GnRH is a tropic peptide hormone synthesized and released from GnRH neurons within the hypothalamus . (wikidoc.org)
Thyroid6
Calcitonin is mainly produced by thyroid C cells whilst CGRP is secreted and stored in the nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
Near the thyroid are 4 tiny pea-shaped organs, the parathyroids, that secrete parathormone to control and balance the levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood and tissue fluids. (medscape.com)
In 1871, Hilton-Fagge related the cretinoid state to a congenital inadequacy of thyroid function in early childhood. (medscape.com)
Eight years later, Gull related dry skin, sparse hair, puffiness of the face and hands, and a swollen tongue to myxedema, the pathological deficiency of thyroid function in adults (goiter). (medscape.com)
In the cell, T3 binds to a nuclear receptor, resulting in transcription of specific thyroid hormone response genes. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
ABSTRACT Teleost eggs contain an abundant store of maternal thyroid hormones (THs) and early in zebrafish embryonic development all the genes necessary for TH signalling are expressed. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
Intracellular4
5HT1 receptor agonists, such as sumatriptan, increase intracellular calcium, which cause decreases in CGRP promoter activity. (wikipedia.org)
Receptor-mediated transduction elevates in intracellular cAMP activate protein kinase A, which results in the phosphorylation of multiple targets, including potassium- sensitive ATP channels (KATP channels), extracellular signal-related kinases and transcription factors such as cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB). (wikipedia.org)
In intestinal ENTEROCYTES it mediates intracellular calcium transport from apical to basolateral membranes via calcium binding at two EF-HAND MOTIFS. (lookformedical.com)
Magnesium and potassium are mainly intracellular ions, sodium and calcium are mainly extracellular ions. (raypeat.com)
Regulation2
Regulation of the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) gene is in part controlled by the expression of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathway, cytokines such as TNFα and iNOS. (wikipedia.org)
Genomic actions involve the regulation of target genes, and suppress most of the vascular elements of inflammation and angiogenesis in the airway. (ersjournals.com)
Phosphate2
Enzymatic hydrolysis of nucleoside diphosphates and p-nitrophenyl phosphate in normal and cortisone-treated rats. (taljedal.se)
Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. (lookformedical.com)
Chromosome2
α-CGRP is a 37-amino acid neuropeptide and is formed by alternative splicing of the calcitonin/CGRP gene located on chromosome 11. (wikipedia.org)
The gene , GNRH1 , for the GnRH precursor is located on chromosome 8 . (wikidoc.org)
Receptor4
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a member of the calcitonin family of peptides consisting of calcitonin, amylin, adrenomedullin, adrenomedullin 2 (intermedin) and calcitonin‑receptor‑stimulating peptide. (wikipedia.org)
CGRP mediates its effects through a heteromeric receptor composed of a G protein-coupled receptor called calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CALCRL) and a receptor activity-modifying protein (RAMP1). (wikipedia.org)
The CGRP receptor has three subunits: receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1), calcitonin-like receptor (CLR) and receptor component protein (RCP). (wikipedia.org)
The complex central receptor is the G protein-coupled receptor calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CALCRL) which is necessary for CGRP and adrenomedullin (AM receptors). (wikipedia.org)
Homeostasis2
201-204 CGRP has moderate effects on calcium homeostasis compared to its extensive actions in other areas, such as the autonomic nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
A calcium-binding protein that mediates calcium HOMEOSTASIS in KIDNEYS, BRAIN, and other tissues. (lookformedical.com)
Protein deficiency is an important cause of deranged calcium metabolism. (raypeat.com)
Deficiency1
Magnesium deficiency and calcium deficiency have some similar symptoms (such as cramping), but magnesium is antagonistic to calcium in many systems. (raypeat.com)
Inflammation1
Inflammation leads to excessive uptake of calcium by cells, and is a factor in obesity, depression, and the degenerative diseases. (raypeat.com)
Amino1
In humans, β-CGRP differs from α-CGRP by three amino acids and is encoded in a separate, nearby gene. (wikipedia.org)
Involve1
But there are ways of looking at the organism, focusing on energy metabolism, that dont involve the ad hoc theory of calcium pumps, and that make it easy to keep things in context. (raypeat.com)
Neuronal2
The expression of the immediate-early gene c-fos was used as a marker of neuronal activity to investigate the cervical spinal interneuron populations involved in the corticomotoneuronal pathway. (shengsci.com)
Secretagogins are EF HAND MOTIF-containing calcium-binding proteins that are involved in early neuronal migration and neurogenesis. (lookformedical.com)
In biology and biochemistry, calcium is the substance most often studied, so it is significant that researchers still speak of a calcium paradox. (raypeat.com)
Tissues1
Calcium-binding proteins that are found in DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULES, INTESTINES, BRAIN, and other tissues where they bind, buffer and transport cytoplasmic calcium. (lookformedical.com)
Bind1
The mitochondria can bind a certain amount of calcium during stress, but accumulating calcium can reach a point at which it inactivates the mitochondria, forcing cells to increase their inefficient glycolytic energy production, producing an excess of lactic acid. (raypeat.com)
Function2
It is a potent peptide vasodilator and can function in the transmission of nociception. (wikipedia.org)
Their physiological function is possibly related to the contractile process. (lookformedical.com)
Potassium1
When cells are excited, stressed, or de-energized, they lose magnesium and potassium, and take up sodium and calcium. (raypeat.com)
Cells3
T3 enters the nucleus of the target cells and binds to specific receptors, which activate specific genes. (nationalacademies.org)
if an organ such as the heart is deprived of calcium for a short time, its cells lose their ability to respond normally to calcium, and instead they take up a large, toxic amount of calcium. (raypeat.com)
When cells are stressed or dying, they take up calcium, which tends to excite the cells at the same time that it inhibits their energy production, intensifying their stress. (raypeat.com)
Family2
The CGRP family includes calcitonin (CT), adrenomedullin (AM), and amylin (AMY). (wikipedia.org)
The peptide belongs to gonadotropin-releasing hormone family . (wikidoc.org)
Effect2
This peptide exerts its effect on HSC mobilization by Ramp 1 pathway. (wikipedia.org)
12. T ljedal I-B, Hellman B, Petersson B & Hellerstr m C: Effect of glucagon on the alkaline phosphatase activity in the pancreatic islets of rats. (taljedal.se)
Blood2
The major structural and functional changes related to the airway circulation include the proliferation of blood vessels (angiogenesis) 2 - 4 , increased blood flow 5 , 6 , increased microvascular permeability 7 , 8 , and oedema formation in the airway wall 9 . (ersjournals.com)
Its production is stimulated by low blood calcium levels and parathyroid hormone. (lookformedical.com)
Role1
The presence of oxytocin and vasopressin binding sites in limbic and autonomic areas suggests a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator role for these peptides in the human central nervous system. (shengsci.com)
Expression1
Induction of c-fos expression in cervical spinal interneurons after kainate stimulation of the motor cortex in the rat. (shengsci.com)
Found2
A new generation of drugs is likely to emerge from peptides, including those found in animal venoms. (scielo.br)
These motifs are found in many proteins that are regulated by calcium. (lookformedical.com)
Depression1
In addition, the health insurances and healthcare providers face unbelievable financial burdens, not only directly from the treatment of pain but also indirectly in the form of pain-related loss of work and consequential illnesses such as depression. (pemf.com.my)
Study1
Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. (intechopen.com)
Pain1
Persons suffering from arthritis, bursitis, scleroderma, hardening of the arteries and any abnormality where calcium deposits or spurs may cause pain are often afraid to eat foods rich in calcium. (raypeat.com)
Basic1
It is the basic protective calcium blocker. (raypeat.com)