Pubertal exposure in adolescence researchers brain adolescent development. Medical search. Frequent questions

Puberty leads to sexual dimorphism through the development of the secondary sex characteristics, which further distinguish the sexes. (wikipedia.org)
Derived from the Latin puberatum (age of maturity), the word puberty describes the physical changes to sexual maturation, not the psychosocial and cultural maturation denoted by the term adolescent development in Western culture, wherein adolescence is the period of mental transition from childhood to adulthood, which overlaps much of the body's period of puberty. (wikipedia.org)
However the rate of conversion from testosterone to estradiol (driven by FSH/LH balance) during early puberty is highly individual, resulting in very diverse development patterns of secondary sexual characteristics. (wikipedia.org)
Adolescence (from Latin adolescere 'to mature') is a transitional stage of physical and psychological development that generally occurs during the period from puberty to adulthood (typically corresponding to the age of majority ). (wikipedia.org)
Hormones play an organizational role, priming the body to behave in a certain way once puberty begins, [14] and an active role, referring to changes in hormones during adolescence that trigger behavioral and physical changes. (wikipedia.org)
Most people have witnessed the rapid transformations that can occur "overnight" when a child hits puberty and enters adolescence. (aspetar.com)
Puberty is initiated by a biological clock deep in the brain and involves a cascade of chemical messengers that travel to the gonads to cause them to release hormones that evoke secondary sex characteristics and to prepare for procreation using organs laid down before birth. (quadrant.org.au)
Footnote 1 In short, proponents of markers assume simultaneous organizational hormone effects on (a) brain (and thus adult behavior) development and (b) the steroid-driven growth of hormone-sensitive body dimensions during a developmental stage like the prenatal period or puberty. (springer.com)
Questions include whether adolescence and puberty is a specific period of mental health vulnerability to mobile phone exposure or whether findings from the study can be translated to other counties. (imperial.ac.uk)

For each aim, we will explore the modulatory role of sex differences and pubertal maturation on stress-regulation and working memory during adolescence, and their influence in determining functional outcomes. (unc.edu)
Adolescence is an exciting period of maturation that combines biological, behavioral and social changes, and brings with it an increased vulnerability in children. (ayamalehealth.org)

Facial hair is often present in late adolescence, around ages 17 and 18, but may not appear until significantly later. (wikipedia.org)
Adolescence is (physically) the healthiest period of the lifespan yet the overall morbidity and mortality rates increase dramatically from childhood to late adolescence. (ayamalehealth.org)

Researchers administered methylphenidate at two doses to rats for 90 days during the developmental period that matches adolescence and young adulthood in humans, and studied the effects on the brain seven days after withdrawal. (madinamerica.com)
One possible origin of the hormonal mechanisms accompanying dominance contests may be found in outcomes of developmental hormone exposure preparing the endocrine system for challenge situations (Manning et al. (springer.com)
Children and adolescents are in a developmental stage unlike adults, and the hormonal system of adolescents is also different. (encyclopedia.pub)
Dr. Guido K. W. Frank, Director of the Developmental Brain Research Program at the University of Colorado, has proposed a biopsychosocial risk model to explain why patients develop and maintain eating disorders ( Front Behav Neurosci . (blogspot.com)

Some of the most significant parts of pubertal development involve distinctive physiological changes in individuals' height, weight, body composition, and circulatory and respiratory systems. (wikipedia.org)
It is thought that cannabis may alter the physiological neurodevelopment (frontal cortex and limbic system) of adolescent brains. (sciencedaily.com)
Examining the neural and physiological systems associated with working memory and stress regulation in adolescence, and their contribution to CD severity, offers a critical step in elucidating the pathophysiological mechanisms that contribute to the onset of psychosis. (unc.edu)
IMPACT: Understanding the neural and physiological systems associated with working memory capacity and stress regulation in adolescence, and their contribution to CD severity, is a crucial step for elucidating the core pathophysiological mechanisms that promote the emergence and exacerbation of psychosis. (unc.edu)
Fetal development is accompanied by many physiological, biochemical, and hormonal changes occurring in the mother's body which influence the need for various nutrients and the efficiency with which the body uses them. (mykashmir.in)

These two behavioral constructs show dramatic maturational changes during adolescence, which are necessary for the transition to higher-level cognition, affect regulation and psychosocial adaptation. (unc.edu)
The Study of Cognition, Adolescents and Mobile Phones (SCAMP) is the largest study in the world looking specifically at the impact of mobile phones and social media on young people's physical and mental health, and brain function. (imperial.ac.uk)
and research into the impacts of wireless and digital technologies on reproductive health, and physical and mental health and cognition in both adolescent and adult populations. (imperial.ac.uk)

Stress Regulation, Working Memory, and Cognitive Disorganization In Adolescence, NIH National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Principal Investigator, 7/20/2015 - 5/31/2020. (unc.edu)

Moreover, studies of adolescent self-administration (SA) of cannabinoids are completely lacking. (nature.com)
Preclinical studies in laboratory animals reported an association between pubertal exposure to cannabinoids and adult-onset depressive symptoms. (sciencedaily.com)

BACKGROUND: The stress-sensitive maternal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis through the end-product cortisol, represents a primary pathway through which maternal experience shapes fetal development with long-term consequences for child neurodevelopment. (bvsalud.org)
The current study examined, for the first time, the joint impact of fetal exposure to prenatal maternal DHEA and cortisol on infant emotional reactivity. (bvsalud.org)
Finally, the association between fetal cortisol exposure and infant emotional reactivity was only observed when DHEA was low. (bvsalud.org)
Nuestro objetivo era el investigar la posible asociación entre niveles de cortisol salivar en hijos y depresión materna en tres momentos distintos: 2 días después del parto (N=58), cuatro meses después (N=64) y 36 meses después (N=81). (bvsalud.org)
Un test de ANOVA mostró diferencias marginales de efecto moderado en los niveles de cortisol en hijos de madres con DPP comparados con grupo de control. (bvsalud.org)
Suponiendo que los hijos de madres con DPP tienen niveles de cortisol ligeramente elevados al nacer, no se observaron estas diferencias en otros momentos. (bvsalud.org)
A significant relationship between mother PPD with higher cortisol levels in infants, children and adolescents has also been shown, (Brennan et al. (bvsalud.org)

In this study, researchers exposed adult male rats to amphetamine for two weeks and monitored them for four weeks of withdrawal. (madinamerica.com)
To study the effects of childhood environments on adult health and well-being, researchers examined epigenetic profiles of children using algorithms developed in adults. (mpg.de)
The researchers investigated the lasting effects of childhood environments and development on adult health and well-being. (mpg.de)
The "long arm of childhood" is a phenomenon that describes the lasting effects of childhood environments and development on adult health and well-being. (mpg.de)
It is the stage of life characterized by the appearance and development of secondary sex characteristics (for example, a deeper voice and larger Adam's apple in boys, and development of breasts and more curved and prominent hips in girls) and a strong shift in hormonal balance towards an adult state. (wikipedia.org)
Dr. Duarte and colleagues studied 119 adolescent and adult female eating disorders outpatients who were seeking treatment at public hospitals and who had ED diagnoses based on results from the Eating Disorders Examination (EDE). (blogspot.com)

Our results hint at UFR's relationship to baseline testosterone and may indicate functional connections between outcomes of pubertal organizational hormone effects and contest-induced steroid reactivity. (springer.com)

Changes in their brains help explain this behavior. (snexplores.org)
Organizational hormone effects on the human brain and behavior are often retrospectively assessed via morphological markers of prenatal (e.g., 2D:4D digit ratio) or pubertal (e.g., facial width-to-height ratio, fWHR) hormone exposure. (springer.com)
Hormones not only have transient activational effects, but also organizational hormone effects , lasting influences of steroid hormones on brain and behavior during mammalian development (for review, Arnold, 2009 ). (springer.com)
The aim of this paper was to investigate whether psychosocial functioning in adulthood (e.g., friends support, cohabitation, community connectedness and work satisfaction) could be predicted by mental health, subjective well-being, social relations and behavior problems in adolescence, and whether gender was a moderator in these associations. (researchgate.net)
When the researchers attempted to understand how overvaluation of body shape and weight and eating were associated with an increased sense of shame, they found that basing one's sense of self-worth on eating behavior and physical appearance did not lead to a more valued sense of self, but paradoxically increased self-monitoring and self-correction, and lowered self-esteem. (blogspot.com)

Dr. Gabriella Gobbi, Professor, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University and a scientist at the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, states: "While the link between cannabis and mood regulation has been largely studied in preclinical studies, there was still a gap in clinical studies regarding the systematic evaluation of the link between adolescent cannabis consumption and the risk of depression and suicidal behaviour in young adulthood. (sciencedaily.com)
This theme brings together researchers from many disciplines including environmental and behavioural epidemiology, exposure science, genetics, psychiatry, psychology, cognitive neuroscience and mental health. (imperial.ac.uk)
The researchers also tested whether self-criticism and social comparisons provided the link between overvaluation and shame as part of a study that traced the similarities and differences among patients with AN, BN, and BED ( Comprehensive Psychiatry . (blogspot.com)
In Sweden, all services for child and adolescent psychiatry services are tax-supported and thus free for patients. (blogspot.com)

A steady rate of growth during childhood is typically followed by a period of rapid growth, known as the adolescent growth spurt, starting on average at the age of 8 to 10 years in girls and 10 to 12 years in boys (Figure 2) 7,9 . (aspetar.com)
Childhood gender dysphoria may be defined as distress due to conflict between the physical manifestations of gender in the body and their perception in the mind of a child or adolescent. (quadrant.org.au)
Childhood is the time of development of identity, and exploration is inherent. (quadrant.org.au)
Exposure to only mild stress in early childhood can enhance HPA functioning and help young people develop lifelong resilience to stress, but repeated stress can cause the HPA axis to become hyper-reactive. (muthamagazine.com)
Depressive disorder in childhood and adolescence is a highly prevalent mood disorder that tends to recur throughout life. (encyclopedia.pub)
Adolescence is a time of transition from childhood to adulthood. (ayamalehealth.org)

Surprisingly, there is virtually nothing known about human fetal exposure to prenatal maternal DHEA and offspring neurodevelopment. (bvsalud.org)

Some adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa (AN) or restrictive eating disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOSr) can be successfully treated as outpatients in a family-based setting, without the need for hospitalization, according to the outcome of a Swedish study ( Upsala J Med Sci . (blogspot.com)
Brain-based gene expression of putative risk genes for anorexia nervosa. (sc-ctsi.org)

Researchers from McGill University and the University of Oxford carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis of the best existing evidence and analysed 23,317 individuals (from 11 international studies) to see whether use of cannabis in young people is associated with depression, anxiety and suicidality in early adulthood. (sciencedaily.com)
They found that cannabis use among adolescents is associated with a significant increased risk of depression and suicidality in adulthood (not anxiety). (sciencedaily.com)
The population attributable risk was found to be around 7%, which translates to more than 400,000 adolescent cases of depression potentially attributable to cannabis exposure in the US, 25,000 in Canada and about 60,000 in the UK. (sciencedaily.com)
Despite the growing interest in pediatric depression, the prevalence of major depressive episodes among adolescents has only gradually increased, and in 2014, 11.3% of American adolescents reported experiencing major depressive episodes [ 4 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Because untreated depressive disorder in children and adolescents persists into adulthood and negatively affects quality of life, it is very important to screen at-risk groups for depression and treat adolescents with depressive disorder in the early phase. (encyclopedia.pub)
Similarly, studies have been conducted on biomarkers related to the diagnosis of depression in children and adolescents, but the study results are not necessarily consistent with those of adults. (encyclopedia.pub)
Longitudinal Trajectory of the Link Between Ventral Striatum and Depression in Adolescence. (neurotree.org)

possible long-lasting behavioral effects from such brain changes, and withdrawal symptoms. (madinamerica.com)
However, in general, the animal studies on stimulant drug withdrawal strongly suggest that the drug exposure leads to a number of both short-term and long-lasting behavioral effects and brain changes. (madinamerica.com)
In our lab, we use brain imaging and behavioral experiments to examine neural and cognitive systems that support creative thinking. (psu.edu)

Background To test for cross-sectional (at age 11) and longitudinal associations between objectively measured free-living physical activity (PA) and academic attainment in adolescents.Method Data from 4755 participants (45% male) with valid measurement of PA (total volume and intensity) by accelerometry at age 11 from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) was examined. (bmj.com)

Adolescent male rats readily self-administered WIN in 2-h or 6-h sessions/day, but did not demonstrate an escalation of intake with 6-h access. (nature.com)

[4] [5] Physical growth (particularly in males) and cognitive development can extend past the teens. (wikipedia.org)
Few school-age children or adolescents meet recommendations for 1 h of moderate-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) daily. (bmj.com)
Currently, several studies recognize that physical activity (PA) benefits brain health in children. (biomedcentral.com)
The aim of the first part is to establish the associations of PA, sedentarism, and physical fitness with brain structure and function, cognitive performance and academic achievement in Chilean schoolchildren (10-14 years-old). (biomedcentral.com)
The main strength of this project is that, to our knowledge, this is the first study analysing the potential association of PA, sedentarism, and physical fitness on brain structure and function, cognitive performance, and academic achievement in a developing country, which presents an important sociocultural gap. (biomedcentral.com)
SCAMP is uniquely placed to answer scientific questions about the effects of the digital environment, unravelling the complex relationship with many other factors affecting mental health in adolescence (e.g. physical activity, sleep, pubertal hormones and genetic factors). (imperial.ac.uk)
A Comprehensive Overview of the Physical Health of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study Cohort at Baseline. (abcdstudy.org)

Globally, there is evidence that the average age of pubertal onset among girls has decreased considerably compared to the 20th century with implications for their welfare and their future. (cloudfront.net)
Cognitive disorganization (CD) is a key symptom dimension of psychosis that emerges most commonly in adolescence, predicts the onset and severity of psychotic disorders, and transcends DSM diagnostic categories. (unc.edu)

These findings may have implications both for prevention and intervention in adolescence, as well as for future research. (researchgate.net)
Biomarkers that can screen an individual for the risk of developing a depressive disorder are lacking, which delays the treatment intervention of adolescents with early depressive disorder. (encyclopedia.pub)
Explore the growing evidence for sleep's role in learning, memory, and brain development and the critical implications for intervention and policy for youth. (ayamalehealth.org)
Chris G. Richardson, PhD and Associate Professor at the School of Population and Public Health at UBC, discusses how the web can be used to screen for risk in domains such as mental health and substance use in adolescence, as well as be used as a tool for surveillance and potentially early intervention. (ayamalehealth.org)
Chris Richardson's talk is entitled, 'Screening for Risk in Adolescence - Exploring the Potential for Integrating Early Intervention into Surveillance. (ayamalehealth.org)

They promote the growth of skeletal muscle (anabolic effects) and the development of male sexual characteristics (androgenic effects) in both males and females. (nih.gov)
In contrast, males accelerate more slowly but continue to grow for about six years after the first visible pubertal changes. (wikipedia.org)

In the present study, researchers used that same algorithm to compute epigenetic-BMI in children, including over 3200 8-18-year-olds from two US studies. (mpg.de)
They also found that children from more disadvantaged social backgrounds had higher epigenetic-BMI, even when controlling for their actual BMI, pubertal development, and tobacco exposure. (mpg.de)
8 The 2011 Cochrane review on obesity prevention in children 9 concluded that PA promotion will prevent obesity in children and adolescents and so the crucial public health issue is how to promote PA successfully. (bmj.com)
One common goal of black parents is to pace the budding sexuality of their young children as they grow into adolescence. (muthamagazine.com)
children and adolescents. (scirp.org)
functions among children and adolescents. (scirp.org)
Insufficient sleep, poor sleep quality and sleepiness are common problems in children and adolescents being related to learning, memory and school performance. (researchgate.net)
Depressive disorder, one of the most common psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents, negatively affects an individual's psychosocial development [ 1 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

Frequency of meeting friends and subjective well-being seemed to be the strongest adolescent predictors of psychosocial functioning in young adulthood. (researchgate.net)

This funding opportunity announcement (FOA) solicits research grant applications from applicant organizations that propose to identify neurodevelopmental and neuroendocrine mechanisms that impact emotional and cognitive development and emerging psychopathology during adolescence, uti lizing animal models and human studies. (nih.gov)
We've also learned that good nutrition is key to children's cognitive development. (muthamagazine.com)
Correspondence Between Perceived Pubertal Development and Hormone Levels in 9-10 Year-Olds From the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. (abcdstudy.org)

Although genetic liability and abnormal brain development are known contributing factors, the etiology and pathophysiology of schizophrenia and related syndromes is largely unknown. (unc.edu)

This is an important step to advance exposure assessment in this research field and will help the team to follow-up on a school-based cohort study after young people leave school. (imperial.ac.uk)

Concerning the relationship between sleep duration and school performance age effects were even larger in studies that included more boys than in studies that included more girls, demonstrating the importance of differential pubertal development of boys and girls. (researchgate.net)

It is initiated by hormonal signals from the brain to the gonads: the ovaries in a female, the testes in a male. (wikipedia.org)

However, meta-analytic research indicates that fWHR, a frequently used pubertal marker, is neither reliably sex-dimorphic nor related to steroid hormones. (springer.com)
Cumulative evidence has revealed that certain immunologic biomarkers including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and cytokines, gastrointestinal biomarkers, hormones, oxidative stress, and certain hypothalamus-pituitary axis biomarkers are associated with depressive disorder. (encyclopedia.pub)

Many of these studies focus on the effect of medications during adolescence on later drug abuse, with contradictory findings. (madinamerica.com)
Conclusions Findings suggest a long-term positive impact of MVPA on academic attainment in adolescence. (bmj.com)
Cortical and subcortical brain structure in generalized anxiety disorder: findings from 28 research sites in the ENIGMA-Anxiety Working Group. (neurotree.org)

As a child's brain begins to morph towards adulthood, these two regions change - but not at the same rate. (snexplores.org)
Families can use this window of opportunity to support their child's brain development, adjust the parent/child relationship and deepen family bonds. (ayamalehealth.org)

Terming it "The perfect storm," Dr. Frank proposes that the extremes of eating found in eating disorders "alter normal brain function, in particular dopamine (DA)-related pathways, and create a biological cycle that interferes with recovery. (blogspot.com)

Use of marijuana ( Cannabis sativa ) often begins in adolescence, and heavy adolescent marijuana use is often associated with impaired cognitive function in adulthood. (nature.com)
Cannabis use, particularly in adolescence, is frequently associated with negative long-term functional outcomes. (nature.com)
In Canada, among youth aged 15 to 19 years, the rate of past-year cannabis use is 20.6 percent, while in England, 4 percent of adolescents aged 11 to 15 years used cannabis in the last month. (sciencedaily.com)
Although the size of the negative effects of cannabis can vary between individual adolescents and it is not possible to predict the exact risk for each teenager, the widespread use of cannabis among the young generations makes it an important public health issue. (sciencedaily.com)
While the review of observational studies was the first to look at the effects of cannabis use in adolescents only, it was not possible to predict the risk at the individual level, nor was it possible to discern information about the dose-dependent risk of cannabis use. (sciencedaily.com)

Therefore, it is critical to increase our understanding of both cannabinoid addiction and the consequences of cannabinoid use on cognitive and emotional function in adolescence. (nature.com)

The authors concluded that long-term therapeutic doses of methylphenidate can have long-term degenerating effects in the brain. (madinamerica.com)
Self-administered WIN did not produce either acute or chronic effects on short-term memory, but experimenter administration of WIN in adolescence, at doses previously reported in the literature, produced acute deficits in short-term memory that recovered with abstinence. (nature.com)

The brain controls our feelings, fears and emotions, our ability to learn and store new information, and how well we recall old information. (epdf.tips)

Abstract: Adolescence is a peak time for the emergence of the core symptoms of psychopathology. (unc.edu)

Injuries represent a threat to a young athlete's performance development, health status and enjoyment of the sport 3,4 . (aspetar.com)
Her team scans the brains of young recruits as they play the game. (snexplores.org)
MS, on the other hand, typically manifests as a relapsing-remitting illness in ensuing adolescence or young adulthood, a significant and unexplained latency of effect with apparent permanency of immune dysregulation. (medscape.com)

The researchers found that children's epigenetic-BMI was strongly associated with their actual BMI. (mpg.de)
And now pediatricians and other biomedical researchers have added spanking to the list of practices that need serious consideration because of the potential harms to children's developing brains. (muthamagazine.com)

Despite the strong epidemiologic evidence for the role of stress in the etiology of psychosis, and the centrality of working memory impairments in psychosis, little is known about their contribution to CD in adolescence. (unc.edu)
In Aim 1, we will evaluate the contributions of working memory impairments and atypical arousal/stress regulation in 180 adolescents (ages 9-16) to the severity of CD symptom. (unc.edu)

Its role as a primary end-product of the HPA axis, coupled with the newly documented associations with prenatal development shown here, strongly calls for the inclusion of DHEA in future investigations of fetal programming. (bvsalud.org)
While organizational hormone effects were first found for prenatal development (e.g. (springer.com)

Pubertal organizational hormone effects may prepare the endocrine system for dominance and status contests. (springer.com)
Therefore, the current study sought to develop a rodent model of adolescent cannabinoid self-administration (SA), using the synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55,212-2 (WIN), in order to assess measures of relapse/reinstatement of drug seeking and long-term effects on cognitive function assessed in a delay-match-to-sample working memory task and a spatial recognition task. (nature.com)

Daily ovarian hormone exposure and loss of control eating in adolescent girls: A registered report. (sc-ctsi.org)

Pubertal timing in adolescents with ADHD: extension and replication in an all-female sample. (ucsf.edu)

Researchers and popular media use the mid-to-late 1990s as starting birth years and the early 2010s as ending birth years. (cloudfront.net)
In their 'Perfect Storm Model', it is explained how the combination of circadian phase delay in adolescents combined with a rise in bedtime autonomy, screen time, and social interactions on the one hand and early school start times, on the other hand, shorten sleep time. (researchgate.net)
Food insecurity and binge-eating disorder in early adolescence. (sc-ctsi.org)
Association Between Stimulant Treatment and Substance Use Through Adolescence Into Early Adulthood. (ucsf.edu)

Each specialized area must communicate well with other areas for the brain to accomplish even more complex tasks, like controlling body physiology-our patterns of sleep, for example, or even our eating habits, both of which can become disrupted if brain development or function is disturbed in some way. (epdf.tips)

Thus, clinical high-risk populations are now available for tracking prospectively the development and emergence of psychosis. (unc.edu)

This can be due to any number of factors, including improved nutrition resulting in rapid body growth, increased weight and fat deposition, or exposure to endocrine disruptors such as xenoestrogens, which can at times be due to food consumption or other environmental factors. (wikipedia.org)

Sex differences in functional connectivity from reward-based regions in pre-adolescent binge eating disorder. (sc-ctsi.org)

We also combine brain imaging with neuromodulation (e.g., tES-fNIRS) to test causal questions regarding neurocognitive mechanisms of creativity, with the longer-term goal of understanding whether and how creativity can be enhanced. (psu.edu)
In a sense, then, understanding how the brain is built can lead us to a clearer picture of the ways in which our brain works, how we can improve its functioning, and what we can do to repair it when diseases strike. (epdf.tips)
Dr. Ron E. Dahl, UC Berkeley Professor of Community Health and Human Development, describes how exciting advances in knowledge about adolescent brain development is providing unique insights to understanding the vulnerabilities that arise during adolescence. (ayamalehealth.org)

Both 2-h and 6-h adolescent WIN SA groups exhibited significantly better working memory performance in adulthood relative to sucrose SA controls, and performance was associated with altered expression of proteins regulating GABAergic and glutamatergic signaling in the prefrontal cortex. (nature.com)
The study involves working with over 7,000 secondary school pupils across 39 schools in London SCAMP has one of the largest adolescent cognitive datasets in the world, in terms of number of participants and breadth of cognitive tasks (e.g. cognitive flexibility, inhibition, working memory) and comprehensive measurement of mobile phones/wireless device use, including up-to-date current digital technologies and behaviours. (imperial.ac.uk)

Richardson R , 2015 , 'The development of fear and its inhibition: Knowledge gained from preclinical models. (edu.au)

Regular use during adolescence is associated with lower achievement at school, addiction, psychosis and neuropsychological decline, increased risk of motor vehicle crashes, as well as the respiratory problems that are associated with smoking. (sciencedaily.com)

A possible mechanism for the development of type 1 diabetes is shown in the image below. (medscape.com)
Possible mechanism for development of type 1 diabetes. (medscape.com)

Diseases8

Chemicals and Drugs2

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment2

Psychiatry and Psychology10

Phenomena and Processes6

Information Science1

Health Care3

Puberty9

Maturation2

Late adolescence2

Developmental4

Physiological5

Cognition3

20201

Cannabinoids2

Cortisol7

Adult6

Reactivity1

Behavior5

Psychiatry4

Childhood6

Neurodevelopment1

Anorexia nervosa2

Depression7

Behavioral3

Cross-sectional1

Rats1

Physical7

Onset2

Intervention5

Males2

Children8

Predictors1

Cognitive development3

Pathophysiology1

Cohort1

Differential1

Hormonal1

Hormones2

Findings3

Child's brain2

Biological1

Cannabis5

Emotional1

Doses2

Emotions1

Abstract1

Young3

Children's2

Stress2

Prenatal development2

Effects2

Hormone exposure1

ADHD1

Early4

Habits1

Populations1

Endocrine1

Differences1

Understanding3

Working memory2

Preclinical1

Psychosis1

Mechanism2