Proteins chromosomes take extrachromosomal inheritance. Medical search. Frequent questions

NcRNAs such as those involved in RNA interference can be independently inherited, and can also direct chromatin modification and DNA methylation see [7, 8] RNA Inheritance of Acquired Characters , and Nucleic Acid Invaders from Food Confirmed , SiS 63). (i-sis.org.uk)
Cytosine modifications directly affect the positioning of nucleosomes (the first level of chromatin organization into chromosome involving the DNA chain wound around a core of 8 histone proteins), and recruit chromatin-modifying complexes that modify histones. (i-sis.org.uk)
Quantitative assessment of the chromatin state reveals that although ecDNA is packaged into chromatin with intact domain structure, it lacks higher-order compaction that is typical of chromosomes and displays significantly enhanced chromatin accessibility," the article's authors wrote. (genengnews.com)
Some use the term chromosome in a wider sense, to refer to the individualized portions of chromatin in cells, either visible or not under light microscopy. (wikipedia.org)
All living organisms package their DNA with chromatin proteins. (biologists.com)
The 48 kDa subunit, RETINOBLASTOMA-BINDING PROTEIN 4, is also a component of several other protein complexes involved in chromatin remodeling. (lookformedical.com)
A retinoblastoma-binding protein that is involved in CHROMATIN REMODELING, histone deacetylation, and repression of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION. (lookformedical.com)
Although initially discovered as a retinoblastoma binding protein it has an affinity for core HISTONES and is a subunit of chromatin assembly factor-1 and polycomb repressive complex 2. (lookformedical.com)
The repeating structural units of chromatin, each consisting of approximately 200 base pairs of DNA wound around a protein core. (lookformedical.com)
This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. (lookformedical.com)

It further rationalizes plasmid incompatibilities in E. coli, where certain plasmids destabilize each other's inheritance due to competition for the same molecular initiation machinery. (wikipedia.org)
There are a few prokaryotes, bacteria for instance, and a few eukaryotes that have extrachromosomal DNA called plasmids. (mometrix.com)
Plasmids are extrachromosomal circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and other organisms, that differ significantly from genomic DNA in both form and function. (keydifference.info)
However, it appears that this inheritance is extremely unstable on the evolutionary scale such that the repertoires of unique psiRNAs are completely replaced even in closely related prokaryotes, presumably, in response to rapidly changing repertoires of dominant phages and plasmids. (biomedcentral.com)
Plasmid stabilization/stability protein-encoding genes were observed in some plasmids but were not established for participating in plasmid segregation. (frontiersin.org)
Plasmids are one of the primary sources for extrachromosomal DNA in bacteria and are capable of self-transmission. (frontiersin.org)
Plasmids are typically circular (but also less commonly linear) double-stranded DNA molecules that are able to independently control their multiplication and stable inheritance from generation to generation in their bacterial h osts (2) . (resistancecontrol.info)
Although all plasmids basically function in similar ways, what makes targeting plasmids difficult is that the genes and proteins they need for multiplication and stable inheritance are highly diverse making it unlikely to find a single compound that will block them all. (resistancecontrol.info)

A segment of DNA that codes for the cell's synthesis of a particular protein is called a gene . (mometrix.com)
In the X-linked recessive form, the gene defect lies in the DKC1 gene (located at Xq28), which encodes for the protein dyskerin. (medscape.com)
Another gene implicated in DKC, TINF2 , encodes a key component of the protein shelterin, which plays a role in telomere homeostasis. (medscape.com)
A protein consists of one or more chains of amino acids (called polypeptides) whose sequence is encoded in a gene. (genome.gov)
Autosomal" means that the gene in question is located on one of the numbered, or non-sex, chromosomes. (genome.gov)
Genomic DNA is essential to human development, inheritance, and gene regulation while plasmid DNA - while not found naturally within humans - may play an essential role in antibiotic resistance as well as genetic engineering and bacterial adaptation. (keydifference.info)
Conclusions: Our results highlight that GPR88 regulates motivational control but that disruption of such behaviors following Gpr88 deletion occurs independently of gross perturbations to striatal dopamine at a gene, protein, or functional level. (bvsalud.org)
The total self reproducing hereditary material of cytoplasm is termed as Plasmon like the genome (which refers to the total gene complement of an haploid set of chromosomes) of chromosomes and such units of cytoplasmic hereditary material are called cytoplasmic genes or plasma-genes or Plasmon's. (biologydiscussion.com)
In mammals, the Y chromosome contains the gene SRY , which by default triggers male development. (iiab.me)
In mammals, the Y chromosome contains a gene, SRY , which triggers embryonic development as a male. (iiab.me)
Field Evaluation of Transgenic Squash Containing Single or Multiple Virus Coat Protein Gene Constructs for Resistance to Cucumber vertical Virus, Watermelon other Virus 2, and Zucchini Yellow yellow Virus. (be-mindful.de)

all genes associated with this syndrome (ie, DKC1 , TERT, TERC, NOP10 ) encode proteins in the telomerase complex responsible for maintaining telomeres at the ends of chromosomes regarding shortening length, protection, and replication. (medscape.com)

Propagation of the genetic material between generations requires timely and accurate duplication of DNA by semiconservative replication prior to cell division to ensure each daughter cell receives the full complement of chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
Once bound to replicators, initiators (often with the help of co-loader proteins) deposit replicative helicases onto DNA, which subsequently drive the recruitment of additional replisome components and the assembly of the entire replication machinery. (wikipedia.org)
The replicator thereby specifies the location of replication initiation events, and the chromosome region that is replicated from a single origin or initiation event is defined as the replicon. (wikipedia.org)
This is often referred to as semiconservative replication, and it is key to the stable inheritance of genetic traits. (mometrix.com)
Rifl is essential for establishing the correct replication timing program and is likely to have critical roles in chromosome reorganization during differentiation. (grantome.com)
In the presence of functional DNA replication, RTEL1 mutations produce a large amount of extrachromosomal T-circles. (medscape.com)

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology. (lookformedical.com)
For example, the insulin a type of protein is now produced using the recombinant DNA technology through the genetically modified bacteria. (geneticeducation.co.in)
Recombinant proteins are obtained from the recombinant DNA technology. (saralstudy.com)

Rather than passing DNA to subsequent generations by dividing into genetically identical daughter cells-a process called mitosis, involving paired chromosomes that divide and used by all eukaryotes-cancer cells propagate somewhat like bacterial cells. (genengnews.com)
Cell signaling: Hormones and their receptors, cell surface receptor, signaling through G-protein coupled receptors, signal transduction pathways, second messengers, regulation of signaling pathways, bacterial and plant two-component signaling systems, bacterial chemotaxis and quorum sensing. (pathfinderacademy.in)
All archaeal and many bacterial genomes contain Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindrome Repeats (CRISPR) and variable arrays of the CRISPR-associated ( cas ) genes that have been previously implicated in a novel form of DNA repair on the basis of comparative analysis of their protein product sequences. (biomedcentral.com)
The functioning of this system seems to involve integration of fragments of foreign genes into archaeal and bacterial chromosomes yielding heritable immunity to the respective agents. (biomedcentral.com)
Expression of recombinant proteins using bacterial, animal and plant vectors. (aadharinstitute.com)

The order of these 4 nucleotides makes up the genetic code and provides the instructions to make every protein within an organism. (addgene.org)
A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. (wikipedia.org)
The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes. (lookformedical.com)
The X and Y chromosomes are thought to have evolved from a pair of identical chromosomes, [11] [12] termed autosomes, when an ancestral animal developed an allelic variation, a so-called "sex locus" - simply possessing this allele caused the organism to be male. (iiab.me)

The concept of the replicator as a genetic entity has proven very useful in the quest to identify replicator DNA sequences and initiator proteins in prokaryotes, and to some extent also in eukaryotes, although the organization and complexity of replicators differ considerably between the domains of life. (wikipedia.org)
It carries proteins' coding sequences, regulatory elements, and non-coding RNA molecules essential for various biological processes. (keydifference.info)
[18] This re-estimation of the age of the therian XY system is based on the finding that sequences that are on the X chromosomes of marsupials and eutherian mammals are present on the autosomes of platypus and birds. (iiab.me)
IRF proteins bind specific DNA sequences such as interferon-stimulated response elements, interferon regulatory elements, and the interferon consensus sequence. (lookformedical.com)

Stability of protein and nucleic acid structures. (pathfinderacademy.in)
Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus. (lookformedical.com)

A microscopic membrane made up of lipids and proteins which forms the external boundary of the cytoplasm of a cell or encloses a vacuole, and regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cytoplasm. (eduhyme.com)

Inside of eukaryotes, you can locate the chromosomes inside the nucleus. (mometrix.com)
In this scanning electron micrograph of inside the nucleus of a cancer cell, chromosomes are indicated by blue arrows and circular extrachromosomal DNA are indicated by orange arrows. (genengnews.com)
Human DNA typically forms long, twisting double helices of genetic material: roughly three billion base pairs organized into 23 pairs of chromosomes miraculously squeezed into every cell nucleus, each averaging just six micrometers in diameter. (genengnews.com)
Genes in the chromosomes have undoubtedly been proved to be responsible for the transmission of the various hereditary characters which in turn are located in the nucleus. (biologydiscussion.com)
But in recent years there have been found some evidences which suggest that inheritance of characters occur by some self-perpetuating or replicating bodies like plastids and mitochondria which possess their own equipment for synthesizing for DNA and proteins present in the cytoplasm and not in the chromosomes present in the nucleus. (biologydiscussion.com)
and nonhistone proteins (CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS, NON-HISTONE) found within the nucleus of a cell. (lookformedical.com)
Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. (lookformedical.com)
PHOSPHORYLATION of IRF-3 causes the protein to be translocated from the CYTOPLASM to CELL NUCLEUS where it binds DNA , and activates transcription. (lookformedical.com)

That was the beginning of the epigenetic revolution [1] ( Epigenetic Inheritance - What Genes Remember , SiS 41). (i-sis.org.uk)
though major model organisms such as worms and flies have perfectly functional epigenetic inheritance despite lacking cytosine methylation. (i-sis.org.uk)
The overarching theme of this Program will be to define how the cell cycle coordinates epigenetic events and chromosome remodeling and how this impacts on pluripotency and cell fate decisions. (grantome.com)
Project 1 will define how epigenetic regulation and chromosome architecture are subject to cell cycle control at developmentally-regulated genes. (grantome.com)
Post-translational modifications of histone proteins is another epigenetic process. (entheohealing.com)

Over the next 100 years, many significant discoveries lead to the conclusions that genes encode proteins and reside on chromosomes, which are composed of DNA. (addgene.org)

As each chromosome contains a single centromere, it remains unclear how acentric fragments derived from shattered chromosomes are inherited between daughter cells during mitosis 6 . (nature.com)
Here we tracked micronucleated chromosomes with live-cell imaging and show that acentric fragments cluster in close spatial proximity throughout mitosis for asymmetric inheritance by a single daughter cell. (nature.com)
Here we show that pulverized chromosomes from micronuclei spatially cluster throughout mitosis and identify the CIP2A-TOPBP1 complex as an essential regulator of this process. (nature.com)
All chromosomes normally appear as an amorphous blob under the microscope and only take on a well-defined shape during mitosis. (iiab.me)
It is entirely coincidental that the Y chromosome, during mitosis, has two very short branches which can look merged under the microscope and appear as the descender of a Y-shape. (iiab.me)

In 1952, Joshua Lederberg coined the term plasmid, in reference to any extrachromosomal heritable determinant. (addgene.org)
By the 1970s the combined discoveries of restriction enzymes, DNA ligase, and gel electrophoresis allowed for the ability to move specific fragments of DNA from one context to another, such as from a chromosome to a plasmid. (addgene.org)
The set of genes for multiplication, stable inheritance and transfer are called the plasmid backbone or core. (resistancecontrol.info)

In mammals, most histone proteins are lost during sperm development, eventually to be replaced by protamines. (i-sis.org.uk)

Evidence exists for telomerase dysfunction, ribosome deficiency, and protein synthesis dysfunction in this disorder. (medscape.com)
Each time an amino acid is added to a growing polypeptide during protein synthesis, a tRNA anticodon pairs with its complementary codon on the mRNA molecule, ensuring that the appropriate amino acid is inserted into the polypeptide. (genome.gov)
In a cell, antisense DNA serves as the template for producing messenger RNA (mRNA), which directs the synthesis of a protein. (genome.gov)
Synthesis of protein & urea, Ornithine cycle, fate of carbon skeleton. (aadharinstitute.com)
It contains instructions for the synthesis of proteins and DNA molecules. (saralstudy.com)

A second focus of this project will be to understand the role of Rifl in chromosome organization and cell fate decisions. (grantome.com)
Project 3 will look at how 'insulators'control chromosome organization during the cell cycle and then will investigate mechanisms by which topological domains are formed in pluripotent cells. (grantome.com)

Professor Elizabeth Blackburn won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2009, jointly with professor Carol Greider and professor Jack Szostak, for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase. (frontiersin.org)

Some of the DNA in cancer cells may be found in circular structures, rings of extrachromosomal DNA, or ecDNA, that may unloose all manner of mayhem. (genengnews.com)
Otto Bütschli was the first scientist to recognize the structures now known as chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)

DNA contains the genetic blueprint and instructions for making proteins for the cell. (mometrix.com)

in eukaryotic cells the most important of these proteins are the histones . (wikipedia.org)
Specific functional analogies are drawn between several components of CASS and proteins involved in eukaryotic RNAi, including the double-stranded RNA-specific helicase-nuclease (dicer), the endonuclease cleaving target mRNAs (slicer), and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. (biomedcentral.com)

In prokaryotes, all the DNA is a single round-shaped chromosome in the cytoplasm. (mometrix.com)
While considering various examples of cytoplasmic inheritance it has been assumed that the cytoplasm in the sperm cell is present in very minute quantity and mostly it is in larger quantity in the egg. (biologydiscussion.com)
Having got it through the cytoplasm, it may be cited as an example of cytoplasmic inheritance. (biologydiscussion.com)

Mitotic clustering facilitates the reassembly of acentric fragments into rearranged chromosomes lacking the extensive DNA copy-number losses that are characteristic of canonical chromothripsis. (nature.com)
The stochastic inheritance of chromosome fragments by both newly formed daughter cells could in part contribute to the alternating DNA copy-number states that are characteristic of chromothripsis 2 . (nature.com)
However, most fragments derived from pulverized chromosomes are acentric and cannot directly bind to spindle microtubules 14 . (nature.com)
Mitotic clustering drives the unequal inheritance of acentric fragments by a single daughter cell, providing an explanation for the origins of distinct patterns of chromothripsis found across diverse cancer types and congenital disorders. (nature.com)
Genomic DNA contains genes: these include fragments that encode instructions for producing proteins as well as non-coding regions with regulatory functions that comprise it's structure. (keydifference.info)

The maintenance of a single centromere per chromosome is critical for establishing bipolar microtubule attachments to the mitotic spindle and achieving high-fidelity genome segregation 17 . (nature.com)
The human genome contains approximately 3.2 billion base pairs, distributed among 22 paired chromosomes, plus two X chromosomes in females and one X and one Y chromosome in males. (cilecenter.org)
The most prominent and familiar aspects of the genome are the regions that code for proteins. (cilecenter.org)
Some regions of the genome encode non-protein-coding RNA like transfer RNAs, the RNA components of ribosomes, microRNAs and small interfering RNAs that regulate translation. (cilecenter.org)
With a 30% difference between humans and chimpanzees, the Y chromosome is one of the fastest-evolving parts of the human genome . (iiab.me)

On the other hand, enzymes are proteins which are synthesised from a small stretch of DNA known as 'genes', which are involved in the production of the polypeptide chain. (saralstudy.com)

In his famous textbook The Cell in Development and Heredity , Wilson linked together the independent work of Boveri and Sutton (both around 1902) by naming the chromosome theory of inheritance the Boveri-Sutton chromosome theory (the names are sometimes reversed). (wikipedia.org)
Advances of our knowledge of heredity, however, left no doubt that genes in the chromosomes account for the specific transmission of most of the individual, racial and other characters. (biologydiscussion.com)

Within a cell, DNA ordered into dense protein-DNA complexes are called chromosomes. (mometrix.com)
In humans and other eukaryote organisms, normal DNA is packed into cell nuclei by tightly wrapping it around closely bunched clusters of protein complexes called histone octamers. (genengnews.com)
It is found as a subunit of protein complexes that are in involved in the enzymatic modification of histones including the Mi2 and Sin3 histone deacetylase complexes and the polycomb repressive complex 2. (lookformedical.com)

An amino acid is the fundamental molecule that serves as the building block for proteins. (genome.gov)
These proteins, aided by chaperone proteins , bind to and condense the DNA molecule to maintain its integrity. (wikipedia.org)
A receptor is a protein molecule in a cell or on the surface of a cell to which a substance such as a hormone, a drug, or an antigen can bind, causing a change in the activity of the cell. (eduhyme.com)

[5] In animal cells, chromosomes reach their highest compaction level in anaphase during chromosome segregation . (wikipedia.org)

Small chromosomal proteins (approx 12-20 kD) possessing an open, unfolded structure and attached to the DNA in cell nuclei by ionic linkages. (lookformedical.com)

Both of these geneticists studied the inheritance of variegation in the respective plant species. (biologydiscussion.com)
Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. (lookformedical.com)
Y is normally the sex-determining chromosome in many species, since it is the presence or absence of Y that typically determines the male or female sex of offspring produced in sexual reproduction . (iiab.me)

The DNA in the human Y chromosome is composed of about 59 million base pairs. (iiab.me)

Extrachromosomal DNA provides great impact in the evolution of bacteria in adapting to their surroundings. (frontiersin.org)
Silent information regulator 2 (Sir2) proteins, or sirtuins, are protein deacetylases dependent on nicotine adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and are found in organisms ranging from bacteria to humans. (biomedcentral.com)

These characteristics show a limited form of variations, which are genetically determined by inheritance factors. (tnboardsolutions.com)

Proteins which bind to DNA. (lookformedical.com)
The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases. (lookformedical.com)

[1] [2] These chromosomes display a complex three-dimensional structure, which plays a significant role in transcriptional regulation . (wikipedia.org)

DNA is the genetic material of all living organisms with specific instructions for producing proteins. (mometrix.com)
These studies implicate a potential mechanism suppressing the loss of genetic material after chromosome pulverization, although how distinct patterns of rearrangements arise in cancer and germline disorders remains unclear. (nature.com)

Proteins are made up of amino acids. (addgene.org)

In 1985, along with her student Carol Greider, Prof. Blackburn identified the enzyme responsible for adding telomeric ends to linear chromosomes, which was later named telomerase. (frontiersin.org)

Stevens proposed that chromosomes always existed in pairs and that the Y chromosome was the pair of the X chromosome discovered in 1890 by Hermann Henking. (iiab.me)

Sex-linked Inheritance in Drosophila. (esp.org)

[ 6 ] Both an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern and de novo occurrence have been associated with TINF2 mutations. (medscape.com)
Autosomal dominant is a pattern of inheritance characteristic of some genetic disorders. (genome.gov)
A child of a person affected by an autosomal dominant condition has a 50% chance of being affected by that condition via inheritance of a dominant allele. (genome.gov)
Autosomal recessive is a pattern of inheritance characteristic of some genetic disorders. (genome.gov)

It may be helpful to think of DNA molecules as individual instructions that our body uses to make proteins, and molecules essential for our growth, development, and health. (mometrix.com)

In these features, extra-nuclear inheritance contrasts sharply from nuclear inheritance. (biologydiscussion.com)

In humans, aneuploidy would be any number of chromosomes other than the usual 46. (genome.gov)
The Y chromosome is one of two sex chromosomes ( allosomes ) in mammals, including humans , and many other animals. (iiab.me)
The Y chromosomes of humans and other mammals also contain other genes needed for normal sperm production. (iiab.me)

Most therian mammals have only one pair of sex chromosomes in each cell. (iiab.me)

Genetics, an essential part of the study of evolution, looks at the inheritance of characteristics by children from their parents. (britannica.com)
linkage group, in genetics, all of the genes on a single chromosome. (britannica.com)

then, introns distributed to joint online artificial photosynthesis 2016 integrase like the Helmholtz Protein Sample Production Facility( PSPF) have a longitudinal site of blunt mortality Carriers obtaining changes, structural construct survival and the embodiment efficiency RRS exchange( BEVS). (scoutconnection.com)

Thus, distinct patterns of chromothripsis can be explained by the spatial clustering of pulverized chromosomes from micronuclei. (nature.com)

For example, it accounts for the failure of extrachromosomal DNAs without origins to replicate when introduced into host cells. (wikipedia.org)

its arrangement determines chromosome arrangement. (keydifference.info)
She realized that the previous idea of Clarence Erwin McClung, that the X chromosome determines sex, was wrong and that sex determination is, in fact, due to the presence or absence of the Y chromosome. (iiab.me)

So now after the CAS converting into the dCAS, it has been applied to deliver any functional domain or protein to a specific DNA location. (geneticeducation.co.in)

The idea that the Y chromosome was named after its similarity in appearance to the letter "Y" is mistaken. (iiab.me)

Aneuploidy is an abnormality in the number of chromosomes in a cell due to loss or duplication. (genome.gov)
[7] All Y-linked genes are expressed and (apart from duplicated genes) hemizygous (present on only one chromosome) except in the cases of aneuploidy such as XYY syndrome or XXYY syndrome . (iiab.me)

Wilhelm Roux suggested that each chromosome carries a different genetic configuration , and Boveri was able to test and confirm this hypothesis. (wikipedia.org)

These findings culminated in the central dogma of molecular biology, that proteins are translated from RNA, which is transcribed from DNA. (addgene.org)

especially, in localization, Nonetheless small lipid requires purified digested to the protein of the most TSLC1 random expression to be the two figures. (scoutconnection.com)
To explore whether these motivational behaviors were related to alterations in the striatal dopamine system, we quantified expression of dopamine-related genes and/or proteins and used [18F]DOPA positron emission tomography and GTPÎ³[35S] binding to assess presynaptic and postsynaptic dopamine function, respectively. (bvsalud.org)
Stat1 interacts with P53 TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN and regulates expression of GENES involved in growth control and APOPTOSIS . (lookformedical.com)

Recent Experiments on the Inheritance of Coat Colors in Mice The American Naturalist 43: 494-510. (esp.org)

Membrane structure and function: Structure of model membrane, lipid bilayer and membrane protein diffusion, osmosis, ion channels, active transport, ion pumps, mechanism of sorting and regulation of intracellular transport, electrical properties of membranes. (pathfinderacademy.in)
Membrane structure and function: Structure of model membrane, Lipid bilayer and membrane protein, diffusion, osmosis, ion channels, Active transport membrane pumps, mechanism of solving and regulations of intracellular transport, Electrical properties of membrane. (aadharinstitute.com)
This particular type of mechanism in which cytoplasmic particles or inclusions take part in transmission of characters from generation to generation constitutes cytoplasmic inheritance. (biologydiscussion.com)

Males have one Y chromosome and one X chromosome , while females have two X chromosomes. (iiab.me)
Over time, genes that were beneficial for males and harmful to (or had no effect on) females either developed on the Y chromosome or were acquired through the process of translocation . (iiab.me)

Anatomy56

Organisms14

Diseases20

Chemicals and Drugs31

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment23

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes150

Information Science4

Health Care1

Chromatin10

Plasmids8

Gene11

Ends of chromosomes1

Replication6

Recombinant DNA techn3

Bacterial5

Organism4

Sequences4

Nucleic2

Lipids and proteins1

Nucleus8

Epigenetic5

Encode proteins1

Mitosis5

Plasmid3

Histone proteins1

Synthesis5

Organization2

Telomeres1

Structures2

Instructions for making p1

Eukaryotic2

Cytoplasm3

Fragments5

Genome5

Enzymes1

Heredity2

Complexes3

Molecule3

Compaction1

Chromosomal1

Species3

Base pairs1

Bacteria2

Genetically1

Bind2

Transcriptional1

Genetic material2

Amino1

Enzyme1

Pairs1

Drosophila1

Autosomal4

Molecules essential1

Nuclear1

Humans3

Mammals1

Genetics2

Structural1

Distinct1

Origins1

Determines2

Functional1

Similarity1

Aneuploidy2

Carries1

Biology1

Expression3

Experiments1

Mechanism3

Females2