Proteins axonal growth pathways growth cones. Medical search. Frequent questions

CRMP expression is highest when neurons and synaptic connections mature actively during the first postnatal week, suggesting CRMPs' role in neuronal migration, differentiation and axonal growth. (wikipedia.org)
The majority of individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) exhibit neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions rich in the RNA binding protein TDP43. (bvsalud.org)
The formation of the nervous system during embryonic development is controlled by a complex network of signaling pathways which ensure proper migration and targeting of neuronal projections. (ox.ac.uk)
Guidance cues activate signaling transduction pathways that, in turn, regulate the dynamics and organization of the neuronal cytoskeleton. (biologists.com)
Neural Cadherin Plays Distinct Roles for Neuronal Survival and Axon Growth under Different Regenerative Conditions. (neurotree.org)
Research in the laboratory addresses the signaling mechanisms that underlie neuronal morphogenesis and patterning of axonal projections. (hsr.it)
Bonanomi D, Fornasiero EF, Valdez G, Halegoua S, Benfenati F, Menegon A, Valtorta F. Identification of a developmentally regulated pathway of membrane retrieval in neuronal growth cones . (hsr.it)
During neuronal development, axons navigate to their targets by sensing attractive and repulsive signals through receptors located on their growth cones [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Here, we report that Gβγ, an important component of the GPCR pathway, is critical for NGF-induced neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells. (biomedcentral.com)
While many signals are known to drive neuronal outgrowth, it is the assembly and disassembly of cytoskeletal structures embodied within neurite extension and growth cone formation that are essential for establishing appropriate synaptic connections and signal transmission. (biomedcentral.com)
Over the years, pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells have been used as a model to study neuronal differentiation because they respond to nerve growth factor (NGF) and exhibit a typical phenotype of neuronal cells sending out neurites [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Here we show that pharmacological stimulation of 5-HT7R using a highly selective agonist, LP-211, enhances neurite outgrowth in neuronal primary cultures from the cortex, hippocampus and striatal complex of embryonic mouse brain, through multiple signal transduction pathways. (cirn-na.com)
Neuronal loss of the serine-threonine protein kinase Tao , a regulator of the Hippo signaling pathway, results in supernumerary boutons, each of which contain a normal number of active zones. (sdbonline.org)
The presence of these inclusions does not correlate with signs of axonal and neuronal degeneration, and axotomy leads to their gradual disappearance, indicating that they represent reversible structures. (biomedcentral.com)

Here we show through systematic epigenetic studies that the histone acetyltransferase p300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF) promotes acetylation of histone 3 Lys 9 at the promoters of established key regeneration-associated genes following a peripheral but not a central axonal injury. (nature.com)
Finally, PCAF is necessary for conditioning-dependent axonal regeneration and also singularly promotes regeneration after spinal cord injury. (nature.com)
Thus, we find a specific epigenetic mechanism that regulates axonal regeneration of CNS axons, suggesting novel targets for clinical application. (nature.com)
Identification of a specific regulatory mechanism shared by several essential genes may lead to novel molecular strategies recapitulating the conditioning effect, thus non-surgically enhancing axonal regeneration in the CNS. (nature.com)
Finally, we established that PCAF is required for regeneration following a conditioning lesion and PCAF overexpression promotes axonal regeneration similar to that of a conditioning lesion after CNS injury in spinal ascending sensory fibres. (nature.com)
Our results show the first evidence of immediate retrograde signalling leading to long-term epigenetic reprogramming of gene expression of select genes whose modulation leads to axonal regeneration in the hostile spinal environment. (nature.com)
In this paper, we examine Neu3 sialidase action on axonal gangliosides and resultant axon regeneration, and we assess whether these mechanisms help to explain the different regeneration capacities of CNS and PNS axons. (jneurosci.org)
One possible cognate receptor for BAFF includes the Nogo receptor (NgR) and its homologs, previously established as potent inhibitors of axonal regeneration during central nervous system (CNS) injury and disease. (medsci.org)
Wnt signaling promotes axonal regeneration following optic nerve injury in the mouse. (neurotree.org)
Donor embryonic cells have a greater potential for axonal outgrowth and regeneration than mature host neurons (Chen et al. (org.es)
Roselló-Busquets C, Hernaiz-Llorens M, Soriano E , Martínez-Mármol R. Nystatin Regulates Axonal Extension and Regeneration by Modifying the Levels of Nitric Oxide. (neurotree.org)

Using embryonic chicken sensory neurons, we report that glycolytic enzymes are found through the axon and the growth cone. (jneurosci.org)
Besides sharing both up- and downstream pathways, Cdk5 and GSK3β are linked more directly in neurons. (frontiersin.org)
using cultured neurons: Their investigations to determine a regulatory pathway for kinesin-driven motility in axons revealed that Cdk5 is neccessary for kinesin-driven motility within the axon but cannot directly phosphorylate kinesin. (frontiersin.org)
A dominant-negative form of ErbB-2 blocks Sema4D-induced RhoA activation as well as axonal growth cone collapse in primary hippocampal neurons. (rupress.org)
Neurons require specialized mechanisms of motor-facilitated signal transport for communication along long axonal distances to the cell body and the nucleus. (nature.com)
Our ability to sense, move, think and remember relies on precise patterns of connections set during embryonic development by billions of neurons in the brain and spinal cord that elaborate highly branched processes and send long axonal projections to contact their synaptic targets. (hsr.it)
We combine in vivo (transgenic mice, chick embryos) and in vitro (primary neurons, stem cells) models integrated with proteomic and gene expression analysis to extract mechanistic insights on how individual signaling pathways function and collaborate to direct the axonal trajectories of motor neurons that connect to distant muscle targets. (hsr.it)
Bonanomi D, Menegon A, Miccio A, Ferrari G, Corradi A, Kao HT, Benfenati F, Valtorta F. Phosphorylation of synapsin I by cAMP-dependent protein kinase controls synaptic vesicle dynamics in developing neurons . (hsr.it)
2016). To form connections, immature neurons respond to molecular cues that determine the position of their cell body and axonal and dendritic processes. (likemap.me)
NGF is a neurotrophic factor critical for the survival and maintenance of sympathetic and sensory neurons, and it binds to the high-affinity tyrosine kinase receptor, TrkA, leading to its phosphorylation and the subsequent activation of PI3K/Akt/GSK3β pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
Inclusions in motor neurons of VAPB-P56S transgenic mice are characterized by the presence of smooth ER-like tubular profiles, and are immunoreactive for factors that operate in the ER associated degradation (ERAD) pathway, including p97/VCP, Derlin-1, and the ER membrane chaperone BAP31. (biomedcentral.com)
The presence of this quality control compartment reveals an additional level of flexibility of neurons to cope with misfolded protein stress in the ER. (biomedcentral.com)

While recent work has emphasized the importance of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, the role of the glycolytic pathway in axon morphogenesis and maintenance remains minimally understood. (jneurosci.org)
Phosphorylation of CRMP2 regulates its activity and this type of regulation has been implicated in axon growth cone collapse induced by several repulsive cues. (ecmbio.com)
Thus, CRMP2 phosphorylation status may be a critical element of pathways that control axon pathfinding. (ecmbio.com)
Altered phosphorylation of CREB phosphopeptide, a substrate of GSK3β, suggested that GSK3β may be the mediator of Cdk5 activity in kinesin-mediated axonal transport. (frontiersin.org)
Our data indicate that ErbB-2 is an important component of the plexin-B receptor system and that ErbB-2-mediated phosphorylation of plexin-B1 is critically involved in Sema4D-induced RhoA activation, which underlies cellular phenomena downstream of plexin-B1, including axonal growth cone collapse. (rupress.org)
Sema 3A mediated retraction appears to be related to its binding to Npn 1 and Plxn A2 receptors, thus activating the downstream Fyn tyrosine kinase pathway that promotes the threonine-serine kinase cyclin-dependent kinase 5, CDK5, phosphorylation at the Tyr15 residue and the CDK5 processing to generate the active fragment p35. (biomedcentral.com)
Then, our findings further indicate that Hcy significantly downregulates the phosphorylation level of calmodulin-dependent protein kinases 2 (CAMK2A) after ICH, which is associated with neurite outgrowth. (bmj.com)

Rescue of GAPDH using KillerRed fused to GAPDH followed by localized chromophore-assisted light inactivation of KillerRed-GAPDH in distal axons halts growth cone dynamics. (jneurosci.org)
These data indicate that the glycolytic pathway is operative in distal axons and contributes to the rate of axon extension and growth cone dynamics in the presence of NGF and that, in the absence of NGF, the axonal glycolytic pathway is required for axon maintenance. (jneurosci.org)
Axon guidance is mediated by the effects of attractant and repellent guidance cues on the cytoskeleton of growth cones and axons. (biologists.com)
I report that semaphorin 3A activates myosin II in growth cones and axons. (biologists.com)
Bray ER, Noga M, Thakor K, Wang Y, Lemmon VP , Park KK , Tsoulfas P. 3D Visualization of Individual Regenerating Retinal Ganglion Cell Axons Reveals Surprisingly Complex Growth Paths. (neurotree.org)
Axons derived from young ganglion cells in the periphery of the retinae of larval and adult goldfish are known to fasciculate with one another and their immediate forerunners, creating the typical age-related order in the retinotectal pathway. (uni-konstanz.de)
When added to RGC axons growing in vitro, E587 Fabs neutralized the preference of growth cones to elongate on lanes of E587 protein, caused defasciculation of axons which normally prefer to grow along each other when explanted on polylysine, and prevented clustering of E587 antigen at axon-axon contact sites. (uni-konstanz.de)
Monoclonal E587 antibody disturbed axonal fasciculation moderately but led to a 30% reduction in growth velocities when axons tracked other axons. (uni-konstanz.de)
The growth cones of axons read redundant molecular cues to navigate through the nervous system and change their direction at axon guidance choice points. (likemap.me)
We found that fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) signaling maintains the expression of two guidance cues, and and expression, are inhibited, many RGC axons fail to navigate away from this guidance choice point. (likemap.me)
2018). By determining through which Fgfr expression is regulated, and the downstream signaling pathway(s) that control the expression of both guidance cues, we set out to understand how a complete map of guidance cues is established that control the behavior of axons at a select axonal choice point. (likemap.me)
Microtubules (MTs) form dense parallel arrays in axons and dendrites that are required for the growth and maintenance of these neurites [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

In this context, a new molecule, B-cell activating factor (BAFF), has emerged as a positive regulator of B cell survival and differentiation functioning through various signaling pathways and potentiating the activity of various receptor complexes through pleiotropic means. (medsci.org)
Altogether, our results demonstrate that βγ subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins play a critical role in neurite outgrowth and differentiation by interacting with MTs and modulating MT rearrangement. (biomedcentral.com)
calcium mediates increased and cleaved into the knockout was entire differentiation proteins. (erik-mill.de)

However, the final link between axonal injury-induced retrograde signalling and the regulation of essential regenerative gene expression remains elusive. (nature.com)
In addition, we observed that extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) axonal retrograde signalling is required for PCAF-dependent acetylation at these promoters and for their enhancement in gene expression. (nature.com)
thus, long-distance retrograde signalling from axonal lesion sites to the soma and nucleus is required. (nature.com)
Figure 2: Retrograde signalling via the JUN kinase pathway after an axonal lesion. (nature.com)
Several anterograde and retrograde signaling pathways, including the canonical Bone Morphogenic Protein (BMP) pathway , regulate synaptic development in vertebrates and invertebrates. (sdbonline.org)
At the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ) , the retrograde BMP pathway is part of the machinery that controls NMJ expansion concurrent with larval growth. (sdbonline.org)

Organisms usually contain large numbers of sphingolipid subspecies (for a pathway based compilation, see www.sphingomap.org) and knowledge about the types and amounts is imperative because they influence membrane structure, interactions with the extracellular matrix and neighboring cells, vesicular traffic and the formation of specialized structures such as phagosomes and autophagosomes, as well as participate in intracellular and extracellular signaling. (sphingolipidclub.com)
Combining immunopurification and subsequent analytical mass spectrometry, hundreds of proteins, including synaptic vesicle proteins, components of the presynaptic fusion and retrieval machinery, proteins involved in intracellular and extracellular signaling and a large variety of adhesion molecules, were identified. (mdpi.com)

Following binding by one of the hedgehog ligands, the encoded protein is trafficked away from the primary cilium, relieving inhibition of the G-protein-coupled receptor smoothened, which results in activation of downstream signaling. (nih.gov)
Interestingly, despite the differences in Fgfr dependency, the phosphoinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt signaling pathway is likely a shared downstream regulator of the expression of both guidance cues. (likemap.me)

In my laboratory researchers are examining the roles played by axonal cytoskeletal proteins in nervous system development, and in the etiology of Alzheimer's and other related neurodegenerative diseases. (uml.edu)
Seipel K, O'Brien SP, Iannotti E, Medley QG, Streuli M. Tara, a novel F-actin binding protein, associates with the Trio guanine nucleotide exchange factor and regulates actin cytoskeletal organization. (medecinesciences.org)
The 2019 edition of the meeting, held from 18-20 October at the National Brain Research Centre (NBRC), Manesar, India and organised by Mahak Sharma (Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali) and Anindya Ghosh Roy (NBRC), was witness to stimulating research on a range of topics related to the cytoskeleton, including cytoskeletal organization, motor protein function and regulation, mechanical forces and vesicular transport, and trafficking in health and disease. (silverchair.com)

Group of researchers led by Goshima found out that CRMP-2 played a role in the transduction of the extracellular Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A), an inhibitory protein for axonal guidance in chick dorsal root ganglion (DRG). (wikipedia.org)

Therefore we conclude that E587 antigen mediates axonal recognition, selective fasciculation and the creation of the age-related order in the fish retina. (uni-konstanz.de)
Bateman J, Shu H, Van Vactor D. The guanine nucleotide exchange factor trio mediates axonal development in the Drosophila embryo. (medecinesciences.org)

However, the possible connection between these pathways and how they might ultimately converge to regulate the assembly and organization of MTs during neurite outgrowth is not well understood. (biomedcentral.com)

I investigated the roles of RhoA-kinase and myosin II in semaphorin-3A-induced growth cone collapse and axon retraction. (biologists.com)
Formation of axonal F-actin bundles was independent of myosin II, but partially required RhoA-kinase activity. (biologists.com)
Modulation of proteoglycan receptor regulates RhoA/CRMP2 pathways and promotes axonal myelination. (nervgen.com)
Bellanger JM, Lazaro JB, Diriong S, Fernandez A, Lamb N, Debant A. The two guanine nucleotide exchange factor domains of Trio link the Rac1 and the RhoA pathways in vivo. (medecinesciences.org)

Ornitz and Itoh, 2015), and through FGFRs activate well-known intracellular signaling cascades to change gene expression, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphoinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT, and phospholipase C (PLC) pathways (Musci et al. (likemap.me)

Here we present data indicating that when overexpressed, Sema 3A causes human neural progenitors (NP) axonal retraction and an aberrant dendritic arborization. (biomedcentral.com)

Recent evidence suggests that the early calcium wave elicited by an axonal injury induces epigenetic changes in the nucleus, thereby priming the system for subsequent transcriptional events. (nature.com)

Using proteomics, Western blotting, and mutational analyses, we determined that Ric-8A was constitutively phosphorylated at five serines and threonines by the protein kinase CK2. (bvsalud.org)
Evidence suggests that nerve growth factor (NGF) induces neurite outgrowth from PC12 cells by activating the receptor tyrosine kinase, TrkA. (biomedcentral.com)
The conserved Ste20-like kinase Tao was identified as a negative regulator of synaptic growth required for maintenance of circuit specificity and connectivity. (sdbonline.org)
Loss of Tao kinase resulted in exuberant postsynaptic specializations and aberrant connectivity during larval growth. (sdbonline.org)
The multidomain protein Trio binds the LAR transmembrane tyrosine phosphatase, contains a protein kinase domain, and has separate rac- specific and rho-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor domains. (medecinesciences.org)
Furthermore, phosphoproteomic data and signalome analysis of perihematomal brain tissues suggested that calmodulin-dependent protein kinases 2 (CAMK2A) kinase substrate pairs were significantly downregulated in ICH with HHcy compared with autologous blood injection only, both western blot and immunofluorescence staining confirmed this finding. (bmj.com)

The data reveal that the glycolytic pathway is required for normal sensory axon extension in the presence of NGF, while in the absence of NGF the glycolytic pathway is required for axon maintenance. (jneurosci.org)
Myosin II activity is required for axon retraction but not growth cone collapse. (biologists.com)

Assembly and maturation of synapses at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) depend on trans-synaptic Neurexin/Neuroligin signalling, which is promoted by the scaffolding protein Syd-1 binding to Neurexin. (sdbonline.org)
With respect to scaffolding proteins, Syd-1 was found to promote synapse assembly in C. elegans, Drosophila and rodents. (sdbonline.org)
These data indicate that Drosophila Spn-like protein acts presynaptically to attenuate Nrx-1/Nlg1 signalling and protects from excessive seeding of new AZ scaffolds at the NMJ. (sdbonline.org)
In Drosophila, Hpo and Warts kinases are core components of this pathway and function as tumor suppressors by inhibiting Yorkie (Yki) . (sdbonline.org)
This study shows that Schip1 , a Drosophila homolog of the mammalian Schwannomin interacting protein 1 (SCHIP1), provides a link between Ex and Hpo. (sdbonline.org)
To gain insight this study quantitatively investigated synaptic growth and connectivity in the Drosophila nociceptive network during larval development. (sdbonline.org)

Collectively, these observations suggest that guidance cues cause axon retraction through the coordinated activation of myosin II and the formation of intra-axonal F-actin bundles for myosin-II-based force generation. (biologists.com)
Guidance cues can steer growth cones towards or away from the source of the cue. (biologists.com)
Repellent guidance cues induce growth cone collapse, characterized by the loss of protrusive lamellipodia and filopodia ( Gallo and Letourneau, 2004 ). (biologists.com)
Axon retraction induced by guidance cues is of fundamental importance during refinement of axonal projections (reviewed in Luo and O'Leary, 2005 ). (biologists.com)
Importantly, repellent guidance cues cause growth cone collapse and depolymerize growth cone F-actin while promoting axon retraction ( Gallo and Letourneau, 2004 ). (biologists.com)
2017). An interesting question is whether unique or common regulatory pathways control the expression of guidance cues that cooperatively direct axonal trajectories at a single guidance choice point. (likemap.me)
Thus, distinct extrinsic signaling inputs can converge on a common intracellular signal transduction pathway to coordinate the appropriate expression of redundant guidance cues that direct growth cone behavior at a guidance choice point. (likemap.me)

CRMPs are predominantly expressed in the nervous system during development and play important roles in axon formation from neurites and in growth cone guidance and collapse through their interactions with microtubules. (wikipedia.org)
Growth cone collapse is often followed by axon retraction. (biologists.com)
In contrast, ROCK phosphorylates Thr-555 leading to LPA, MAG, or Ephrin-A5 mediated growth cone collapse. (ecmbio.com)

Plexins are widely expressed transmembrane proteins that mediate the effects of semaphorins. (rupress.org)
Their effects are mediated by plexins, a group of transmembrane proteins. (rupress.org)
The axonal transmembrane decreases in the bind negatively from modification class, and acts named the proteasome-mediated signal. (erik-mill.de)

Ganglioside conversion by Neu3 sialidase further activates the ERK pathway. (jneurosci.org)
Gauthier-Rouviere C, Vignal E, Meriane M, Roux P, Montcourier P, Fort P. RhoG GTPase controls a pathway that independently activates Rac1 and Cdc42Hs. (medecinesciences.org)
UNC-73 activates the Rac GTPase and is required for cell and growth cone migrations in C. elegans. (medecinesciences.org)

These studies reveal that the conserved E3 ubiquitin ligase PHR (PAM, highwire Rpm-1) controls a regulatory protein degradation pathway essential both for axonal targeting during embryonic development as well as for the proper formation and function of neuron muscular junctions (NMJ). (ox.ac.uk)

Furthermore, semaphorin 3A promotes the formation of intra-axonal F-actin bundles in concert with the loss of F-actin in growth cone lamellipodia and filopodia. (biologists.com)
In addition to plexins, various other proteins have been implicated either as receptors for semaphorins or as components of the semaphorin receptor complex ( Pasterkamp and Kolodkin, 2003 ). (rupress.org)

2018) forebrain expression, they likely employ a common PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. (likemap.me)

Pharmacological inhibition of glycolysis in the presence of NGF impairs axon extension and growth cone dynamics within minutes without affecting axon maintenance. (jneurosci.org)

As JNK signalling can have effects that range from neurite growth promotion to cell death induction, multiple regulatory mechanisms are required to ensure specificity of the signal. (nature.com)
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) as well as heterotrimeric G proteins are also involved in regulating neurite outgrowth. (biomedcentral.com)

Inhibition of CSPG receptor PTPσ promotes migration of newly born neuroblasts, axonal sprouting, and recovery from stroke. (nervgen.com)

Furthermore, we have recently reported that synaptic proteins of the Homer1 family, which interconnect metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1/5) with intracellular calcium stores, are important modulators of inflammatory pain. (uni-heidelberg.de)
PNAS 2006) and addressed the role of proteins interacting with cannabinoid receptors in analgesic tolerance to cannabinoids (Tappe et al. (uni-heidelberg.de)
Hernaiz-Llorens M, Roselló-Busquets C, Durisic N, Filip A, Ulloa F, Martínez-Mármol R, Soriano E . Growth cone repulsion to Netrin-1 depends on lipid raft microdomains enriched in UNC5 receptors. (neurotree.org)

Chemical synapses release synaptic vesicles (SVs) at specialized presynaptic membranes, so-called active zones (AZs), which are characterized by electron-dense structures, reflecting the presence of extended molecular protein scaffolds. (sdbonline.org)
Collapsin response mediator protein family or CRMP family consists of five intracellular phosphoproteins (CRMP-1, CRMP-2, CRMP-3, CRMP-4, CRMP-5) of similar molecular size (60-66 kDa) and high (50-70%) amino acid sequence identity. (wikipedia.org)
The protein was first named as CRMP-62 having a relative molecular mass of 62 kDa and later referred as CRMP-2. (wikipedia.org)
Disclaimer note: The observed molecular weight of the protein may vary from the listed predicted molecular weight due to post translational modifications, post translation cleavages, relative charges, and other experimental factors. (novusbio.com)
Here, we review recent advances in understanding the molecular pathways underlying these seemingly distinct processes. (ox.ac.uk)
The antibody detects a 70 kDa* protein corresponding to the molecular mass of CRMP2 on SDS-PAGE immunoblots of human mouse brain, and this band is removed after lambda phosphatase treatment. (ecmbio.com)
All molecular weights (MW) are confirmed by comparison to Bio-Rad Rainbow Markers and to western blot mobilities of known proteins with similar MW. (ecmbio.com)
A central interest of the laboratory is to unmask key molecular determinants that underlie transition from exuberant axon growth and pathfinding during development to later stabilization, maintenance and ultimately regression of connections as occurs in aging or disease. (hsr.it)

This gene encodes a member of the patched family of proteins and a component of the hedgehog signaling pathway. (nih.gov)

Imposed upon this gross morphological description is the modern understanding of gene expression and protein elucidation, which bring about these developmental processes. (medscape.com)
The coordinated growth and development of synapses is critical for all aspects of neural circuit function and mutations that disrupt these processes can result in various neurological defects. (sdbonline.org)

A breakthrough for the identification of the proteome of the presynaptic active zone was the successful employment of antibodies directed against a cytosolic epitope of membrane integral synaptic vesicle proteins for the immunopurification of synaptic vesicles docked to the presynaptic plasma membrane. (mdpi.com)

Using a high-throughput Luminex assay of NSCLC tissues, the present study identified growth associated protein 43 (GAP43), an axonal membrane protein, as an independent predictor of brain metastasis. (biomedcentral.com)

The encoded protein is the receptor for the secreted hedgehog ligands, which include sonic hedgehog, indian hedgehog and desert hedgehog. (nih.gov)

This study shows that the conserved scaffold protein spinophilin (Spn) is able to fine-tune Nrx-1 function by binding the Nrx-1 C terminus with micromolar affinity via its PDZ domain. (sdbonline.org)

CRMP2 (CRMP-62, TOAD-64, DRP-2) is a microtubule associated protein involved in neuron development and axon pathfinding. (ecmbio.com)
The overexpression of CRMP2 facilitates the rate of axonal growth, whereas the mutated form that lacks activity toward the microtubule assembly inhibits axonal growth in a dominant negative manner. (ecmbio.com)
Phospho-CRMP2 (Ser-522) synthetic peptide (coupled to carrier protein) corresponding to amino acids surrounding Ser-522 in human CRMP2. (ecmbio.com)

Synapses and growth cones on two sides of a highwire. (ox.ac.uk)
A major interest in the lab is to study the functional significance of protein-protein interactions at synapses in the modulation of pain and other neurological functions. (uni-heidelberg.de)

Numerous proteins regulating the rearrangement of the cytoskeleton are indicative of the functional and structural dynamics of the presynapse. (mdpi.com)
What started as an informal meeting among a handful of labs involved in intracellular trafficking has grown to include tens of labs, both young and established, all interested in understanding the cytoskeleton and motor proteins in the context of intracellular trafficking. (silverchair.com)

how can myosin II drive axon retraction if the major source of the required substratum for force generation, growth cone F-actin, has been depleted? (biologists.com)

The AER and PZ work as a functional unit responsible for the outgrowth of the limb along the proximodistal axis, and the marginal blood vessel may convey messenger proteins that integrate this process. (medscape.com)

The membranes inhibitory for the NTs download manual of structural kinesiology 2011 of sufficient synapsis and homodimeric excitability corepressor of protein by ciliary early transporters and tails are found in this domain as six unintegrated dynamics: protein 1. (erik-mill.de)

However, biologically a gene or a sample could participate in multiple biological pathways, and a cellular process is generally active only under a subset of genes or experimental conditions. (columbiagypsy.net)
MDR1 codes for P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a member of the ABC transporter superfamily of proteins that promote cellular efflux of chemotherapeutic agents. (sphingolipidclub.com)

Their unique hourglass-shaped architecture is highly conserved among different bacterial membrane proteins and other biological channels. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
These biological nanopores have been designed to protect the interior of the bacterial cell from leakage of toxic compounds while selectively allowing the entry of the molecules needed for cell growth and function. (ibecbarcelona.eu)

In the axon, MTs are bundled by the microtubule-associated protein (MAP) tau, with their plus ends oriented toward the nerve terminal. (biomedcentral.com)

Our findings suggest that GAP43 is an independent predictor of NSCLC brain metastasis and that it may facilitate metastasis by regulating the Rac1/F-actin pathway. (biomedcentral.com)

The growth cone is the site of axon extension, and it is characterized by a complex morphology wholly dependent on the actin filaments that underlie filopodia and lamellipodia formation and dynamics ( Dent and Gertler, 2003 ). (jneurosci.org)
Protein aggregation and the formation of intracellular inclusions are a central feature of many neurodegenerative disorders, but precise knowledge about their pathogenic role is lacking in most instances. (biomedcentral.com)

The dorsal root ganglia (DRG) sensory neurone system has a central as well as a peripheral axonal branch departing from a single cell body. (nature.com)
Sensory circuits are typically established during early development, yet how circuit specificity and function are maintained during organismal growth has not been elucidated. (sdbonline.org)

100% sequence homology with Mouse, Rat, Canine, Equine and all other mammalian proteins examined. (novusbio.com)

One of the most phosphorylate intermediate mutations is such Other protein group( VEGF). (erik-mill.de)
A prostate of these pathways are themselves multiple mutations of the expressed FGFR description. (erik-mill.de)

Axonal regenerative failure is a major cause of neurological impairment following central nervous system (CNS) but not peripheral nervous system (PNS) injury. (nature.com)
The regenerative response initiated following axonal injury in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) versus the central nervous system (CNS) leads to differential growth capacities and repair. (nature.com)

We found that p300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF)-dependent acetylation of histone 3 lysine 9 (H3K9ac), paralleled by a reduction in methylation of H3K9 (H3K9me2), occurred at the promoters of select genes only after PNS axonal injury. (nature.com)

From Protein Complexes to Subunit Backbone Fragments: a Novel Approach to Native Mass Spectrometry. (chicagobiomedicalconsortium.org)

CRMP1-5 are between 564 and 572 amino acids and these proteins are found to be approximately 95% conserved between mouse and human. (wikipedia.org)

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