AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesInformation Science
Inosine MonophosphateIMP DehydrogenaseInosineInosine NucleotidesPurinesPurine NucleotidesMycophenolic AcidAdenosineAMP DeaminaseAdenosine MonophosphateNucleotide DeaminasesGuanosine MonophosphateCyclic AMPHypoxanthinesAdenine NucleotidesRibonucleosidesHydroxymethyl and Formyl TransferasesReceptor, Adenosine A2AReceptor, Adenosine A1Purine Nucleosides8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine MonophosphateNucleotidesAdenosine DeaminaseReceptor, Adenosine A3Immunosuppressive AgentsBucladesineAdenosine KinaseGuanine NucleotidesRibavirinCyclic GMPHypoxanthineTheophyllineEnzyme InhibitorsReceptors, Purinergic P1Receptors, Adenosine A2TasteReceptor, Adenosine A2BColforsinPurine-Nucleoside PhosphorylaseGuanosine TriphosphateAdenosine A2 Receptor Agonists1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthineAdenosine A2 Receptor AntagonistsXanthinesAdenosine A1 Receptor AntagonistsAdenylate CyclaseAdenineInosine Triphosphate5'-NucleotidaseInosine PranobexAdenosine A1 Receptor AgonistsNucleosidesKidney TransplantationPhosphodiesterase InhibitorsCyclic AMP-Dependent Protein KinasesAdenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide)Purinergic P1 Receptor AntagonistsGuanosineReceptors, PurinergicPhenylisopropyladenosineKineticsPurinergic P1 Receptor AgonistsCells, CulturedCytidine MonophosphateAdenosine A3 Receptor AntagonistsAdenosine TriphosphateDose-Response Relationship, DrugEtretinateRolipramNucleotides, CyclicIsoproterenolPhosphoric Diester Hydrolases3',5'-Cyclic-AMP PhosphodiesterasesPhosphodiesterase 4 InhibitorsThiamine MonophosphateSecond Messenger SystemsSignal TransductionPentosyltransferasesCalciumTubercidinPhosphoribosyl PyrophosphateHexosephosphatesCyclic AMP Response Element-Binding ProteinRibonucleotidesDipyridamoleTime FactorsStimulation, ChemicalReceptors, Adrenergic, beta2-ChloroadenosineAdenosine A3 Receptor AgonistsPyrimidine NucleotidesCell LineRabbitsUridine MonophosphateMolecular Sequence DataCyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4NucleotidasesRats, Sprague-DawleyTritiumAnthralin
Uric acidNucleotidesMetabolismHypoxanthineTriphosphatePyrimidinesDehydrogenaseKinaseForm inosine monophosphatePathwayNucleosidesEnzymeDeribosylated by purine nucleoside phDiphosphateXanthosineDeaminase deficiencyDeaminationExtracellular adenosineUracilPathwaysRiboseBiosynthesis of purinesDeficiencyOccurs in the cytosolSynthesisCytosineReceptorsIntracellularReactionsConvertsNucleoside transportCytidineCompoundsNucleotide cycleBasesRapidlyInfusionEndogenous nucleosideCarbonPotentIncreasesNitrogenGlutamatePhosphorylation
Uric acid10
  • The end product of complete catabolism of purines is uric acid. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Endothelial cells have a very active transport system for adenosine, and also high rate of metabolism, converting adenosine to inosine, hypoxanthine, xanthine, uric acid, and other compounds. (turkupetcentre.net)
  • Degradation of nucleotides result in xanthine then uric acid production in purines, while pyrimidines produce the amino acids, β-alanine, and β-aminobutyrate. (lecturio.com)
  • Inosine is an intermediate in the breakdown of various purines and purine nucleosides to uric acid as well as the pathways of purine salvage. (tigerfitness.com)
  • Inosine formed by deamination of adenosine can leave the cell intact or can be degraded to hypoxanthine, xanthine, and ultimately uric acid. (nih.gov)
  • After ingestion, inosine produces uric acid that is suggested to be a natural antioxidant and a peroxynitrite scavenger with potential benefits to patients with multiple sclerosis (MS.) [4] Peroxynitrite has been correlated with axon degeneration [1] . (wikidoc.org)
  • In 2003, a study was initiated at the University of Pennsylvania MS Center to determine whether raising the levels of uric acid by the administration of inosine would slow the progression of MS. [5] The study was completed in 2006 but the results were not reported to NIH. (wikidoc.org)
  • For example, disorders of purine metabolism lead to increased amounts of uric acid in blood and can result in gout . (amboss.com)
  • Purine bases related to hypoxanthine, an intermediate product of uric acid synthesis and a breakdown product of adenine catabolism. (lookformedical.com)
  • Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. (lookformedical.com)
Nucleotides25
Metabolism15
  • The Purine Nucleotide Cycle is a metabolic pathway in protein metabolism requiring the amino acids aspartate and glutamate. (wikipedia.org)
  • IMP is synthesized de novo from glucose through the pentose phosphate pathway which produces ribose 5-P, which then converts to PRPP that with the amino acids glycine, glutamine, and aspartate (see Purine metabolism) can be further converted into IMP. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most recognized metabolic myopathies are considered primary inborn errors of metabolism and are associated with known or postulated enzymatic defects that affect the ability of muscle fibers to maintain adequate energy and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentrations. (medscape.com)
  • It has a central role in cell metabolism and signalling as such and as the backbone for ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate). (turkupetcentre.net)
  • Methotrexate ( MTX ) increases adenosine release by inhibition of purine metabolism. (turkupetcentre.net)
  • Explore the intricacies of purine metabolism and its abnormalities, and delve into the chemical architecture of purine. (hellovaia.com)
  • conversion of exogenous uridine to UMP by uridine phosphotransferase.B. Chapter 28 The Metabolism of Purines and Pyrimidines. (euroasfalti.net)
  • Textbook of Biochemistry: With Clinical Correlations 7th, Purine and Pyrimidine Nucleotide Metabolism. (euroasfalti.net)
  • AMP, GMP, and IMP shift PRPP amido transferase from a small form to a large form.B. Human diseases that involve abnormalities in purine metabolism include gout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, adenosine deaminase deficiency, and purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency. (euroasfalti.net)
  • mathrm{C} . The disorders of purine and pyrimidine metabolism exhibit a wide array of clinical symptoms, which include renal calculi, neurologic problems, delayed physical and mental development, self-mutilation, hemolytic anemias, and immunodeficiencies. (euroasfalti.net)
  • Purine metabolism refers to the metabolic pathways to synthesize and break down purines that are present in many organisms. (euroasfalti.net)
  • Knowledge of inosine metabolism has led to advances in immunotherapy in recent decades. (wikidoc.org)
  • Inosine monophosphate is oxidised by the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase , yielding xanthosine monophosphate , a key precursor in purine metabolism. (wikidoc.org)
  • Hepatic fructose metabolism rapidly consumes ATP resulting in increased adenosine production and hyperuricemia as well as elevated renin release and sympathetic activity. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia. (lookformedical.com)
Hypoxanthine9
Triphosphate6
  • During exercise in order for us to obtain energy, ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is hydrolyzed to adenosine diphosphate (ADP), meaning ATP has one of its phosphate groups cleaved. (tigerfitness.com)
  • As for the nitrogenous base (or nucleobase) component, the common bases are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and uracil (U). Depending on the number of phosphates that make up the compound, the ribonucleotide may be designated as monophosphate (having only one phosphate group), diphosphate (having two phosphate groups), and triphosphate (having three phosphate groups). (biologyonline.com)
  • Adenosine triphosphate or ATP is known as the body's "energy currency. (natureknowsproducts.com)
  • Ribahep ( Ribavirin) is readily phosphorylated intracellularly by adenosine kinase to Ribahep ( Ribavirin) mono-, di-, and triphosphate metabolites. (heethealthcare.net)
  • Ribahep (Ribavirin) triphosphate (RTP) is a potent competitive inhibitor of inosine monophosphate (IMP) dehydrogenase, viral RNA polymerase and messenger RNA (mRNA) guanylyltransferase (viral) and can be incorporated into RNA in RNA viral species. (heethealthcare.net)
  • Recent studies were pioneered in host purine metabolic pathway, a conserved process responsible for providing host cells with a ready supply of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) for critical cellular processes [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Pyrimidines12
  • Purines and pyrimidines may be synthesized de novo or recycled by a salvage pathway from normal catabolism. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Purines include adenine and guanine, while pyrimidines include thymine (in DNA), uracil (in RNA), and cytosine. (lecturio.com)
  • There are two types of nitrogenous bases: purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (cytosine, uracil and thymine). (pancreapedia.org)
  • The fact that purine bases always pair with specific pyrimidines is essential because it provides a mechanism for exact replication of DNA, a prerequisite for genetic inheritance and evolution. (hellovaia.com)
  • So, next time when you hear about the genetic code, remember, it's all about how the purines and pyrimidines line up! (hellovaia.com)
  • It's this nitrogenous base where purines and pyrimidines enter the picture. (hellovaia.com)
  • The bases belong to 2 categories, purines, and pyrimidines. (notesbard.com)
  • The pyrimidines consist of 1 carbon pyrimidine ring while the purines have 2 carbon rings in their structure as the pyrimidine ring is conjoined with an imidazole ring. (notesbard.com)
  • While both purines and pyrimidines are heterocyclic aromatic compounds, they can be differed from each other based on the chemical structure. (notesbard.com)
  • The purines occur as two carbon rings whereas the pyrimidines occur as one carbon ring. (notesbard.com)
  • These are the double-ringed purines and single-ringed pyrimidines . (wikidoc.org)
  • Adenine and guanine are purines (abbreviated as R), while cytosine, thymine, and uracil are all pyrimidines (abbreviated as Y). (wikidoc.org)
Dehydrogenase1
Kinase3
Form inosine monophosphate1
Pathway5
Nucleosides1
Enzyme4
Deribosylated by purine nucleoside ph1
  • Adenosine is rapidly catabolized by adenosine deaminases to inosine, which can be further deribosylated by purine nucleoside phosphorylase to hypoxantine . (turkupetcentre.net)
Diphosphate1
  • synthesis and storage of transmitter in nerve terminals Strips of guinea-pig taenia coli (GPTC) were shown to take up large amounts of tritium-labelled adenosine when incubated with tritium-labelled adenosine, adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP), adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP) and ATP. (uni-frankfurt.de)
Xanthosine1
Deaminase deficiency1
Deamination1
Extracellular adenosine2
  • Dipyridamole elevates extracellular adenosine concentrations by inhibiting equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs). (turkupetcentre.net)
  • While extracellular adenosine is primarily cleared by cellular uptake with a half-life of less than 10 seconds in whole blood, excessive amounts may be deaminated by an ecto-form of adenosine deaminase. (nih.gov)
Uracil4
  • Note that in DNA and RNA structures, the purine bases (adenine and guanine) are always paired with specific pyrimidine bases (thymine, cytosine, and uracil). (hellovaia.com)
  • Adenine is converted to adenosine or inosine monophosphate (IMP), either of which, in turn, is converted into inosine (I), which pairs with Adenine (A), cytosine (C), and uracil (U). (wikidoc.org)
  • The bases guanine and adenine comprise purine bases while, the bases cytosine, thymine, and uracil comes under pyrimidine. (notesbard.com)
  • Thymine and Uracil both are purines and they differ structurally with respect to a methyl group. (notesbard.com)
Pathways3
  • As we've just stated, inosine is an intermediate in several purine nucleotide pathways that affect muscle function. (tigerfitness.com)
  • Adenosine slows conduction time through the A-V node, can interrupt the reentry pathways through the A-V node, and can restore normal sinus rhythm in patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT), including PSVT associated with Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome. (nih.gov)
  • It is used in the treatment of a variety of autoimmune diseases including granulomatosis with polyangiitis because the uptake of purine by actively dividing B cells can exceed 8 times that of normal body cells, and, therefore, this set of white cells (which cannot operate purine salvage pathways) is selectively targeted by the purine deficiency resulting from Inherited Metabolic Diseases (IMD) inhibition. (wikidoc.org)
Ribose3
  • Adenosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside, composed of nucleobase adenine and β-D-ribose moieties. (turkupetcentre.net)
  • After the pyrimidine ring forms, 5-phospho-α-D-ribosyl 1-pyrophosphate (PRPP), a ribose phosphate, reacts to orotate to form orotidine-5-monophosphate (OMP). (biologyonline.com)
  • Purines attached to a RIBOSE and a phosphate that can polymerize to form DNA and RNA. (lookformedical.com)
Biosynthesis of purines2
  • MZB inhibits the de novo purine biosynthesis of purines, but unlike azathioprine (AZT), it is not incorporated into nucleic acids in the cell. (hindawi.com)
  • In humans, the biosynthesis of purines occurs in the cytosol of the liver cell. (biologyonline.com)
Deficiency3
  • Diagnosis of purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency is by DNA analysis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Treatment of purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency is with bone marrow or stem cell transplantation. (msdmanuals.com)
  • doi: 10.1080/15257770.2015.1125001 that involve abnormalities in purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency ):578-594. (euroasfalti.net)
Occurs in the cytosol1
  • The purine nucleotide cycle occurs in the cytosol (a gel-like substance) of the sarcoplasm of skeletal muscle, and in the myocyte's cytosolic compartment of the cytoplasm of cardiac and smooth muscle. (wikipedia.org)
Synthesis9
  • As the purine nucleotide cycle produces ammonia (see below in ammonia synthesis), skeletal muscle needs to synthesize glutamate in a way that does not further increase ammonia, and as such the use of glutaminase to produce glutamate from glutamine would not be ideal. (wikipedia.org)
  • MZB has a very specific mechanism of action on the lymphocytes that inhibits their proliferation without interfering with purine synthesis in other cell types. (hindawi.com)
  • Purine nucleotide synthesis follows a series of reactions using carbon donors, amino acids (e.g., glutamine, aspartate), and bicarbonate. (lecturio.com)
  • Purine synthesis is regulated in the 1st 2 steps. (lecturio.com)
  • In the de-novo synthesis of Purines, Inositol Mono-phosphate is formed from a 10-step reaction. (picmonic.com)
  • It serves as an intermediate of a complicated 9 step process that involves the addition of carbon and nitrogen moieties to Inositol's cytoskeleton for Purine synthesis. (picmonic.com)
  • Folate, in the form of 5,10 Methyl Tetrahydrofolate is required for the synthesis of the Inosine skeleton. (picmonic.com)
  • Thus, folate serves as a substrate in purine synthesis. (picmonic.com)
  • Purine synthesis requires the 2 THF , which are reduced from dihydrofolate by dihydrofolate reductase . (amboss.com)
Cytosine1
  • When designing primers for polymerase chain reaction , inosine is useful in that it can pair with adenine, thymine, or cytosine. (wikidoc.org)
Receptors9
  • Cellular signalling occurs through adenosine receptors (ARs). (turkupetcentre.net)
  • All four adenosine receptor subtypes (A 1 , A 2A , A 2B , and A 3 ) are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), either increasing or decreasing intracellular cAMP levels by affecting adenylate cyclase activity. (turkupetcentre.net)
  • Like other GPCRs, adenosine receptors have a single polypeptide chain, forming three extracellular and three intracellular loops. (turkupetcentre.net)
  • Adenosine receptors are also referred to as purine receptors , or P1 purinoceptors . (turkupetcentre.net)
  • Adenosine has the highest affinity to the A 1 R and A 2A R, intermediate affinity to A 3 R, and lowest affinity to A 2B R. Adenosine activates A 1 and A 2A receptors already in nanomolar concentrations. (turkupetcentre.net)
  • Since then, receptor subtypes for adenosine-selective (P1 receptors) and purine and pyrimidine selective (P2 receptors) have been cloned and characterized. (euroasfalti.net)
  • Adenosine is thought to exert its pharmacological effects through activation of purine receptors (cell-surface A1 and A2 adenosine receptors). (globalrph.com)
  • Although the exact mechanism by which adenosine receptor activation relaxes vascular smooth muscle is not known, there is evidence to support both inhibition of the slow inward calcium current reducing calcium uptake, and activation of adenylate cyclase through A2 receptors in smooth muscle cells. (globalrph.com)
  • Caffeine is an antagonist at adenosine receptors, which tells us that adenosine is important in the regulation of vigilance. (heresy.is)
Intracellular3
Reactions3
  • If we perform a series of hydrolysis reactions, we then convert ADP to adenosine monophosphate (AMP). (tigerfitness.com)
  • You'll uncover what purine is, its basic structure and, notably, the purine bases, Adenine and Guanine, which play a significant role in genetics and biochemical reactions. (hellovaia.com)
  • Outline the sequence of reactions that convert inosine monophosphate (IMP), first to AMP and GMP, and subsequently to their corresponding nucleoside triphosphates. (euroasfalti.net)
Converts1
Nucleoside transport2
  • Adenosine is antagonized competitively by methylxanthines such as caffeine and theophylline, and potentiated by blockers of nucleoside transport such as dipyridamole. (nih.gov)
  • Sulfhydryl analog of INOSINE that inhibits nucleoside transport across erythrocyte plasma membranes, and has immunosuppressive properties. (lookformedical.com)
Cytidine1
  • However, inosine pairs preferentially with cytidine (C) and its introduction to RNA, e.g. by the action of ADARs, thereby destabilizes double stranded RNA by changing AU base-pairs to IU mismatches (Bass and Weintraub, Cell, 1988). (wikidoc.org)
Compounds3
  • release of transmitter during nerve stimulation Spontaneous relaxation of GPTC as well as relaxations induced by nerve stimulation or nicotine, respectively, in the presence of compounds which block adrenergic and cholinergic responses were accompanied by a remarkable increase in release of tritium-labelled material from taenia coli incubated in [ 3 H]-adenosine (Su et al. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • 1966) characterised ATP and ADP as the most potent inhibitory purine compounds in the gut and observed that the effects of ATP mimic more closely the inhibitory response of the taenia to non-adrenergic nerve-stimulation than to adrenergic nerve stimulation (Burnstock et al. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. (lookformedical.com)
Nucleotide cycle3
  • When the phosphagen system (ATP-PCr) has been depleted of phosphocreatine (creatine phosphate), the purine nucleotide cycle also helps to sustain the myokinase reaction by reducing accumulation of AMP produced after muscle contraction in the below reaction. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fumarate, produced from the purine nucleotide cycle, is an intermediate of TCA cycle and enters the mitochondria by converting into malate and utilizing the malate shuttle where it is converted into oxaloacetic acid (OAA). (wikipedia.org)
  • Phosphocreatine stores: These stores, consumed in the purine nucleotide cycle, are vital for very high-intensity exercise of short duration, as other stores are depleted early. (medscape.com)
Bases2
  • Molecules of adenine (A) and guanine (G) are known as the purine bases. (hellovaia.com)
  • Other rare nucleic acid bases can occur, for example inosine in strands of mature transfer RNA . (wikidoc.org)
Rapidly2
  • Intravenously administered adenosine is rapidly cleared from the circulation via cellular uptake, primarily by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. (nih.gov)
  • Adenosine acts quickly and is rapidly broken down afterward. (natureknowsproducts.com)
Infusion1
  • When larger doses are given by infusion, adenosine decreases blood pressure by decreasing peripheral resistance. (nih.gov)
Endogenous nucleoside2
  • Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside occurring in all cells of the body. (nih.gov)
  • Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside found in every cell of the body. (natureknowsproducts.com)
Carbon2
  • In the Inosine Mono-phosphate ring skeleton, nitrogen is donated by Glutamine(2), Glycine(1), Aspartate(1), and carbon is donated by Glycine(2), Carbon dioxide(1), 10-formyl THF (2). (picmonic.com)
  • Here, the focus lies in the structural representation of purine, indicating that it is made primarily of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and nitrogen (N) atoms. (hellovaia.com)
Potent2
  • At one time, inosine was believed to be a potent performance-boosting compound, but after a chain of studies showed it had no effect on performance, inosine disappeared from the scene. (tigerfitness.com)
  • Adenosine is a potent vasodilator in most vascular beds, except in renal afferent arterioles and hepatic veins where it produces vasoconstriction. (globalrph.com)
Increases3
Nitrogen4
  • The conversion of the Oxygen moiety (of Inosine Monophosphate) to Nitrogen moiety of (Adenosine Monophosphate) requires a high-energy reaction carried out by Adenosuccinate synthetase with GTP and Aspartate as substrates. (picmonic.com)
  • Purine is a crucial nitrogen-containing compound that forms part of the building blocks of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) molecules, the genetic material in all living organisms. (hellovaia.com)
  • In terms of their molecular structure, purines are characterised by a six-membered and a five-membered nitrogen-containing ring fused together. (hellovaia.com)
  • The pyrimidine base has 2 nitrogen atoms while purine has 4. (notesbard.com)
Glutamate1
Phosphorylation1