• Transmitters were identified by using antibodies raised against vesicular glutamate transporters 1 and 2, glutamic acid decarboxylase and the glycine transporter 2. (nih.gov)
  • The axons of two cells were immunoreactive for the glycine transporter 2 and hence were glycinergic. (nih.gov)
  • Three cells were immunoreactive for the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 and hence were glutamatergic. (nih.gov)
  • Thalamic afferent terminals are preferentially labeled by an isoform of the vesicular glutamate transporter, VGluT2. (nyu.edu)
  • A family of vesicular neurotransmitter transporter proteins that were originally characterized as sodium dependent inorganic phosphate cotransporters. (uchicago.edu)
  • To identify new aminergic drugs in vivo, we used a mutation in the Drosophila vesicular monoamine transporter (dVMAT) as a sensitized genetic background and performed a suppressor screen. (bvsalud.org)
  • The release of biogenic amines from large dense core vesicles (LDCVs) depends on localization of the vesicular monoamine transporter VMAT2 to LDCVs. (bvsalud.org)
  • We have used adenoviral-mediated transfection to increase expression of the brain vesicular monoamine transporter VMAT2 and presynaptic amperometric recordings to characterize the effects on quantal release. (bvsalud.org)
  • In PC12 cells, the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) localizes preferentially to synaptic-like microvesicles (SLMVs), whereas the closely related vesicular monoamine transporters (VMATs) localize preferentially to large dense core vesicles (LDCVs). (bvsalud.org)
  • These diseases are the result of a defect in transport of sialic acid across lysosomal membranes and are associated with mutations in the gene encoding the sialic acid transporter sialin. (stanford.edu)
  • Early deprivation led to decreases in hippocampal growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43) mRNA, serotonin 1A receptor (5-HT(1A)R) mRNA and binding ([3H]WAY100635), and to increased vesicular GABA transporter mRNA. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), synaptophysin, vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGluT1), microtubule-associated protein-2, and spinophilin transcripts were unchanged. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Glutamate is incorporated into the vesicles by a glutamate transporter located in the vesicular membrane. (org.es)
  • This transporter selectively accumulates glutamate through a sodium-independent, ATP-dependent process (Naito and Ueda, 1983, Tabb and Ueda, 1991, Fykse and Fonnum, 1996), resulting in a high concentration of glutamate in each vesicle. (org.es)
  • Glutamate is incorporated into these cell types through a high affinity glutamate transporter located in the plasma membrane. (org.es)
  • Cationic amino acid transporters are 14 TM proteins, which mediate pH- and sodium-independent transport of cationic amino acids (system y + ), apparently as an exchange mechanism. (guidetopharmacology.org)
  • In our studies on neurotransmitter metabolism we have focused our efforts on transporters, a functional class of proteins that move neurotransmitters and other small molecules across membranes in cells. (stanford.edu)
  • We are specifically focusing on two groups of transporters vesicular neurotransmitter transporters that package neurotransmitters into vesicles for release, and glutamine transporters that shuttle glutamine, a precursor for two major neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA, to neurons from glia, the supporting cells that surround them. (stanford.edu)
  • Glutamate transporters maintain the concentration of glutamate within the synaptic cleft at low levels, preventing glutamate-induced cell death (Kanai et al. (org.es)
  • Presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) show a highly selective expression and subcellular location in nerve terminals modulating neurotransmitter release. (ox.ac.uk)
  • These data suggest that the activation of VMH EphA5 receptors by ephrinA5 may act in concert with β-cell Eph receptor forward signaling to restore glucose homeostasis during acute hypoglycemia via alterations in glutamate/glutamine cycling ( 7 , 8 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Glutamate and glutamate receptors in the vertebrate retina. (org.es)
  • 2) Specific neurotransmitter receptors are localized on the postsynaptic cells, and (3) there exists a mechanism to stop neurotransmitter release and clear molecules from the cleft. (org.es)
  • Neuroactive glutamate is classified as an excitatory amino acid (EAA) because glutamate binding onto postsynaptic receptors typically stimulates, or depolarizes, the postsynaptic cells. (org.es)
  • Neurotransmitter compounds can be small molecules, such as glutamate and glycine, or large peptides, such as vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). (org.es)
  • A breakthrough for the identification of the proteome of the presynaptic active zone was the successful employment of antibodies directed against a cytosolic epitope of membrane integral synaptic vesicle proteins for the immunopurification of synaptic vesicles docked to the presynaptic plasma membrane. (mdpi.com)
  • Combining immunopurification and subsequent analytical mass spectrometry, hundreds of proteins, including synaptic vesicle proteins, components of the presynaptic fusion and retrieval machinery, proteins involved in intracellular and extracellular signaling and a large variety of adhesion molecules, were identified. (mdpi.com)
  • Neuroactive glutamate is stored in synaptic vesicles in presynaptic axon terminals (Fykse and Fonnum, 1996). (org.es)
  • Vesicular glutamate transport proteins sequester the excitatory neurotransmitter GLUTAMATE from the CYTOPLASM into SECRETORY VESICLES in exchange for lumenal PROTONS. (uchicago.edu)
  • Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) contributes to brain development [ 1 , 2 ] and is related to neuronal survival and activity since it acts as a modulator of neurotransmitter levels and participates in neuronal plasticity [ 3 , 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Glutamate (Fig. 1) is believed to be the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the retina. (org.es)
  • Though glutamate is present in all neurons, only a few are glutamatergic, releasing glutamate as their neurotransmitter. (org.es)
  • These neurons are believed to release GABA, not glutamate, as their neurotransmitter (Yazulla, 1986), suggesting the weak glutamate labeling reflects the pool of metabolic glutamate used in the synthesis of GABA. (org.es)
  • Metabotropic glutamate receptor 8-expressing nerve terminals target subsets of GABAergic neurons in the hippocampus. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Given the intimate contact of the RPE with the photoreceptor outer segments, diffusion of RPE-released glutamate could contribute to the excitotoxic death of retinal neurons, and the development of thrombin-induced eye pathologies. (molvis.org)
  • 2. Histological techniques identify glutamatergic neurons. (org.es)
  • Using immunocytochemical techniques, neurons containing glutamate are identified and labeled with a glutamate antibody. (org.es)
  • Glutamate incorporated into Muller cells is rapidly broken down into glutamine, which is then exported from glial cells and incorporated into surrounding neurons (Pow and Crook, 1996). (org.es)
  • This has been supported by the results from double-labeling studies using antibodies to both GABA and glutamate: glutamate-positive amacrine cells also label with the GABA antibodies (Jojich and Pourcho, 1996, Yang, 1996). (org.es)
  • This study showed for the first time that thrombin promotes specific, dose-dependent glutamate release from RPE cells, induced by the activation of protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1). (molvis.org)
  • Postsynaptic density (PSD) proteins in excitatory synapses are relatively immobile components, while there is a structured organization of mobile scaffolding proteins lying beneath the PSDs. (frontiersin.org)
  • Synapse formation, maturation, and turnover require a finely regulated transport system that delivers selected cargos to specific synapses. (sdbonline.org)
  • In this condition, elevated extracellular glutamate causes neuronal loss in many retinal disorders, including glaucoma, ischemia, diabetic retinopathy, and inherited photoreceptor degeneration. (molvis.org)
  • Vesicular transport proteins package classical neurotransmitters for regulated exocytotic release, and localize to at least two distinct types of secretory vesicles. (bvsalud.org)
  • Some horizontal and/or amacrine cells can also display weak labeling with glutamate antibodies (Ehinger et al. (org.es)
  • 1994). Though Muller cells take up glutamate, they do not label with glutamate antibodies (Jojich and Pourcho, 1996). (org.es)
  • The present study unravels a new molecular system for vesicle-based axonal transport of proteins in male and female flies (Drosophila melanogaster). (sdbonline.org)
  • It has been shown that more than 99% of blood BDNF proteins are stored in platelets and that these proteins can be released into the serum [ 6 ] through pharmacological treatment [ 15 , 16 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • 26 ] showed that gene expression of BDNF in lymphocytes and its protein expression in platelets from adult and pediatric depressed patients were significantly decreased, and the authors proposed that it could be a target for antidepressant drugs. (hindawi.com)
  • In this study, we demonstrate that BoNT/A is transported to facial motoneurons, released, and internalized preferentially into cholinergic terminals impinging onto the motoneurons. (jneurosci.org)
  • Loss of Pcs impairs Rab11 localization on the trans-side of Golgi units and induces the cytoplasmic accumulation of post-Golgi vesicles bearing rhabdomere proteins, as observed in Rab11-deficiency. (sdbonline.org)
  • 2 1] Department of Physiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. (nih.gov)
  • Specifically, we discuss contributors to aberrant neuronal excitability, including abnormal levels of intracellular Ca 2+ and glutamate, pathological amyloid β (Aβ) and tau, genetic risk factors, including APOE , and impaired inhibitory interneuron and glial function. (nature.com)
  • We analyzed the molecular mechanisms leading to glutamate release from rat primary cultures of RPE cells, under isosmotic conditions. (molvis.org)
  • 2023 Aug 2;111(15):2329-2347.e7. (unil.ch)
  • Differential expression patterns of phospholipase D isoforms 1 and 2 in the mammalian brain and retina. (neurotree.org)
  • Evidence has suggested the role of motor proteins like myosin Va in transposition of nNOS within the nerve terminals to the membranes to facilitate nitrergic neurotransmission ( 11 , 12 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Vesicular Glutamate Transport Proteins" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (uchicago.edu)
  • This effect was found to depend on the Ca 2+ increase mediated by the phospholipase C-β (PLC-β) and protein kinase C (PKC) pathways, as well as by the reverse activity of the Na + /Ca 2+ exchanger. (molvis.org)
  • Although the adult human brain represents only 2% of the total body weight, it consumes up to 20% of the total glucose metabolism under normal resting physiological conditions (e.g. (frontiersin.org)
  • Numerous proteins regulating the rearrangement of the cytoskeleton are indicative of the functional and structural dynamics of the presynapse. (mdpi.com)
  • For example, shank proteins are located further away from the membrane in the cytosolic faces of the PSDs, facing the actin cytoskeleton. (frontiersin.org)
  • In this review, the hypothesis is forwarded that nNOS delivered to subcortical cytoskeleton requires interactions with scaffolding proteins prior to docking at the membrane. (frontiersin.org)
  • We now find that a cluster of acidic residues including two serines phosphorylated by casein kinase 2 is required for the localization of VMAT2 to LDCVs. (bvsalud.org)
  • Among the drugs proposed is riluzole (2-amino-6-trifluoromethoxy benzothiazole), which was originally developed as an anticonvulsant [ 29 ] but has been used in a number of trials for psychiatric conditions in which glutamate excess has been proposed as part of the pathologic mechanism [ 30 - 33 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • A thesis is proposed here, based on rational argument that depletion of the cytoskeletal organizer protein shank3 may result in defective nNOS membrane localization, resulting in defective nitric oxide synthesis. (frontiersin.org)
  • H + transport and ATP synthesis may therefore be coupled mechanically. (tcdb.org)
  • V-type ATPases may pump 2-3 H + per ATP hydrolyzed, and these enzymes cannot catalyze pmf-driven ATP synthesis. (tcdb.org)
  • First is the disruption of enterocyte polarity based on staining of the FERM domain protein Coracle . (sdbonline.org)
  • The eukaryotic proteins are more complicated than the bacterial enzyme complexes. (tcdb.org)
  • It blocks neurotransmission via the specific cleavage of the synaptic protein SNAP-25 (synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa). (jneurosci.org)
  • In contrast, loss of the specific subunits of TRAPPII, another known Rab11-GEF, does not cause any defects on the eye development nor the transport of rhabdomere proteins, however, simultaneous loss of TRAPPII and Pcs shows severe defects on eye development. (sdbonline.org)
  • The rationale of this organization may be related to important roles of these proteins as "exchange hubs" for the signaling proteins for their migration from the subcortical cytosol to the membrane. (frontiersin.org)
  • Four particular particles see transported including with MCAD CoA database( Medium Chain) defense, characterized by the membrane estradiol transport of expression, the soft form protease of the NH2 survival industrial release( SCHAD), and applied by the dopamine Selenite domain, associated in the such processing associated important ATPase. (familie-vos.de)
  • however, the effect of thrombin on glutamate release from RPE cells has not been examined. (molvis.org)
  • It has been recently reported that motor proteins like myosin Va play important role in transcytosis of nNOS. (frontiersin.org)
  • BoNT/A acts by cleaving synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP-25) at the neuromuscular junction, thus blocking synaptic transmission and weakening overactive muscles. (jneurosci.org)
  • Increasing vitamin K intake has been shown to increase carboxylation of extra-hepatic VKD proteins in apparently healthy adults, as well as those with osteoporosis and atherosclerosis. (vitamindwiki.com)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Vesicular Glutamate Transport Proteins" by people in this website by year, and whether "Vesicular Glutamate Transport Proteins" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (uchicago.edu)
  • Primary cultures of rat RPE cells were preloaded with 1 µCi/ml 3 H-glutamate in Krebs Ringer Bicarbonate (KRB) buffer for 30 min at 37 °C. Cells were rinsed and super-perfused with 1 ml/min KRB for 15 min. (molvis.org)
  • Interorganelle Tethering to Endocytic Organelles Determines Directional Cytokine Transport in CD4+ T Cells. (leica-microsystems.com)