNAs, small RNA molecules that affect the stability of messages and the amount of proteins made by genes, can control many aspects of development and cell function and often are altered in diseases such as cancer. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Urban discovered that rhomboid proteases catalyze a biochemical reaction that cuts proteins. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Unlike the lipid-based membranes of eukaryotic cells, bacterial microcompartments (BMCs) have polyhedral shells made of proteins. (sciencedaily.com)
  • For lipid-based membranes, there are membrane proteins that get molecules across. (sciencedaily.com)
  • For BMCs, the shell is already made of proteins, so the shell proteins of BMCs not only have a structural role, they are also responsible for selective substrate transfer across the protein membrane. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Because oxidizing conditions rapidly destroy DNA, RNA, proteins, and cell membranes, evolutionists proposed that Earth's early environment had a reducing atmosphere with very little or zero oxygen. (icr.org)
  • Re-engineering this system to work outside of a cell is challenging because it requires the various proteins to be carefully orientated in an artificial membrane, which makes it both finicky and fragile. (singularityhub.com)
  • To solve this problem, the cell membrane contains proteins that are selective for unique, water soluble molecules. (wikibooks.org)
  • At the Ipsen Foundation's 23rd Colloquium on Alzheimer's Disease, held 28 April 2008 in Paris, the focus shifted from the rogue proteins that characterize these diseases to the regulation of their movements around the cell. (alzforum.org)
  • There is also traffic in the opposite direction: molecules are transported into the cell from outside, including worn-out or excess receptor and channel proteins from the outside of the cell membrane. (alzforum.org)
  • The details of how proteins are moved around within a cell are being deciphered with high-powered microscopy combined with sophisticated techniques for labeling individual molecules, including fluorescent or "quantum dot" tags and antibodies tailored to adhere to a protein in a particular state of activation. (alzforum.org)
  • Proposed functions of PMRS include maintenance of redox state in proteins, stimulation of cell growth, reduction of lipid hydroperoxides, recycling of α -tocopherol, reduction of ferric ion prior to iron uptake by a transferring-independent pathway, and the maintenance of the extracellular concentration of ascorbic acid [ 2 - 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Curcumin modulates cellular activity through interacting with membrane-bound proteins and modulating signaling cascade activity by altering the fluidity of the membrane bilayer [ 17 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Our studies are focused on understanding the processes of electron transfer between the electrodes and biological molecules , such as redox proteins, organelles, membranes, and whole cells. (lu.se)
  • These readily undergo iron-catalyzed secondary free radical reactions leading to truncated products which retain the signature PE headgroup and which can readily react with nucleophilic moieties in proteins via their truncated electrophilic acyl chains. (cdc.gov)
  • Our results indicate that several dozens of proteins for each cell type, are PE-lipoxidated in HT-22, MLE, and H9c2 cells and M2 macrophages after they were induced to undergo ferroptosis. (cdc.gov)
  • Pretreatment of cells with the strong nucleophile, 2-mercaptoethanol, prevented the formation of PE-lipoxidated proteins and blocked ferroptotic death. (cdc.gov)
  • At the cathode side oxygen molecules react with the protons permeating through the polymer electrolyte membrane and the electrons arriving through the external circuit to form water molecules. (wikipedia.org)
  • Masking of MbIL-15 with soluble IL-15Ralpha molecules restored NK cell apoptosis. (nih.gov)
  • These structures, sometimes pumping ions from one side to the other and sometimes merely providing channels through which diffusing ions can flow past the lipid molecules, maintain the ionic distribution that keeps the membrane polarized, and they also allow the abrupt changes in distribution that create nerve impulses. (britannica.com)
  • The study authors said that by using the structural data from this paper, researchers can design experiments to study the mechanisms for how the molecules get across this protein membrane, and to build custom organelles for carbon capture or to produce valuable compounds. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Before the evolutionary process of building the first cell could begin, a diverse array of key molecules would have to be magically generated in some primordial matrix or soup. (icr.org)
  • All cells need to acquire the molecules and ions that they need from their surrounding extracellular fluid. (wikibooks.org)
  • There exists an exchange of molecules and ions in and out of the cell wall, as well as in and out of membrane-bounded intracellular compartments such as the nucleus, ER, and mitrochondria. (wikibooks.org)
  • The lipid bilayer of cell membranes is impermeable to large and polar molecules but permeable to water molecules and other small uncharged molecules like O 2 and CO 2 . (wikibooks.org)
  • When ΔG is positive the transport is active, an input of energy is needed to move a molecule up a concentration gradient, contrary to ΔG being negative the transport is passive, which means that such molecules will pass through a membrane down their own gradient, simple diffusion. (wikibooks.org)
  • Diffusion is the process by which molecules migrate over the cell membrane from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration. (wikibooks.org)
  • Using pH-sensitive fluorescent molecules, the researchers could monitor these reaction dynamics and incorporate feedback. (nanowerk.com)
  • Many of the reactions central to the processes for life are far from equilibrium, since the lowest energy state of the atoms and molecules in the chemicals, cellular structures and tissues that comprise living organisms is decomposition, as seen in corpses. (nanowerk.com)
  • In a hydrogen fuel cell, a catalyst at the anode separates hydrogen molecules into protons and electrons, which take different roads to the cathode. (climatebiz.com)
  • The inside of a cell is a very busy place-a microscopic world of molecules that interact dynamically in groups, in sequences, or in networks. (alzforum.org)
  • This shift comes with the growing realization that neurodegeneration is less a problem of toxic molecules per se but rather of the way these molecules disrupt the basic biological processes of the cell-their effects on the cell as a system. (alzforum.org)
  • Each cell produces thousands of different protein and lipid molecules. (alzforum.org)
  • But, unlike in the production line of a manufacturing plant, the cell may be making many different molecules at the same time, so labels and locations are needed to separate out these simultaneous processes. (alzforum.org)
  • Many molecules are anchored into these membranes to provide a stable focus for chains of chemical reactions. (alzforum.org)
  • It inactivates the receptors that respond to the signal, or the transporter molecules that suck up the signal chemical by removing them from the cell surface. (alzforum.org)
  • Cells in the interior, on the other hand, depend on the leftover glutamate that diffuses inwards in the biofilm, but do not lose gaseous molecules as rapidly as the peripheral cells. (nature.com)
  • Proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), also known as polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells, are a type of fuel cell being developed mainly for transport applications, as well as for stationary fuel-cell applications and portable fuel-cell applications. (wikipedia.org)
  • Their distinguishing features include lower temperature/pressure ranges (50 to 100 °C) and a special proton-conducting polymer electrolyte membrane. (wikipedia.org)
  • This oxidation half-cell reaction or hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) is represented by: At the anode: The newly formed protons permeate through the polymer electrolyte membrane to the cathode side. (wikipedia.org)
  • This two volume set of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane and Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Technology covers the fundamentals, performance, and in situ characterisation of PEMFCs and DMFCs. (chipsbooks.com)
  • The most popular fuel cell type is the Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM), which uses perfluorosulfonic acid as its electrolyte membrane. (climatebiz.com)
  • Martin's research concerns analysis of heat and mass transfer and other transport phenomena in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). (lu.se)
  • A central organising principle of eukaryotic cells is the compartmentalisation of biochemical reactions by membrane boundaries into organelles. (kcl.ac.uk)
  • A cell's activity depends on what biochemical reactions it may complete, and these reactions are dependent on the compounds extracted from the extracellular fluid. (wikibooks.org)
  • His research focuses on the fundamental understanding of electrochemical reactions and organic electrosynthesis including various oxygen-atom functionalization catalysis, asymmetric synthesis, biochemical reactions. (rsc.org)
  • 2010). Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells: Contamination and Mitigation Strategies (1st ed. (taylorfrancis.com)
  • Large-scale commercialization of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) technology has been hindered by issues of reliability, durability, and cost, which are all related to the degradation of fuel cell performance. (taylorfrancis.com)
  • A proton exchange membrane fuel cell transforms the chemical energy liberated during the electrochemical reaction of hydrogen and oxygen to electrical energy, as opposed to the direct combustion of hydrogen and oxygen gases to produce thermal energy. (wikipedia.org)
  • We further examined sur -FeN 4 -HPC as a cathode catalyst in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). (rsc.org)
  • The electric fuel cell propulsion system is powered by a unique PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) fuel cell supplied by Protonex. (naval-technology.com)
  • His team studies enzymes called rhomboid proteases that are found in a cell's membrane. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Once the migrating cell is in the right place, this protein docks into a perfectly fitted receptor protein located on the nerve cell's membrane. (medindia.net)
  • Osmotic balance is maintained between the extracellular fluid and the cytoplasm by movement of water through the plasma membrane when the total concentration of particles on one side is not equal to that on the other. (britannica.com)
  • Permeation actually occurs through protein structures embedded in the lipid bilayer and spanning the membrane from cytoplasm to extracellular fluid. (britannica.com)
  • The tubules are all made of the same water-repellant fatty membrane that surrounds the cell, separating their interior from the watery cytoplasm. (alzforum.org)
  • MFs inherit the donor cell's natural cytoplasm and membrane, while the AOs house reactive components and provide cell-like architecture and functionality. (nih.gov)
  • In I-cell disease, the characteristic finding is abnormal vacuolization or inclusions that appear in the cytoplasm. (medscape.com)
  • Important biological events associated with plasma membranes, such as signal transduction, cell adhesion, and protein trafficking, are mediated through the membrane microdomains. (mdpi.com)
  • The contents within these organelles determine their specific function, but the overall architecture of the protein membranes of BMCs are fundamentally the same, the authors noted. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Ultimately, life requires DNA, RNA, and protein in a system in which each molecule is dependent on the other two to both exist and function in the cell. (icr.org)
  • New research shows that the antioxidant, called EGCG, binds to a protein found on abnormal cells to dramatically slow vtheir growth. (vitacost.com)
  • But this recharging process relies on a complex sequence of reactions involving various protein complexes embedded in the cell membrane. (singularityhub.com)
  • In fact, lectins (a form of protein) taken from the vegetable were found to have lowered the growth of breast cancer cells by over 50% (1). (vitanetonline.com)
  • GSH is a hydrophilic antioxidant with nucleophilic thiol group and has been reported to participate in regulation of gene expression, protein synthesis, cell proliferation, signal transduction, cytokine production, apoptosis, immune response, and protein glutathionylation [ 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • A protein interaction that helps guide cells from the eye to a tiny midbrain processing hub during brain development has been identified by researchers. (medindia.net)
  • One protein, emitted by a type of excitatory neuron in the superior colliculus, lures the optic nerve cell closer like a molecular homing beacon. (medindia.net)
  • However, the over production of oxygen free radicals in sperm membrane decreases the antioxidant defense activity thereby leading to low sperm motility and viability, DNA fragmentation and protein denaturation. (scialert.net)
  • This reduction half-cell reaction or oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is represented by: At the cathode: Overall reaction: The reversible reaction is expressed in the equation and shows the reincorporation of the hydrogen protons and electrons together with the oxygen molecule and the formation of one water molecule. (wikipedia.org)
  • To function, the membrane must conduct hydrogen ions (protons) but not electrons as this would in effect "short circuit" the fuel cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • He then placed small amounts of the charcoal-colored nanoparticles into a reaction chamber and passed mixtures of carbon dioxide and hydrogen through the powdery material. (nanowerk.com)
  • When he turned off the heat and instead illuminated them with a high-powered ultraviolet LED lamp, Zhang was not only surprised to find that carbon dioxide and hydrogen reacted at room temperature, but that the reaction almost exclusively produced methane. (nanowerk.com)
  • The simplest cells, growing from the reaction of hydrogen with carbon dioxide, produce about 40 times as much waste product from their respiration as organic carbon (by mass). (scienceblog.com)
  • The pH in the droplet oscillates as hydrogen cations are produced and consumed through autocatalytic reactions. (nanowerk.com)
  • Her research interests include the advanced materials processing of ideal electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage system applications such as supercapacitor, water splitting process, direct methanol fuel cells, and hydrogen generation. (rsc.org)
  • Ion Tiger is a liquid hydrogen-powered fuel cell UAV (unmanned air vehicle). (naval-technology.com)
  • The fuel cell uses Hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity through electro-chemical reaction. (naval-technology.com)
  • How Do Hydrogen Fuel Cells Work? (climatebiz.com)
  • Hydrogen fuel cells are one of the promising technologies for the mid and long term since they allow storing hydrogen as an energy source. (climatebiz.com)
  • However, this article will not focus on the conversion processes to obtain hydrogen, but rather on the application of this element as a source of energy in fuel cells. (climatebiz.com)
  • You will learn how do hydrogen fuel cells work, their benefits and disadvantages, and finally what you can expect from them in the next couple of years. (climatebiz.com)
  • Hydrogen Fuel Cell Stack. (climatebiz.com)
  • However, a battery stores energy generally in a lithium or sulfuric acid solution, while fuel cells use an external source such as hydrogen allowing it to continue operating as long as fuel is available. (climatebiz.com)
  • This type of fuel cell is commonly used to make hydrogen fuel cells. (climatebiz.com)
  • Functioning Of A Hydrogen Fuel Cell. (climatebiz.com)
  • How Long Do Hydrogen Fuel Cells Last? (climatebiz.com)
  • These fuel cells will last as long as hydrogen and oxygen are supplied to them. (climatebiz.com)
  • In vehicles, the hydrogen fuel cells stacks would last 320-405Km (200-250 miles) per refuel. (climatebiz.com)
  • In portable applications, some generators based on hydrogen fuel cells can be combined with batteries, solar panels, or small wind turbines to improve their performance. (climatebiz.com)
  • How Much Electricity Does A Hydrogen Fuel Cell Produce? (climatebiz.com)
  • An example of how much energy these cells can generate in big-scale applications can be found at Hanwha Energy's hydrogen fuel cell power plant at the Deasan industrial complex , located in South Korea. (climatebiz.com)
  • This is enough electricity to power 160,000 homes, making it the world's largest industrial power plant that uses hydrogen fuel cells. (climatebiz.com)
  • the electrochemical reactions in fuel cells, and their effects on energy and mass balances. (lu.se)
  • Redox reactions are responsible for this. (climatebiz.com)
  • Plasma membrane redox system (PMRS) is an electron transport chain system ubiquitously present throughout all cell types. (hindawi.com)
  • Plasma membrane redox system (PMRS) is an electron transport chain system ubiquitously present in all cell types that transfers electrons from intracellular substrates to extracellular acceptors maintaining redox homeostasis for a successful cell physiology [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In addition, PMRS also regulates physiological functions like cell metabolism, cellular growth, activity of ion channels, and cell death against changes in redox potential [ 7 , 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • However, when it comes to biological redox reactions, in most cases the distance between the site of the electron transfer and an electrode is too long to allow efficient electron transfer rates. (lu.se)
  • In fact, ions are almost always hydrated in the form of ion-water complexes, which have great difficulty in penetrating the hydrophobic lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane. (britannica.com)
  • The availability of free energy is one of the factors that determine if a molecule will move across a membrane, the other being the permeability of the molecule in the lipid bilayer. (wikibooks.org)
  • Interleukin (IL)-15, a major cytokine involved in cross-talk between accessory cells (dendritic cells and macrophages) and NK cells, is produced by epithelial renal cells. (nih.gov)
  • Iridescent spots are refractile, copper-colored granules representing hemosiderin-laden macrophages subjacent to the internal limiting membrane. (medscape.com)
  • Given the concentrations of all three ions on each side of the membrane and the relative permeability of the membrane to each ion, researchers can calculate the combined effect of K + , Na + , and Cl − on the membrane potential by using the so-called constant-field equation. (britannica.com)
  • Water will move from an area with a higher concentration of water to the other side of the membrane with a lower concentration of water. (wikibooks.org)
  • PEMFCs are built out of membrane electrode assemblies (MEA) which include the electrodes, electrolyte, catalyst, and gas diffusion layers. (wikipedia.org)
  • An ink of catalyst, carbon, and electrode are sprayed or painted onto the solid electrolyte and carbon paper is hot pressed on either side to protect the inside of the cell and also act as electrodes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The membrane electrode assembly delivered a high current density of 24.2 mA cm −2 at 0.9 V iR-free (internal resistance-compensated voltage) under 1.0 bar O 2 and a maximum peak power density of 0.412 W cm −2 under 1.0 bar air. (rsc.org)
  • According to a study publishing in Clinical Interventions in Aging, "mitochondria, in which there is a continuous generation of free radicals throughout cell life, and especially mitochondrial DNA, are key targets of the free radical attack. (vitacost.com)
  • This terminating reaction damages lipid membrane, mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. (risingkashmir.com)
  • Oxygen free radicals are naturally produced by mitochondrial and sperm plasma membrane and have beneficial and detrimental effects that cannot be overlooked. (scialert.net)
  • We show that renal cell carcinoma cells and normal renal cells express IL-15 mRNA and membrane-bound IL-15 (MbIL-15). (nih.gov)
  • In normal cell biology, ROS levels increase with a decreasing antioxidant response, resulting in oxidative stress which threatens sperm biology. (mdpi.com)
  • There are a number of reactive nitrogen oxide species, such as N2O3 and ONOO-, that can alter critical cellular components under high local concentrations of NO. However, NO can also abate the oxidation chemistry mediated by reactive oxygen species such as H2O2 and O2- that occurs at physiological levels of NO. In addition to the antioxidant chemistry, NO protects against cell death mediated by H2O2, alkylhydroperoxides, and xanthine oxidase. (researchgate.net)
  • Curcumin, isolated from Curcuma longa, has modulatory effects on cellular physiology due to its membrane interaction ability and antioxidant potential. (hindawi.com)
  • GSH protects the cell and biomolecules against oxidative injury, thus providing a powerful antioxidant defense mechanism against reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) [ 12 - 14 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Students complete an CER on how Brazilian wasp venom can disrupt the cell membrane of cancer cells which can potentially be used to treat disease. (biologycorner.com)
  • The presence of atmospheric oxygen leads to oxidation, a process destructive to biomolecules that are not safely contained inside a cell. (icr.org)
  • Single iron atom and nitrogen-codoped carbon (Fe-N-C) electrocatalysts, which have great potential to catalyze the kinetically sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), have been recognized as the most promising alternatives to the precious metal platinum. (rsc.org)
  • Sperm cells are highly sensitive to reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are produced during cellular oxidation. (mdpi.com)
  • In a solid oxide fuel cell, the cathode reduces oxygen (from air) to O 2- , which the electrolyte transports from the cathode to the anode, where it reacts with a fuel to produce H 2 O, CO 2 , and electrons. (aiche.org)
  • This review presents the recent progress of oxygen functionalization reactions based on non-electrochemical (conventional organic synthesis) and electrochemical methods. (rsc.org)
  • We hope to direct the attention of readers to the latest breakthroughs of traditional oxygen functionalization reactions and to the potential of electrochemistry for the transformation of organic substrates to useful end products. (rsc.org)
  • During his postdoctoral research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), he studied the electrochemical oxygen functionalization reactions. (rsc.org)
  • All the cells living under aerobic conditions constantly face the oxygen paradox. (scialert.net)
  • Oxygen is required to support life, but its metabolites such as Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) can modify cell functions, endanger cell survival, or both. (scialert.net)
  • Sperm cell membranes are high in polyunsaturated fatty acids and are sensitive to oxygen free radical induced damage mediated by lipid peroxidation. (scialert.net)
  • Antioxidants scavenge free radicals from the body cells, limiting the damage caused by oxidation. (vitacost.com)
  • For oxidation and reduction, the electrolysis cell is separated by an ion exchange membrane into two chemical reaction chambers which are flowed through one after the other but form an electric circuit. (fraunhofer.de)
  • This chemical reaction changes the oxidation states of atoms. (climatebiz.com)
  • The electrons travel along an external load circuit to the cathode side of the MEA, thus creating the current output of the fuel cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • Finally, the membrane must be resistant to the reducing environment at the cathode as well as the harsh oxidative environment at the anode. (wikipedia.org)
  • This membrane is located in between the anode and cathode catalysts and allows the passage of protons to pass to the cathode while restricting the passage of electrons. (wikipedia.org)
  • The electrons required for the cathode reaction are released by the anode and arrive at the cathode via an external load that produces electricity. (aiche.org)
  • A fuel cell consists of two electrodes, an anode, and a cathode, separated by an electrolyte membrane. (climatebiz.com)
  • His research team aims to understand the biochemical principles governing how catalysis occurs embedded within the membrane, which is a new frontier in biochemistry. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • This strong "selectivity" of the light-driven catalysis may also extend to other important chemical reactions, the researchers say. (nanowerk.com)
  • These findings suggest that IL-15 produced by renal tumor cells is involved in the maintenance of active NK cells at the tumor site. (nih.gov)
  • These cells also express IL-15 receptor alpha (IL-15Ralpha). (nih.gov)
  • Cytosolic SRP and its receptor in the ER membrane facilitate the cotranslational targeting of most ribosome-nascent precursor polypeptide chain (RNC) complexes together with the respective mRNAs to the Sec61 complex in the ER membrane. (amrita.edu)
  • This marker was later identified as a mannose-6-phosphate residue on the lysosomal enzyme that interacts with a specific receptor on the lysosomal membrane, which then triggers endocytosis into the lysosome. (medscape.com)
  • When the inside of the plasma membrane has a negative charge compared to the outside, the neuron is said to be polarized. (britannica.com)
  • The plasma membrane of the neuron is highly permeable to K + , and in fact the recorded membrane potential of most neurons (−60 to −75 mV) is close to that predicted by the Nernst equation for K + . However, it is not exactly the same, because K + is not the only ion affecting the membrane potential. (britannica.com)
  • The discussion above demonstrates that the electrical potential existing in neurons is based on the distribution of ions across the plasma membrane and that this distribution comes about through permeation of the membrane. (britannica.com)
  • Here, these limitations are overcome and customizable cell mimic is achieved-molecular factories (MFs)-by supplementing giant plasma membrane vesicles derived from donor cells with nanometer-sized artificial organelles (AOs). (nih.gov)
  • The proton-exchange membrane is commonly made of materials such as perfluorosulfonic acid (PSFA) or Nafion, which minimize gas crossover and short circuiting of the fuel cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • Endocytosis is one way of limiting the responses of a cell to signals coming from outside. (alzforum.org)
  • Many are taken in by endocytosis, sinking into pits in the membrane that pinch off to form vesicles that drop into the cell, where they are known as early endosomes. (alzforum.org)
  • Extending NEURON to handle reaction-diffusion problems. (yale.edu)
  • These three characteristics of the neuron-semipermeability of the membrane, osmotic balance, and electroneutrality on each side-create an equilibrium electrical potential at which the inside of the membrane is more negative than the outside. (britannica.com)
  • There is also a tendency for Cl − to permeate the membrane, since that ion is at higher concentration outside the neuron than inside. (britannica.com)
  • All biological molecular activities occur inside the confines of a cell, which protects them from degradation by the environment. (icr.org)
  • Osmosis is very important in biological systems because many membranes are semipermeable. (wikibooks.org)
  • The unique advantages of highly varied composition, multicompartmentalized architecture, and preserved functionality in vivo open new biological avenues ranging from the study of biorelevant processes in robust cell-like environments to the production of specific bioactive compounds. (nih.gov)
  • We also need to obtain thermodynamic and kinetic information on biological electron transfer reactions. (lu.se)
  • Membraneless organelles are predominantly associated with DNA and RNA biochemistry, and rapidly assemble and dissolve with changes to the cellular environment or cell cycle. (kcl.ac.uk)
  • At least 60 credit points in one or several of the sciences of previous study such as: biochemistry, biotechnology, chemistry, cell biology, genetics, microbiology, mathematics, plant physiology or physics. (uni-bremen.de)
  • Passing a written aptitude test under supervision on the basics of biochemistry and molecular cell biology. (uni-bremen.de)
  • for the result of the passed aptitude test on the basics of biochemistry and molecular cell biology. (uni-bremen.de)
  • Ferroptosis is an iron dependent form of cell death, that is triggered by the discoordination of iron, lipids, and thiols. (cdc.gov)
  • In sub-internal limiting membrane hemorrhage, especially in sickle cell retinopathy, iridescent spots may develop with resolution of these hemorrhages. (medscape.com)
  • It is considered to be a very nutritious herb, and is used to increase appetite, alleviate certain allergic reactions and help poor digestion. (shirleys-wellness-cafe.com)
  • The acute form is most often due to allergic drug reactions or to infections. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Over 95% of cases result from infection or an allergic drug reaction. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The pivotal part of the cell is the triple phase boundary (TPB) where the electrolyte, catalyst, and reactants mix and thus where the cell reactions actually occur. (wikipedia.org)
  • This freezing water can block gas and fuel transport as well as cover catalyst reaction sites, resulting in a loss of output power and a start-up failure of the fuel cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chemists have long sought an efficient, light-driven catalyst to power this reaction, which could help reduce the growing levels of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere by converting it into methane, a key building block for many types of fuels. (nanowerk.com)
  • By tweaking the size of the rhodium nanoparticles, they also hope to develop a version of the catalyst that is powered by sunlight, creating a solar-powered reaction that could be integrated into renewable energy systems. (nanowerk.com)
  • This article briefly reviews the basic working principles, system components, and applications of solid oxide fuel cells for clean power generation and membrane reactors for value-added chemical production. (aiche.org)
  • MbIL-15 on the target did not interfere with resting NK cell activation and target cell cytolysis but rescued NK cells from IL-2 starvation-induced apoptosis through contact-dependent interaction. (nih.gov)
  • Uncoated CloisNa caused membrane damage, inflammasome activation, and apoptosis in epithelial and macrophage cells, with minimal response observed in incinerated ONC-exposed cells. (cdc.gov)
  • In cells this control is achieved with semipermeable membranes and highly responsive systems. (nanowerk.com)
  • This equation, by including relative permeability as an important factor, takes into account the phenomenon that the more permeable a membrane is to a particular ion, the greater is the influence of that ion on the membrane potential. (britannica.com)
  • The microcompartment shell provides a selectively permeable barrier which separates the reactions in its interior from the rest of the cell. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane. (wikibooks.org)
  • When Zhang heated the nanoparticles to 300 degrees Celsius, the reaction generated an equal mix of methane and carbon monoxide, a poisonous gas. (nanowerk.com)
  • This selectivity -- the ability to control the chemical reaction so that it generates the desired product with little or no side-products -- is an important factor in determining the cost and feasibility of industrial-scale reactions, Zhang says. (nanowerk.com)
  • If the reaction has only 50 percent selectivity, then the cost will be double what it would be if the selectively is nearly 100 percent," Zhang said. (nanowerk.com)
  • A coherent pathway which starts from no more than rocks, water and carbon dioxide and leads to the emergence of the strange bioenergetic properties of living cells has been traced for the first time in a major hypothesis paper in Cell this week. (scienceblog.com)
  • For the first time, says Lane, "It is possible to trace a coherent pathway leading from no more than rocks, water and carbon dioxide to the strange bioenergetic properties of all cells living today. (scienceblog.com)
  • With this approach, PEM fuel cells have been shown to be capable of cold start processes from −20°C. 3. (wikipedia.org)
  • Membrane and adsorption processes (e.g. with activated carbon) are often used. (fraunhofer.de)
  • The researchers also suggest that the precise control over non-equilibrium chemical reactions that the system achieves will be useful for studying enzymatic networks and the production of hierarchical materials formed through biomineralization processes, such as bone. (nanowerk.com)
  • The current research interests are focused on comprehensive understanding of chemical reactions and nano-/micro-structured porous material effects on various transport processes in various components of fuel cell systems. (lu.se)
  • Cells also contain a variety of organelles and compartments such as nucleoli, Cajal bodies, P-granules, and nuage that lack a membrane boundary. (kcl.ac.uk)
  • Research in Tim's lab aims to explain how the droplet-like properties of membraneless organelles provide a general organising principle in cells, and understand why cells perform certain reactions inside them. (kcl.ac.uk)
  • Having the full structural view of the bacterial organelle membrane can help provide important information in fighting pathogens or bioengineering bacterial organelles for beneficial purposes. (sciencedaily.com)
  • By segregating further reactions and control mechanisms in a variety of proto-organelles, says Miller, "you could generate surprisingly complex behaviors from very simple component parts. (the-scientist.com)
  • With proto-organelles, multiple reactions can be segregated and controlled. (the-scientist.com)
  • The researchers used a virus to identify which types of neurons the retinal ganglion cells made connections with once inside the superior colliculus. (medindia.net)
  • The bile ducts carry bile, a fluid that is produced by the liver cells (hepatocytes) and modified by the biliary lining (epithelial) cells as it flows through the ducts to the small intestine. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • Tungsten oxide incorporated CNTs are presented as potential alternative support materials for PEM fuel cell catalysts to improve the catalytic activity and reduce platinum loading requirements. (ingentaconnect.com)
  • Compared to liquid electrolytes, a polymeric membrane has a much lower chance of leakage [2]. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mitochondria initiate most of the free radical reactions occurring in the cells. (vitacost.com)
  • And she is involved in the development of AU-011 (Aura Biosciences), which consists of viral-like particle bioconjugates that bind selectively to receptors on cancer cells. (medscape.com)
  • The researchers now demonstrate that their microdroplet system can offer the control over chemical fluxes needed to keep this kind of reaction far from equilibrium ( Nature Communications , 'Pulse-density modulation control of chemical oscillation far from equilibrium in a droplet open-reactor system' ). (nanowerk.com)
  • Researchers construct lipid-encapsulated compartments within synthetic cells. (the-scientist.com)
  • T he development of synthetic cells is in its infancy, and researchers are tackling the challenge from two angles. (the-scientist.com)
  • Takinoue and his colleagues used a microfluidic system containing a droplet of water in oil with electrodes either side as the chemical reaction site. (nanowerk.com)
  • All fuel cells have similar basic configurations, an electrolyte, and two electrodes, but there are different types of fuel cells. (climatebiz.com)
  • In living cells, these essential building blocks are used to form the large biomolecules and cellular structures of life. (icr.org)
  • If a cell needs to spend that energy, it breaks off one of the molecule's three phosphate groups and the energy bound up in that chemical bond can then power some cellular process. (singularityhub.com)
  • Fe-N-C catalysts are a promising alternative to precious metals in fuel cell cathodes, but they suffer from durability issues. (nature.com)
  • Cell death generates information and eventually the process of steatosis and in the absence of alcohol, causes non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. (risingkashmir.com)
  • Mammalian sperm cells present highly specific lipidic composition, high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, plasmalogenes and sphingomyelins. (scialert.net)
  • [ 1 ] The occurrence of the rash requires exposure to furanocoumarins and sunlight, and it is a direct phototoxic reaction entirely independent of the immune system. (medscape.com)
  • Phytophotodermatitis is a phototoxic reaction entirely independent of the immune system. (medscape.com)
  • They also focus on how deadly pathogens such as malaria and related parasites use rhomboid proteases to infect human cells, and how parasitic amebae use rhomboids to evade the immune system. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • NAFLD also cause Hepatic infiltration of neutrophils (one of the immune cells) in liver and finally cause chronic steatosis and activations of stellate cells (type of liver cell) to lay down fibrotic tissue thereby causing fibrosis. (risingkashmir.com)
  • A report suggests that there is accumulation of inclusion bodies in B-cells of individuals with I-cell disease, which may imply impairment of the immune system. (medscape.com)
  • The attenuation of metal/peroxide oxidative chemistry, as well as lipid peroxidation, appears to be the major chemical mechanisms by which NO may limit oxidative injury to mammalian cells. (researchgate.net)
  • Thus, more basic research is needed on the chemical reactions involved in the antigen formation and the immunological mechanisms. (cdc.gov)
  • Guinea pig lung mast cells were purified by using enzyme digestion and percoll density gradient. (kyobobook.co.kr)
  • This enzyme is found exclusively in light-detecting (photoreceptor) cells called cones, which are located in a specialized tissue at the back of the eye known as the retina. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Create yeast spheres using sodium alginate to test the rate of enzyme reactions at different concentrations and temperatures. (biologycorner.com)
  • This lab explores enzymes using fresh and canned pineapple to observe enzyme-substrate reactions. (biologycorner.com)
  • He added that it could be a key enabler to make "electrobiosynthesis" possible, the idea of using electricity to directly power the synthesis of useful chemicals by cells. (singularityhub.com)
  • Well, fuel cells are devices that generate electricity through an electrochemical reaction instead of combustion. (climatebiz.com)
  • Fuel cells are electrochemical devices that convert the chemical energy of a fuel and an oxidizing agent into electricity. (climatebiz.com)
  • Fuel cells and batteries are similar as they both generate electricity. (climatebiz.com)
  • As such, fuel cells must be piled together in a stack or combined with other sources of energy in order to produce enough electricity to run appliances or vehicles. (climatebiz.com)
  • The plant contains 114 fuel cells and can generate up to 400,000 MWh of electricity per year. (climatebiz.com)
  • To tackle these questions, his group uses tools and techniques from cell and structural biology, chemical biology, polymer theory, and bioinformatics. (kcl.ac.uk)
  • The droplet open-reactor system may provide a complex reaction system for research in synthetic biology such as artificial DNA circuits, and gene circuits, metabolic systems and microchemostat-like reactors. (nanowerk.com)
  • A.P. Arkin, Synthetic cell biology. (springer.com)
  • The organism's existing biology may interfere with the desired reaction. (the-scientist.com)
  • Idiosyncratic drug reactions occur rarely and unpredictably amongst drug users. (helsinki.fi)
  • Label a graphic that compares the types of transport in a cell, such as osmosis, diffusion, and active transport. (biologycorner.com)
  • In contrast to membrane filtration, electrochemical treatment completely removes the water constituents. (fraunhofer.de)