Rrna rna bacterial. Medical search. Frequent questions

For bacteria, the assays target the 16S rRNA gene, and for fungi, they target ribosomal RNA genes. (qiagen.com)
16S bacterial RNA screening" will now appear as "Bacteria 16S rRNA gene screening" on health reports. (taconic.com)
The NEBNext ® rRNA Depletion Kit (Bacteria) employs the NEBNext RNase H-based RNA depletion workflow to target removal of rRNA from gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. (neb.com)
The great majority of RNA in bacteria is ribosomal RNA (rRNA). (neb.com)
Ribosomal RNA was depleted using the NEBNext rRNA Depletion Kit (Bacteria). (neb.com)
The NEBNext rRNA Depletion Kit (bacteria) removes the abundant bacterial rRNAs (5S, 16S, and 23S) resulting in the enrichment of bacterial mRNAs and non-coding RNAs of interest. (genomeweb.com)
Most studies focus on the bacterial response to lethal antibiotic concentrations, yet bacteria often encounter lower antibiotic doses that still allow their growth. (fems-microbiology.org)
The study " Non-essential tRNA and rRNA modifications impact the bacterial response to sub-MIC antibiotic stress " in microLife looks at new mechanisms of how bacteria adapt to sub-inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics. (fems-microbiology.org)
Bacteria modify tRNA and rRNA under antibiotic stress. (fems-microbiology.org)
These results thus suggest that bacteria can alter their RNA modification profiles according to antibiotic pressure. (fems-microbiology.org)
To test this hypothesis, the phylogenetic composition of faecal microbiomes was investigated by a 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequence-based approach for Bacteria and Archaea . (springer.com)
For depletion of bacterial rRNA from bacterial samples, use the NEBNext rRNA Depletion Kit (Bacteria) ( NEB #E7850 ). (neb.com)
a) In health, lung bacterial biomass is low and comprised of a diverse community of oropharynx-associated bacteria. (ersjournals.com)
b) In acute bacterial infections, bacterial biomass is high and diversity collapses around a dominant pathogen comprising the vast majority of detected bacteria (the "kudzu" model). (ersjournals.com)
Finally, whereas in acute bacterial pneumonia, the culture-identified pathogen is usually dominant, representing a wide majority of detected bacteria, the authors found that NTM remains only a minor community member, near or below our molecular limits of detection. (ersjournals.com)
This occurs in cases with low bacterial colony forming unit counts, or in recently voided or dilute urine as it can take up to four hours before the urinary enzyme nitrate reductase is converted by bacteria in urine. (chronicutiinfo.com)
In bacteria , a single RNA polymerase produces the primary transcript precursors for all three major classes of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA). (basicmedicalkey.com)

For ribosomal RNA (rRNA) depletion from human, mouse, or rat samples, use the NEBNext rRNA Depletion Kit (Human/Mouse/Rat) ( NEB #E6310 ). (neb.com)

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is highly abundant in bacterial samples, and its removal is desirable in order to reveal the biological significance of less abundant transcripts. (neb.com)
Recent advances in high-throughput deep sequencing of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) has enabled researchers to analyse the skin microbiome. (cosmeticsdesign-europe.com)
Specifically, non-coding transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) are the main actors of messenger RNA (mRNA) translation into proteins: rRNAs as important constituents of ribosomes and tRNA delivering the relevant amino acid to the synthesized protein. (fems-microbiology.org)
The 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene is present in most bacterial species. (technologynetworks.com)
This family is described by a Wikipedia entry Ribosomal RNA . (rfam.org)
These differences, made apparent when calculating ribosomal RNA:DNA ratios, have been interpreted as variable activities of bacterial populations. (doe.gov)
The most commonly used molecular approach for exploring microbial diversity is based on the PCR amplification and sequencing of genes encoding small subunit ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) directly from environmental sources [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The authors used the now-familiar molecular techniques of microbial ecology (16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene amplicon sequencing) to characterise bacterial communities in sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid collected from a large and well-matched cohort of patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. (ersjournals.com)
16S ribosomal RNA from Escherichia coli str. (rnacentral.org)
ribosomal RNA identification of the isolates showed high score similarity with Pseudomonas spp. (lu.se)
Some of the enzymes which generate aromatic radicals that break down most prominent bacterial strains found were isolated and tax- the complex linkages present in lignin to compounds of lower onomically identified using 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) se- molecular weight. (lu.se)
The remaining genes provide instructions for making molecules called transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), which are chemical cousins of DNA. (medlineplus.gov)

Partial 16S rRNA, RNA polymerase B, and citrate dorferi C6 peptide and immunoglobulin (Ig) M and IgG synthase genes and 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer antibodies to Babesia microti were not detected. (cdc.gov)
The study " Non-essential tRNA and rRNA modifications impact the bacterial response to sub-MIC antibiotic stress " in microLife aims at uncovering new genes involved in survival and growth under non-lethal antibiotic concentrations. (fems-microbiology.org)
Results from this study point to a central role of genes that encode RNA modification proteins in response to low-dose antibiotic stress. (fems-microbiology.org)
The study found that some of these genes involved in RNA modification appear to be beneficial for bacterial growth in sub-MICs. (fems-microbiology.org)
None of those identified t/rRNA modification genes was previously associated with any antibiotic resistance phenotype. (fems-microbiology.org)
A total of 1,194 potential lactic acid bacterium (LAB) isolates were tentatively grouped and identified by repetitive element sequence-based PCR, followed by sequence-based identification using 16S rRNA and pheS genes from a selection of genotypically unique LAB isolates. (who.int)
Synthetic antisense RNAs are used to effect the functioning of specific genes for investigative or therapeutic purposes. (genomicglossaries.com)
Relative abundance profiles of bacterial populations measured by sequencing DNA or RNA of marker genes can widely differ. (doe.gov)
Genes are transcribed by enzymes called RNA polymerases that generate a single-stranded RNA identical in sequence (with the exception of U in place of T) to one of the strands of the double-stranded DNA. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Eukaryotic genes are transcribed in the nucleus by three different RNA polymerases , each principally responsible for one of the major classes of RNA. (basicmedicalkey.com)
W3110 bacterial SSU rRNA sequence is a product of rrsB, rrn, rrsD genes. (rnacentral.org)
This RNA-Seq analysis presents a detailed picture of the candidate detoxification genes and other pathways that are potentially associated with pyrethroid and organophosphate resistance in Ae. (cdc.gov)

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and the phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 132 by The All-Species Living Tree Project. (wikipedia.org)
The method is effective with intact and degraded RNA, from monocultures or samples with mixed bacterial species (e.g., metatranscriptomic). (neb.com)
This method is targeted to both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms, and is effective with RNA from monocultures or mixed bacterial species, such as those used in metatranscriptome studies, NEB said. (genomeweb.com)
Results 80 (66 viable) bacterial species were identified overall and 12 fungal (none viable). (bmj.com)
combined with metagenomics has uncovered thousands of novel bacterial species directly from samples without isolation or culturing. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
Discovery of new bacterial species shows little sign of abating, demonstrating the continued need to improve the experimental methods and informatics tooling used to produce metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs) thereby allowing the full microbial diversity to be described. (researchsquare.com)
Abundant RNA species such as rRNAs and certain mRNAs can interfere with detection and analysis of biologically relevant RNAs of interest. (neb.com)
The kudzu vine's "infection" of the southern US highway system resembles acute bacterial pneumonia: high biomass, low diversity and community domination by a single invasive species. (ersjournals.com)
Nitrites - Nitrite tests detect the products of nitrate reductase, an enzyme produced by some bacterial species that can cause a UTI. (chronicutiinfo.com)
We used a high-throughput sequencing-based assay to characterize the bacterial composition and diversity of 665 individual field-caught mosquitoes, as well as their species, genotype at an insecticide resistance locus, blood-meal composition, and the eukaryotic parasites and viruses they carry. (biomedcentral.com)
Overall, multivariate analyses did not reveal any significant contribution of the mosquito species, insecticide resistance, or blood meal to the bacterial composition of the mosquitoes surveyed, and infection with parasites and viruses only contributed very marginally. (biomedcentral.com)
Furthermore, no cross-hybridization could be seen against five other bacterial species. (diva-portal.org)
16S sequencing is performed to determine which bacterial species are present in a clinical sample or isolate. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)

Andrew Smith from University of California Santa Cruz presented recent work sequencing mRNA, 16S rRNA and tRNA on the MinION using the new Direct RNA sequencing kit currently being released to few developers. (nanoporetech.com)
Because alternative RNA splicing allows different types of mRNA molecules to be created from a single gene, it generates the diversity of protein function and structure that is essential to complex organisms. (genomicglossaries.com)
RNA-like oligonucleotides that are complementary to a portion of a target mRNA molecule. (genomicglossaries.com)
More specifically, antisense oligonucleotides that are useful as reagents for target validation , or as drugs, are engineered molecules that differ from natural RNA but that have a base sequence that is recognized as being complementary to a very specific mRNA sequence. (genomicglossaries.com)
A complementary RNA sequence that binds to a naturally occurring (sense) mRNA molecule, thus blocking its translation. (genomicglossaries.com)
For dedicated mRNA-seq analyses Lexogen also offers a Poly(A) RNA Selection Kit for use upstream of CORALL. (rna-seqblog.com)
Our new NEBNext Ultra II RNA kits have streamlined, automatable workflows and are available for directional (strand-specific, using the "dUTP method") and non-directional library prep and are compatible with poly(A) mRNA enrichment or rRNA depletion. (neb.com)
In eukaryotes, tRNA and rRNA precursors are also modified and trimmed, although not as extensively as pre-mRNA. (basicmedicalkey.com)

The first set of swabs was used to assess the microbiome via 16s rRNA sequencing and the second was used to culture S. aureus. (cdc.gov)
Introduction The functional consequences of the bacterial gut microbiome for child health are not well understood. (bmj.com)
The Department of "Computational Biology for Infection Research" studies the human microbiome, viral and bacterial pathogens, and human cell lineages within individual patients by analysis of large-scale biological and epidemiological data sets with computational techniques. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
IBS was associated with global alterations in microbiome composition by 16S rRNA sequencing and metatranscriptomics, and in microbiome function by predicted metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, and metabolomics. (biomedcentral.com)

This approach can also leave part of the 16s rRNA bacterial sequences untargeted to allow for their use of identification of important bacterial pathogens. (usda.gov)
We have known for over a century that nontuberculous mycobacterial infections differ microbiologically and immunologically from those of typical bacterial pathogens. (ersjournals.com)
Furthermore, recent findings have highlighted how modifications of the bacterial communities present in the midgut of mosquitoes could decrease or inhibit transmission of pathogens. (biomedcentral.com)

The unit offers RNA-seq library preparation, with multiple options such as ribo-depletion (Bacterial and Eukaryotic), poly-A enrichment, 3′-Tag-Seq (QuantSeq) libraries All the libraries are constructed to retrieve the full transcript, exception for QuantSeq (3′-end sequencing). (gulbenkian.pt)
Specific enrichment of bacterial mRNAs is challenging due to their lack of poly(A) tails, and so the converse - efficient and specific removal of bacterial rRNA - is necessary. (neb.com)

Effective depletion of sequences overlapping with annotated rRNA regions was observed at 100 ng and 10 ng of input RNA for most of the organisms. (neb.com)
Many commercial kits will reduce host and or bacterial rRNA sequences, and use a variety of approaches. (usda.gov)
DNA probes, complementary to primarily to rRNA and select mitochondrial sequences host sequence, can be used to degrade host RNA using RNAse H treatment. (usda.gov)
The same approach can be used to target bacterial rRNA sequences. (usda.gov)
Because bacterial rRNA sequences are more variable among the different phylum, additional iterative approach to deplete bacterial sequences will be used. (usda.gov)
RNA molecules which hybridize to complementary sequences in either RNA or DNA altering the function of the latter. (genomicglossaries.com)
A Better Way to Find RNA Virus Needles in the Proverbial Database Haystacks Researchers combed through more than 5,000 data sets of RNA sequences generated from diverse environmental samples around the world, resulting in a five-fold increase of RNA virus diversity. (doe.gov)
Specific sequences on DNA, called promoters , determine where the RNA polymerase binds and how frequently it initiates transcription. (basicmedicalkey.com)

87(5): 1663-1667] Specifically, the investigators started by priming whole cerebellar RNA with a synthetic oligonucleotide containing a T7 RNA polymerase promoter sequence. (genomicglossaries.com)
After second- strand cDNA synthesis, T7 RNA polymerase was used to generate aRNA. (genomicglossaries.com)

Proteins that modify tRNA and rRNA can have different enzymatic functions. (fems-microbiology.org)

Recently, the stinkbug Plautia stali (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) has emerged as an experimentally tractable model system for investigating the diversity, evolution and mechanism of gut symbiosis with bacterial mutualists 10 , 11 . (nature.com)
Overall, the culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches each exhibited intrinsic limitations in assessing bacterial LAB diversity in Belgian sourdoughs. (who.int)
Similarly, NTM-infected specimens did not differ in their community diversity compared to NTM-negative specimens, failing to resemble the "collapsed community" of acute bacterial pneumonia [ 2 , 3 ]. (ersjournals.com)
We then used these data to rigorously estimate the individual effect of each parameter on the bacterial diversity as well as the relative contribution of each parameter to the microbial composition. (biomedcentral.com)
The main driver of the bacterial diversity was the location at which each mosquito was collected, which explained roughly 20% of the variance observed. (biomedcentral.com)
This analysis shows that when confounding factors are taken into account, the site at which the mosquitoes are collected is the main driver of the bacterial diversity of wild-caught mosquitoes, although further studies will be needed to determine which specific components of the local environment affect bacterial composition. (biomedcentral.com)
We found that these treatments have no discernable impact on the diversity of canine bacterial microbiota nor on Malassezia or Papillomavirus populations of the skin. (biomedcentral.com)

The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of microbial biofilms in dairy cooling systems, and to analyze their population compositions using culture-independent technique, 16S rRNA gene sequencing. (huji.ac.il)
Biofilm samples were collected on eight dairy farms from 40 sprinklers and the microbial constituents were identified by deep sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. (huji.ac.il)

This application note describes a comprehensive, efficient workflow to sequence 16S rRNA variable regions. (technologynetworks.com)
For single cell and ultra-low input RNA, our separate template-switching-based workflow generates full length cDNAs, followed by conversion to sequence-ready libraries using the Ultra ™ II FS workflow, that incorporates enzymatic DNA fragmentation. (neb.com)

The bacterial microbiota was characterized using 16S amplicon high-throughput sequencing. (biomedcentral.com)

However, sequencing 16S rRNA libraries can present technical challenges including PCR biases, chimeric sequence formation and high cluster signals. (technologynetworks.com)
RNA which contains an intron sequence that has an enzyme- like catalytic activity. (genomicglossaries.com)
These sequence differences are sufficiently significant to allow serotyping on the RNA level. (diva-portal.org)
The DNA strand that directs the sequence of nucleotides in the RNA by complementary base pairing is the template strand. (basicmedicalkey.com)
This rRNA sequence is 1,542 nucleotides long and is found in Escherichia coli str. (rnacentral.org)
The method uses an internal control sequence (spike) which is amplified and sequenced simultaneously with the sample to facilitate the assessment of the bacterial content and to detect amplification-inhibiting factors in the sample that may lead to a negative result. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)

New England Biolabs has launched two new RNA depletion products to support next-generation RNA sequencing. (genomeweb.com)
Several RNA depletion products are available to selectively degrade and remove unwanted RNAs from your sample. (neb.com)

For depletion of the abundant Globin mRNAs and rRNAs from blood samples, use the NEBNext Globin & rRNA Depletion Kit (Human/Mouse/Rat) ( NEB #E7750 ). (neb.com)

Here, we utilize 16s rRNA sequencing to better characterize the ecologic relationships between S. aureus and the other microbes in the nares and oropharynx in a population of livestock workers. (cdc.gov)
The unit provide a range of services: RNA-Seq, Whole Genome Sequencing, Spatial transcriptomics and Metagenomics (bacterial 16S rRNA, ITS). (gulbenkian.pt)
Nanopore sequencing with Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) systems enables high-throughput long-read sequencing of both DNA and RNA samples. (gulbenkian.pt)
Adaptable to direct DNA or RNA sequencing. (gulbenkian.pt)
RNA-seq libraries were prepared from untreated and depleted RNA using the NEBNext Ultra™ II Directional RNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina®, followed by paired-end sequencing (2 x 75 bp). (neb.com)
Our offering includes DNA sequencing, as well as RNA and gene expression analysis and future technology for analysing proteins. (nanoporetech.com)
He described some modifications to the ONT protocol that allowed sequencing of 16S rRNA directly from cell pellet in 60 minutes. (nanoporetech.com)
Fecal samples were collected from a racially/ethnically diverse cohort of 495 subjects, including 318 IBS patients and 177 healthy controls, for analysis by 16S rRNA gene sequencing ( n = 486), metatranscriptomics ( n = 327), and untargeted metabolomics ( n = 368). (biomedcentral.com)
The Public Health Agency's Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) platform performs massive parallel sequencing of DNA and RNA. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
The laboratory procedure is based on amplifying and sequencing four variable regions of the 16S rRNA gene with two amplicons. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
For contact tracing or inquiries related to antibiotic resistance, whole genome sequencing (WGS) of bacterial isolates is offered. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)

The new kits complement the NEBNext products for RNA library preparation, including the Ultra II Directional RNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina and the NEBNext Library Quant Kit for Illumina, as well as the Monarch Total RNA Miniprep Kit, the company said. (genomeweb.com)
Lexogen Introduces CORALL RNA-Seq V2 - a fast and flexible whole transcriptome RNA-Seq Library Prep Kit. (rna-seqblog.com)
Why consider the NEBNext Ultra II Directional RNA Library Prep Kit? (neb.com)
The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute has recently re-evaluated its RNA-seq library preparation methods and has chosen to implement the NEBNext Ultra II Directional RNA Library Prep Kit. (neb.com)

Total RNA was extracted from a lyophilized pool of 20 different bacterial organisms (ATCC® #MSA-2002). (neb.com)

More recently, another group of researchers reported that they had developed a process for optimizing low- abundance RNA, by combining aRNA amplification with template- switching. (genomicglossaries.com)

Although oceanic ammonia and nitrite oxidation are balanced, ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) vastly outnumber the main nitrite oxidizers, the bacterial Nitrospinae. (nature.com)

This highly abundant RNA can conceal the biological significance of less abundant transcripts, and so its efficient and specific removal is desirable. (neb.com)
Few highly abundant bacterial genera were identified as key taxa with a high contribution to differences among baleen and toothed whales microbiomes. (springer.com)

In bacterial ribosomes, the small (30S) ribosomal subunit is composed of 16S rRNA and 21 distinct proteins. (unboundmedicine.com)
Sleeping ribosomes: Bacterial signaling triggers RaiA mediated persistence to aminoglycosides. (pasteur.fr)

Ribosomal protein S15 is of particular interest because it binds primarily to 16S rRNA and is required for assembly of the small subunit and for intersubunit association, thus representing a key element in the assembly of a whole ribosome. (unboundmedicine.com)

The taxonomic structure and stability of the bacterial communities occurring in these traditional sourdoughs were assessed using both culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. (who.int)

Three 5S rRNA-binding ribosomal proteins (L5, L18, TL5) of extremely thermophilic bacterium Thermus thermophilus have earlier been isolated. (unboundmedicine.com)
These types of RNA help assemble protein building blocks (amino acids) into functioning proteins. (medlineplus.gov)

For use with NEBNext Multiplex Oligos for Illumina (Unique Dual Index UMI Adaptors RNA Set 1) ( NEB #E7416 ), refer to the Protocols tab for UMI Adaptors-specific guidance. (neb.com)
Here, we applied Illumina RNA-Seq to study the gene expression patterns associated with resistance to three widely used insecticides (malathion, alphacypermethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin) in Ae. (cdc.gov)

We sought to characterise the bacterial and fungal stool flora of preterm neonates and organism viability and evaluate any associations with NEC and sepsis. (bmj.com)

Such modifications of the tRNA or rRNA further influence the protein translation rate, fidelity, precision of codon decoding and, therefore, the composition of the bacterial proteome. (fems-microbiology.org)

Rfam has chosen to create Wikipedia entries for all of our RNA families and to open them up to community annotation. (rfam.org)

Additionally, it seems that the resulting variations in translation and codon recognition could be critical factors in the bacterial stress response. (fems-microbiology.org)

Methods Stools were analysed by PCR-DGGE for assessment of the total bacterial and fungal communities by analysis of 16S rRNA and 28S rRNA, respectively. (bmj.com)
Total bacterial communities significantly differed between healthy infants and those with NEC or sepsis, with Sphingomonas spp. (bmj.com)
When compared to NTM-negative specimens, NTM-infected specimens had no detectable increase in total bacterial burden. (ersjournals.com)

The molecular ecology of bacterial DMSP breakdown related to phytoplankton-microbe interactions and ocean biogeochemistry. (researchgate.net)

However, despite the importance of the mosquito/microbiota interactions, little is known about the relative contribution of endogenous and exogenous factors in shaping the bacterial communities of mosquitoes. (biomedcentral.com)
As observed for the bacterial microbiota, Malassezia populations were not affected by treatment. (biomedcentral.com)

The primary transcripts are modified and trimmed to produce the mature RNAs. (basicmedicalkey.com)

Endogenous antisense RNAs function as regulators of gene expression by a variety of mechanisms. (genomicglossaries.com)

RNA polymerases differ from DNA polymerases in that they can initiate the synthesis of new strands in the absence of a primer. (basicmedicalkey.com)

Researchers at Stanford University used such a method to produce amplified heterogeneous populations of RNA from limited quantities of cDNA. (genomicglossaries.com)

Bacterial metabolism selected lignin model compounds (vanillin, vanillate, 4- hydroxybenzoate, p-coumarate, benzoate, and ferulate) was carried out with three of the Pseudomonas isolates and in addition with the strain Pseudomonas putida KT2440 from a Introduction culture collection. (lu.se)

In parallel, all samples were analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of V3-16S rRNA gene amplicons. (who.int)

16S rRNA from seven different Vibrio anguillarum strains was partially sequenced and compared. (diva-portal.org)

The SMART-SEQ2 protocols we have available allow us to produce RNA-Seq libraries from very limited amounts of starting material (5ng of high-quality total RNA down to single cells). (gulbenkian.pt)
To address these challenges, our next generation of RNA library prep kits have been reformulated at each step, resulting in several fold higher yields of high quality libraries, enabling use of lower input amounts and fewer PCR cycles. (neb.com)

The study's most provocative findings are its negative ones, as they reveal how ecologically dissimilar NTM infections are from acute bacterial pneumonia ( figure 2c ). (ersjournals.com)
The Aa is also known as Haemophillus actimycetemcomitans, and is also responsible for a series of systemic infections, including the bacterial endocarditis, the brain and skin abscesses and the urinary tract 39,47,48 . (bvsalud.org)

aRNA is RNA that is transcribed from the coding, rather than the template, strand of DNA. (genomicglossaries.com)
12. Which of the following shows coiled RNA strand and capsomeres? (recruitmenttopper.com)

They did this with great success: About one third of all typical "common colds" and some cases of diarrhoea as well are caused by these RNA Viruses, which are the largest of their kind. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
13. Viruses have (AIPMT 2014) (a) DNA enclosed in a protein coat (b) prokaryotic nucleus (c) single chromosome (d) both DNA and RNA. (recruitmenttopper.com)

Anatomy12

Organisms24

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Phenomena and Processes77

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Characterise1

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