• Although glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) in the hippocampus play a vital role in the regulation of physiological and behavioural responses to stress, the regulation of receptor expression remains unclear. (karger.com)
  • Membrane glucocorticoid receptors (mGRs) are a group of receptors which bind and are activated by glucocorticoids such as cortisol and corticosterone, as well as certain exogenous glucocorticoids such as dexamethasone. (wikipedia.org)
  • Unlike the classical nuclear glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which mediates its effects via genomic mechanisms, mGRs are cell surface receptors which rapidly alter cell signaling via modulation of intracellular signaling cascades. (wikipedia.org)
  • Rapid effects of dexamethasone were found not be reversed by the GR antagonist mifepristone, indicating additional receptors besides just the classical GR. mGRs have been implicated in the rapid effects of glucocorticoids in the early central stress response via modulating neuronal activity in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex, among other areas. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, evidence is now accumulating for rapid corticosteroid actions 25 , 26 , and the existence of membrane-bound steroid receptors that may mediate these rapid actions 27 , 28 . (ersjournals.com)
  • Extracellular stimuli that activate cell surface receptors modulate glucocorticoid actions via as yet unclear mechanisms. (rupress.org)
  • In order to test the proposal that the aldosterone specificity of mineralocorticoid receptors in the collecting duct depends on inactivation of glucocorticoids by the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD), we have assessed the effect of pharmacological inhibition of 11β-HSD on collecting duct Na + reabsorption in vivo . (portlandpress.com)
  • Steroid hormones can be grouped into five groups by the receptors to which they bind: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens, estrogens, and progestogens. (absoluteastronomy.com)
  • mGRs appear to be partially involved in the anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant effects of glucocorticoids. (wikipedia.org)
  • To prevent tissue damage caused by an excessive inflammatory response, glucocorticoid, as the classic anti-inflammatory drug, has been rapidly applied. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Rescue therapies include treatment with glucocorticoids due to their anti-inflammatory and maturational effects on the developing lung. (researchgate.net)
  • Few studies have addressed the effects of classical anti-inflammatory glucocorticoids on platelet function. (ashpublications.org)
  • Here, we report that the guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptor-activated WD-repeat Gβ interacts with the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), comigrates with it into the nucleus and suppresses GR-induced transactivation of the glucocorticoid-responsive genes. (rupress.org)
  • A central feature of glucocorticoid (GC)-induced osteoporosis is decreased bone formation, secondary to decreased numbers of functional osteoblasts. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Glucocorticoids induce rapid up-regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 and dephosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and impair proliferation in human and mouse osteoblast cell lines. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In contrast, nongenomic actions are mediated by rapid cellular mechanisms, and induce transient vasoconstriction in the airway, thereby reversing inflammatory hyperperfusion. (ersjournals.com)
  • FSS did not affect GR binding to a putative negative glucocorticoid response element within the Nr3c1 gene. (karger.com)
  • The rapid effects of corticosteroids have also been demonstrated in the airway vasculature in recent years 29 , 30 . (ersjournals.com)
  • The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily that encompasses, among others, estrogen receptor and peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor. (ashpublications.org)
  • Antenatal glucocorticoids accelerate fetal lung maturation and reduce mortality in preterm babies but can trigger adverse effects on the cardiovascular system. (researchgate.net)
  • In humans, rapid hippocampal development continues over the first two postnatal years, reflected in gross anatomical changes 18 . (nature.com)
  • The incidence of atraumatic fractures in patients who receive supraphysiologic glucocorticoid therapy is 30 to 50%.5,6 The chronic use of GC is associated with a lower bone mineral density (BMD) and a higher risk of bone fractures in a dose-response relationship. (uveitis.org)
  • The results of the IMPACT trial are challenging to interpret because nearly 40% of the patients enrolled in the trial were receiving treatment with triple therapy, more than 70% were receiving an inhaled glucocorticoid, and patients with a history of asthma were included. (bmj.com)
  • However, glucocorticoid treatment in the infant can increase the risk of long-term cardiovascular complications including. (researchgate.net)
  • Despite their extensive use in cardiovascular and immune pathologies, glucocorticoids have been reported to be largely inactive on platelet function. (ashpublications.org)
  • Gβ2 was associated with GR/glucocorticoid response elements (GREs) in vivo and suppressed activation function-2-directed transcriptional activity of the GR. We conclude that the Gβγ complex interacts with the GR and suppresses its transcriptional activity by associating with the transcriptional complex formed on GR-responsive promoters. (rupress.org)
  • These data, which provide the first demonstration of enhanced Na + reabsorption in the distal nephron during inhibition of renal 11β-HSD in vivo , strongly support the proposal that 11β-HSD normally prevents endogenous glucocorticoid from exerting mineralocorticoid-like effects. (portlandpress.com)
  • Moreover, these HFD effects were normalized by treatment with glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonists. (nature.com)
  • The preferred agent of glucocorticoids in the treatment of patients with severe COVID-19 is still controversial. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 5 Since changes in de novo protein synthesis are the basis for glucocorticoid effectiveness, the lack of a modulatory effect on platelet functions is not surprising given that these cells have been regarded as incapable of synthetic activity. (ashpublications.org)
  • Glucocorticoids cause bone loss by suppressing bone formation. (uveitis.org)
  • These findings suggest that higher glucocorticoid-associated NFBG values in acutely relapsing patients with MS are associated with diminished probability of recovery. (neurology.org)
  • Therefore, MKP-1 up-regulation provides a novel and rapid mechanism, whereby GCs inhibit osteoblast proliferation. (ox.ac.uk)
  • 1 , 2 In all cases, the majority of the ensuing glucocorticoid actions are mediated by GR and culminate in a modification of the synthesis and expression of pivotal mediators of innate and adaptive immunity. (ashpublications.org)
  • Here, we report for the first time that human platelets contain the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) as identified by a combination of biochemical and functional techniques. (ashpublications.org)
  • If bone resorption is simultaneously increased (by other medications, by the illness for which the glucocorticoids are prescribed, or by concomitant circumstances such as estrogen lack), then bone loss is particularl rapid.Dosages of GC >5 mg /day are associated with accelerated bone loss in elderly men and women8. (uveitis.org)
  • Neonatal exposure to genistein altered the uterine transcriptome of adult mice and caused substantial changes to the transcriptional response to glucocorticoids. (nih.gov)
  • The dataset selection tool allows users to choose from a list of datasets in which the transcriptional response to glucocorticoids was measured in one or more cell types. (nih.gov)
  • Whether and how endogenous glucocorticoid oscillations modulate synaptic plasticity and learning is unknown. (nature.com)
  • Endogenous glucocorticoids are one of the most primitive regulators of energy homeostasis. (frontiersin.org)
  • Conversely, inhibiting neuroestrogen production in NCM causes a rapid decline in song selectivity in HVC, demonstrating the endogenous nature of this modulatory network. (jneurosci.org)
  • Furthermore, we show that glucocorticoids promote rapid spine formation through a non-transcriptional mechanism by means of the LIM kinase-cofilin pathway and increase spine elimination through transcriptional mechanisms involving mineralocorticoid receptor activation. (nature.com)
  • Conversely, chronic and excessive exposure to glucocorticoids eliminates learning-associated new spines and disrupts previously acquired memories. (nature.com)
  • Our goal was to determine whether early-life exposure to genistein disrupts glucocorticoid signaling in the mouse uterus, which may contribute to infertility. (nih.gov)
  • Figure 3: Disruption of glucocorticoid troughs reduces learning-dependent spine pruning. (nature.com)
  • Our findings suggest that disruption of glucocorticoid signaling due to early-life exposure to environmental estrogens may in part render the uterus unable to support implantation. (nih.gov)
  • We have investigated in normal human male subjects the importance, site of action, and receptor-mediated processes involved in rapid basal corticosteroid feedback and its interaction with corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) drive. (nih.gov)
  • Named for their ability to increase serum glucose, glucocorticoids have important roles in modifying carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism as well as numerous other physiologic functions. (frontiersin.org)
  • These studies explain how glucocorticoids rapidly improve pemphigus and may also offer novel insights into the physiologic and pathophysiologic regulation of desmosomal cadherin expression in normal epidermis and epithelial carcinomas. (jci.org)
  • These findings have biologic significance not only for the mechanism of rapid disease control in PV, but also for the physiologic regulation of DSG3 expression in the epidermis and its dysregulation in various disease states. (jci.org)
  • This review will highlight fundamental mechanisms of glucocorticoid signaling and detail the mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy. (frontiersin.org)
  • Remarkably, seven decades after their introduction to clinical practice, the mechanisms by which glucocorticoids regulate an overactive immune system and the mechanisms by which they cause toxicity in different organ systems remain poorly understood. (nih.gov)
  • It provides a simple, mobile-friendly tool that can offer quick answers to the following questions: Is my gene of interest responsive to glucocorticoids in specific cell types? (nih.gov)
  • Glucocorticoids are hormones that activate GRs and can trigger both manic and depressive episodes in susceptible individuals. (nih.gov)
  • It therefore produces and secretes less glucocorticoid hormones as is needed for optimal functioning. (healthhype.com)
  • Glucocorticoids, naturally occurring and synthetic, are adrenocortical steroids. (nih.gov)
  • Excessive glucocorticoid exposure during chronic stress causes synapse loss and learning impairment. (nature.com)
  • Figure 4: Chronic glucocorticoid exposure causes spine loss and memory impairment. (nature.com)
  • Once colonisation has occurred rapid proliferation of bacteria ensues initiating an acute inflammatory response. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Figure 6: Glucocorticoids promote spine formation rapidly through non-transcriptional regulation of LIMK1-cofilin activity. (nature.com)
  • Glucocorticoids are first-line therapy in PV because, in addition to their immunosuppressive function, they upregulate DSG3 gene transcription ( 4 ), which rapidly counteracts the PV IgG-induced loss of DSG3 from desmosomes. (jci.org)
  • Our data indicate that glucocorticoids and rapamycin upregulate DSG3 transcription through inhibition of Stat3. (jci.org)
  • We find that glucocorticoids and rapamycin upregulate DSG3 transcription through inhibition of the transcription factor Stat3. (jci.org)
  • They are often the drug of choice when rapid and potent control of an overactive immune system is necessary. (nih.gov)
  • Glucocorticoids improve disease within days by increasing DSG3 gene transcription, although the mechanism for this observation remains unknown. (jci.org)
  • In accordance, glucocorticoids are known to affect cognition, stress-adaptive behavior, and neuroendocrine output (e.g., suppression of oxytocin and vasopressin secretion) within minutes. (wikipedia.org)
  • de Quervain, D.J.F., Roozendaal, B. & McGaugh, J.L. Stress and glucocorticoids impair retrieval of long-term spatial memory. (nature.com)
  • Together, this work suggests that rapid reductions in amygdala AEA signaling following stress may prime the amygdala and facilitate the generation of downstream stress-linked behaviors. (jneurosci.org)
  • These changes affected the biological activity of glucocorticoids within the uterus, as glucocorticoids antagonized the proliferative effects of estradiol in the uterus of control mice but not genistein-exposed mice. (nih.gov)
  • We propose that trabecular bone score could be a useful tool for the study of glucocorticoid-associated bone effects. (nih.gov)
  • There is convincing evidence for the known and unambiguously accepted beneficial effects of glucocorticoids at low dosages. (bmj.com)
  • Unfortunately, glucocorticoids also have serious side effects that affect every organ system. (nih.gov)
  • A better understanding of how glucocorticoids work may open the path to the development of drugs or drug combinations that are as effective as glucocorticoids but have fewer side effects. (nih.gov)
  • Quirarte, G.L., Roozendaal, B. & McGaugh, J.L. Glucocorticoid enhancement of memory storage involves noradrenergic activation in the basolateral amygdala. (nature.com)
  • Specifically, we found that CRH, through activation of the CRH receptor type 1 (CRHR1), evokes a rapid induction of the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), which causes a reduction in the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA), within the amygdala. (jneurosci.org)
  • The Dotplot tool allows visualization of the transcript abundance of a single gene of interest before and after glucocorticoid treatment, including the level of variation across biological or technical replicates. (nih.gov)
  • Given the correlation between hGR concentration and glucocorticoid sensitivity, this suggests that loss of functional heterozygosity may result in resistance to glucocorticoid-based chemotherapy. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Glucocorticoids are highly conserved fundamental regulators of energy homeostasis. (frontiersin.org)
  • Trabecular bone score alone and lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) used in combination with trabecular bone score, but not lumbar spine BMD alone was able to discriminate between glucocorticoid-treated and glucocorticoid-naïve women. (nih.gov)
  • Glucocorticoids result in rapid bone loss and an increase in fracture risk that cannot be fully explained by changes in BMD. (nih.gov)
  • TBS provides additional information regarding glucocorticoid-associated alterations in bone quality. (nih.gov)
  • Here we show that circadian glucocorticoid peaks promote postsynaptic dendritic spine formation in the mouse cortex after motor skill learning, whereas troughs are required for stabilizing newly formed spines that are important for long-term memory retention. (nature.com)
  • This involves the secretion of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla for a short-term response and glucocorticoids for a long-term effect. (healthhype.com)
  • When a person undergoes a rapid change in environment or faces emergency situations, the body's flight-or-flight response takes effect. (healthhype.com)
  • Thus, glucocorticoids stimulate proteasome expression (at least the C3 subunit) by antagonising the interaction of NF- κ B with its response element in the proteasome promoter region. (nature.com)
  • The table displays the adjusted p-value for the response to glucocorticoid at the selected time point. (nih.gov)
  • GCgx is a scientific web application that allows scientists to study the response of different cell types to glucocorticoids. (nih.gov)
  • GCgx: transcriptome-wide exploration of the response to glucocorticoids. (nih.gov)
  • Glucocorticoid resistance was investigated in human leukemic CCRF-CEM cells. (aacrjournals.org)
  • A mutation ( L753F ), which renders the human glucocorticoid receptor ( hGR ) gene functionally hemizygous,was identified in all CEM-derived cell lines analyzed. (aacrjournals.org)
  • This important task will, in turn, require a better understanding of how glucocorticoids work in different types of human cells. (nih.gov)
  • With the rapid increase in the elderly populations, dementia has become an increasingly important health and socioeconomic issues [ 1 ]. (medsci.org)
  • Why are glucocorticoids important? (nih.gov)
  • Over-producing mice also showed rapid spontaneous recovery from depression-like behaviors. (nih.gov)
  • A growing body of evidence demonstrates that glucocorticoid signaling is a common mediator of wasting, irrespective of the underlying initiator or disease state. (frontiersin.org)
  • Additionally, the evidence for glucocorticoids as a driver of muscle wasting in numerous disease states will be discussed. (frontiersin.org)