Acetylcholine (ACh) is the primary neurotransmitter at autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic neuroeffector junctions, some sympathetic neuroeffector junctions, somatic neuromuscular junctions, the adrenal medulla ( Figure 8.1 provides examples of each of these innervations), and certain regions of the central nervous system (CNS). (veteriankey.com)
Nicorette Classic, the primary alkaloid in tobacco products binds stereo-selectively to nicotinic-cholinergic receptors on autonomic ganglia, the adrenal medulla, neuromuscular junctions and in the brain. (sdrugs.com)
Blocking Agents4
Regardless, all in all some 30,000 patients had been given tubocurarine by 1941, although it was Griffith and Johnson's 1942 publication that provided the impetus to the standard use of neuromuscular blocking agents in clinical anesthetic practice - a revolution that rapidly metamorphosized into the standard practice of "balanced" anesthesia: the triad of barbiturate hypnosis, light inhalational anesthesia and muscle relaxation. (wikipedia.org)
Present clinical anesthetic practice still employs the central principle of balanced anesthesia though with some differences to accommodate subsequent technological advances and introductions of new and better gaseous anesthetic, hypnotic and neuromuscular blocking agents, and tracheal intubation, as well as monitoring techniques that were nonexistent in the day of Gray and Halton: pulse oximetry, capnography, peripheral nerve stimulation, noninvasive blood pressure monitoring, etc. (wikipedia.org)
Drugs used to treat muscle spasm, rigidity, and tetanic seizures include sedative-hypnotic agents, general anesthetics, centrally acting muscle relaxants, and neuromuscular blocking agents. (medscape.com)
Agents that function as neuromuscular depolarizing blocking agents are included here because they activate nicotinic receptors, although they are used clinically to block nicotinic transmission. (lookformedical.com)
Receptors3
It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. (lookformedical.com)
Agents that mimic neural transmission by stimulation of the nicotinic receptors on postganglionic autonomic neurons. (lookformedical.com)
Nicotinic muscle (NM) receptors are involved in mediating signal transmission at the neuromuscular junction and are an essential component of the somatic nervous system. (veteriankey.com)
Tetanus3
Analgesics, anxiolytics, antimicrobials (skin and enteric flora), immune boosters (tetanus booster), and neuromuscular blockers comprise the major classes of pharmacotherapeutic agents used for these patients. (medscape.com)
These agents are used to eradicate clostridial organisms in the wound, which may produce tetanus toxin. (medscape.com)
Sedative-hypnotic agents are the mainstays of tetanus treatment. (medscape.com)
Mice2
Expression of the variant in the severely affected mutant mice increased lifespan >10-fold, improved motor performance, and mitigated neuromuscular pathology. (bvsalud.org)
Concomitantly, synaptic vesicular SNARE complex formation, which relies on chaperone activity for sustained neuromuscular synaptic transmission, was found perturbed in SMA mice and patient-derived motor neurons and was restored in modified mutants. (bvsalud.org)
Function2
Because nonliving agents do not have genomes, disease characteristics involving nonliving xenobiotics are primarily secondary to host phenotype and function. (nih.gov)
Restoring SMN prevents disease, but it is not known how neuromuscular function is preserved. (bvsalud.org)
Chemical2
We analyzed genetic variation in severity of neuronal damage using the known dopaminergic neurotoxicant, MPTP, as a prototypical chemical denervation agent. (cdc.gov)
The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. (lookformedical.com)
Standard1
This barbiturate used to be the standard choice of induction agent for the obstetric anaesthetist, but its use has declined in recent years. (ogmagazine.org.au)
Brain2
The concentration of the gases breathed out by the patient is used to gauge the depth of anaesthesia as it is assumed to be in equilibrium with the concentration of the agent in the brain. (ogmagazine.org.au)
a) Bradyarrhythmias: Because CO is equal to heart rate (HR) multiplied by stroke volume (SV), a slow HR will decrease CO. Due to the reduction of CO secondary to the use of general anesthesia (inhalants, as well as other injectable agents), there is a risk of severely compromising perfusion to vital tissues including the brain, kidney, and liver. (veteriankey.com)
Disease1
Yet, what is emerging is sometimes as puzzling as it is instructive, arguing for a careful re-examination of recent study outcomes, raising questions about established dogma in the field and making the case for a greater focus on milder spinal muscular atrophy models as tools to identify key mechanisms driving selective neuromuscular dysfunction in the disease. (bvsalud.org)
Evidence2
Evidence for the role of environmental agents in the initiation or progression of autoimmune conditions. (nih.gov)
In this article we discuss these issues and, in particular, the evidence for the role of environmental agents in the initiation or progression of autoimmune conditions. (nih.gov)
Common2
This agent is a common choice for procedural sedation analgesia. (medscape.com)
Downsides include myocardial depression and vasodilatation (common to most anaesthetic agents), pain on injection and prolonged infusions can precipitate a progressive, sometimes fatal, metabolic acidosis. (ogmagazine.org.au)
Choice1
This agent is an excellent choice when the patient must be sedated for longer than 24 h. (medscape.com)
Drugs2
Most drugs are not licensed for use in pregnancy and anaesthetic agents are no exception. (ogmagazine.org.au)
Obstetric anaesthetists have historically tended to eschew newer agents and use drugs that have been around for a long time and therefore have a well established safety profile for use in pregnancy. (ogmagazine.org.au)
Include1
Other agents used for spasm control include baclofen, dantrolene, short-acting barbiturates, and chlorpromazine. (medscape.com)
Patient1
Although tetracyclines are an alternative in patients who have a history of serious allergic reactions to penicillin or metronidazole (eg, urticaria, anaphylaxis), strong consideration should be given to desensitizing the patient to penicillin before resorting to alternative agents. (medscape.com)