Sub-primate mammals, such as the mouse, rat, rabbit, cow, and pig, express platelet type 12-lipoxygenase but also a leukocyte type 12-lipoxygenase (also termed 12/15-lipoxygenase, 12/15-LOX or 12/15-LO) which is an ortholog of, and metabolically equivalent to, human 15-LO-1 in that it forms predominantly 15(S)-HpETE with 12(S)-HpETE as a minor product. (wikipedia.org)
Arachidonic acid8
12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) is a derivative of the 20 carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid, arachidonic acid, containing a hydroxyl residue at carbon 12 and a 5Z,8Z,10E,14Z Cis-trans isomerism configuration (Z=cis, E=trans) in its four double bonds. (wikipedia.org)
It was first found as a product of arachidonic acid metabolism made by human and bovine platelets through their 12S-lipoxygenase (i.e. (wikipedia.org)
ALOX12 metabolizes arachidonic acid almost exclusively to 12(S)-hydroperoxy-5Z,8Z,10E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (12(S)-HpETE or 12S-HpETE). (wikipedia.org)
12(S)-HETE is the stereospecific hydroxy product from the reduction of 12(S)-hydroperoxy tetraenoic eicosatetraenoic acid [12(S)-HpETE], which itself is a 12-lipoxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. (enzolifesciences.com)
15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid [15(S)-HETE] is the major hydroxy derivative of arachidonic acid when acted upon by 15-lipoxygenase. (enzolifesciences.com)
Metabolites2
Furthermore, di-GA inhibited the generation of lymphendothelial gaps by cancer cell spheroid-secreted lipoxygenase metabolites. (nature.com)
This study aimed to investigate the hypoglycemic effect of Camel milk peptides (CMPs) on Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) mice and reveal its related mechanism from the aspect of gut microbiota and metabolites. (bvsalud.org)
Arachidonate2
In humans, Arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase (12-LO, 12-LOX, ALO12, or platelet type 12-lipoxygenase) is encoded by the ALOX12 gene and expressed primarily in platelets and skin. (wikipedia.org)
Mice also express an epidermal type 15-lipoxygenase (e-12LO) which has 50.8% amino acid sequence identity to human 15-LOX-2 and 49.3% sequence identity to mouse Arachidonate 8-lipoxygenase. (wikipedia.org)
Mice1
In ex vivo study, exposure of arteries from C57 mice and ApoE−/−mice to 15-oxo-ETE led to significantly increased E-selectin expression and monocyte adhesion. (biomedcentral.com)
Metabolite1
15-HETE, as the initial 15-LOX metabolite of AA, was first identified in human atherosclerotic plaque using high-performance liquid chromatography [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Oxidative stress1
Therefore, with the aim to summarize the current knowledge on the initiation of the atherosclerotic process, in this paper, we review the early markers of atherosclerosis and we address the main therapeutic targets for preventing atheroma formation at its very initial stages focusing on inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and the interaction between platelets and endothelium. (hindawi.com)
Acid5
12(R)-HpETE also spontaneously decomposes to a mixture of hepoxilins and trihydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acids that possess R or S hydroxy and epoxy residues at various sites while 8R-hydroxy-11R,12R-epoxy-hepoxilin A3 spontaneously decomposes to 8R,11R,12R-trihydroxy-5Z,9E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid. (wikipedia.org)
15-oxo-5,8,11,13-(Z,Z,Z,E)-eicosatetraenoic acid (15-oxo-ETE) was formed from 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH)-mediated oxidation of 15(S)-HETE. (biomedcentral.com)
2-Hydroxytetracosanoic acid ( cerebronic acid ) and 2-hydroxy-15-tetracosenoic acid ( hydroxynervonic acid ) are constituents of the ceramide part of cerebrosides (glycosphingolipides found mainly in nervous tissue and in little amount in plants). (gerli.com)
A review of fatty acid 2-hydroxylation in sphingolipid biology in connection with the nervous system and various cell types may be consulted ( Hama H , Biochim Biophys Acta 2010, 1801, 405 ). (gerli.com)
Metabolism3
during this metabolism, however, ALOX15 also forms 12(S)-HpETE as a minor product. (wikipedia.org)
Recent studies indicate that the metabolism by ALOXE3 of the R stereoisomer of 12-HpETE made by ALOX12B and therefore possibly the S stereoisomer of 12-HpETE made by ALOX12 or ALOX15 is responsible for forming various hepoxilins in the epidermis of human and mouse skin and tongue and possibly other tissues. (wikipedia.org)
Here, we explore the likely role of 15-lipoxygenase (LO)-1-mediated AA metabolism,15-oxo-ETE, in the early pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. (biomedcentral.com)
Enzymes2
This polyphenolic compound is known to be a strong anti-oxidant which scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS) directly or effectively inhibits ROS-generating enzymes ( e.g. xanthine oxidase, lipoxygenase). (rsc.org)
14,15 Conversely, its pro-oxidant activity may enhance cellular defence against oxidants by stimulating the redox-regulated signal transduction pathway which leads to the gene expression of anti-oxidative enzymes such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). (rsc.org)
Pathway2
The initial 12(S)-HpETE and 12(R)-HpETE products, regardless of their pathway of formation, are rapidly reduced to 12(S)-HETE and 12(R)-HETE, respectively, by ubiquitous cellular peroxidases, including in particular Glutathione peroxidases or, alternatively, are further metabolized as described below. (wikipedia.org)
Effect of 15-HETE on the 5-Lipoxygenase Pathway in Neutrophils: Genuine Inhibitor or Alternative Substrate? (edu.au)
ALOX151
Two types of 15-LOX have been identified in human, including 15-LOX-1 (encoded by ALOX15 gene) and 15-LOX-2(encoded by ALOX15B gene) [ 2 , 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Oxidation1
12,13 However, its catechol structure ( o -dihydroxyl structure in the B-ring) leads to pro-oxidant properties by generating ROS during its oxidation process, which may result in quinone toxicity. (rsc.org)
Endothelial3
Atherosclerosis starts with dysfunctional changes in the endothelium induced by disturbed shear stress which can lead to endothelial and platelet activation, adhesion of monocytes on the activated endothelium, and differentiation into proinflammatory macrophages, which increase the uptake of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and turn into foam cells, exacerbating the inflammatory signalling. (hindawi.com)
After 15-oxo-ETE treatment, Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) showed more attractive to monocytes, whereas monocyte adhesion is suppressed when treated with PKC inhibitor. (biomedcentral.com)
Endothelial dysfunction, as a comprehensive index of the overall CVD risk factor burden includes three main consequences, exposure of adhesion molecules, the activation and aggregation of platelets, cholesterol accumulation [ 20 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Humans1
Sub-human primates, although not extensively examined, appear to have 12-lipoxygenase expression patterns that resemble those of sub-primate mammals or humans depending on the closeness of there genetic relatedness to these species. (wikipedia.org)
Expression1
This is the first report that 15-oxo-ETE promotes early pathological process of atherosclerosis by accelerating E-selectin expression and monocyte adhesion. (biomedcentral.com)
Adhesion1
15-oxo-ETE -induced monocyte adhesion is partly attributable to activation of PKC. (biomedcentral.com)
Carbon1
a -Hydroxy acids or 2-hydroxy acids are found in plants (chain from 12 up to 24 carbon atoms) and in animal wool waxes, skin lipids and specialized tissues, mainly in brain. (gerli.com)
Serum1
For the quantitative determination of 15(S)-HETE in culture supernatants, plasma, serum, and urine from any species. (enzolifesciences.com)
Biological2
Part I: Enzymology, Molecular Biology, and Biological Functions of Mammalian Lipoxygenases. (edu.au)
However, relatively little is known about the biological effects of 15-oxo-ETE in cardiovascular disease. (biomedcentral.com)
Partly1
Our results show that maternal dietary n-3 PUFA deficiency increases microglia-mediated phagocytosis of synaptic elements in the rodent developing hippocampus, partly through the activation of 12/15-lipoxygenase (LOX)/12-HETE signaling, altering neuronal morphology and affecting cognitive performance of the offspring. (nature.com)
Recruitment2
15(S)-HETE acts as a paracrine regulator of smooth muscle and lung neutrophil recruitment, and elevated levels of 15(S)-HETE are associated with asthma, rhinitis, chronic paranasal sinusitis and rheumatoid arthritis. (enzolifesciences.com)
Monocyte recruitment is the initial incident in atherosclerotic plaque formation, the present study was designed to explore the likely effect of 15-oxo-ETE on monocyte recruitment. (biomedcentral.com)
Cells2
12(S)-HETE is chemotactic and chemokinetic for polymorphonuclear leukocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells. (enzolifesciences.com)
Microglia are efficient phagocytes of synaptic material and apoptotic cells, which are key processes in the developing brain 12 . (nature.com)
Studies1
A great number of studies reported that 12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LO) played an important role in atherosclerosis. (biomedcentral.com)
Found1
Increased 15-oxo-ETE level is found in in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). (biomedcentral.com)