• It is regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) which promote the exchange of bound GDP for free GTP, GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) which increase the GTP hydrolysis activity, and GDP dissociation inhibitors which inhibit the dissociation of the nucleotide from the GTPase. (novusbio.com)
  • Rho GTPase activating protein 32 [Sour. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • Loss of the Ras GTPase-activating protein neurofibromin promotes nervous system tumor pathogenesis in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). (biomedcentral.com)
  • p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4), a specific effector of the Rho GTPase Cdc42, is activated by HGF, and we have previously shown that activated PAK4 induces a loss of both actin stress fibres and focal adhesions. (silverchair.com)
  • In its active state, binds to a variety of effector proteins to regulate cellular responses such as secretory processes, phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, epithelial cell polarization and growth-factor induced formation of membrane ruffles. (novusbio.com)
  • Small G-proteins, monomeric GTPases, or the RAS (Rat sarcoma) superfamily are a large family of small guanine nucleotide-binding proteins with molecular weights ranging from 20 to 30 kDa [ 1 , 2 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • Guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulators (GDSs, or exchange factors), such as RALGDS, are effectors of Ras-related GTPases (see MIM 190020) that participate in signaling for a variety of cellular processes. (cancerindex.org)
  • The class 1A phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) beta (PI3Kβ) is functionally unique in the ability to integrate signals derived from receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G-protein)-coupled receptors (GPCRs), and Rho-family GTPases. (elifesciences.org)
  • Rho-family GTPases orchestrate both of these cellular processes. (silverchair.com)
  • The TJ consists of transmembrane proteins occludin, claudins, and junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs), which are organized in intramembranous strands and are linked to the F-actin cytoskeleton either directly or indirectly through members of the MAGUK (membrane-associated guanylate kinase) family of proteins ZO-1, -2, and -3. (rupress.org)
  • adhesion G protein-coupled receptor E5. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • FAK is composed of three major domains, the N-terminal FERM (4.1-band, ezrin, radixin, moesin) domain, followed by the central catalytic kinase domain and the C-terminal focal adhesion targeting (FAT) domain. (biologists.com)
  • MKL1 and MKL2 ), or robust SRF transcriptional coactivators, have been reported to organize actin cytoskeletal rearrangement and regulate cell motility by controlling the expression of dozens of cytoskeletal/adhesion genes ( 4-6 ). (aacrjournals.org)
  • ATF1 NM_005171 ATF2 NM_001880 ATF4 Activating transcription factor 4 NM_001675 ATF6 NM_007348 ATF7 NM_001206682 ATF7IP NM_018179 BTF3 NM_001207 Homo sapiens basic transcription factor 3 E2F4 Homo sapiens E2F transcription factor 4, p107/p130-binding (E2F4), mRNA ERH (gene) Enhancer of rudimentary homolog of drosophila (which in turn is the first enzymatic step in pyrimidine synthesis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Regulated by MITF) HMGB1 High mobility group box binds DNA ILF2 Homo sapiens interleukin enhancer binding factor 2, 45kDa (ILF2), mRNA IER2 formerly ETR101 Immediate Early Protein? (wikipedia.org)
  • In this study, we show that the Rac-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor Tiam1 (T-lymphoma invasion and metastasis) controls the cell polarity of epidermal keratinocytes. (rupress.org)
  • MADS-box gene family is a significant transcription factor family that plays a crucial role in regulating plant growth, development, signal transduction, and other processes. (bvsalud.org)
  • Here, it is demonstrated that TGFβ facilitates Tβ4 expression and leads to the activation of myocardin-related transcription factors (MRTF), which are coactivators of serum response factor (SRF) and regulate the expression of genes critical for the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and tumor metastasis. (aacrjournals.org)
  • In molecular biology, housekeeping genes are typically constitutive genes that are required for the maintenance of basic cellular function, and are expressed in all cells of an organism under normal and patho-physiological conditions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Our studies may facilitate revealing the biological function and molecular mechanism of SUN genes in strawberry. (bvsalud.org)
  • The results showed that 81 genes of MADS-box gene family were identified from the transcriptome data of D. delavayi, with the molecular weight distribution ranged of 6 211.34-173 512.77 Da and the theoretical isoelectric point ranged from 5.21 to 10.97. (bvsalud.org)
  • Moreover, during this phase an enrichment in genes involved in the formation of the lipid droplets was evidenced as well as the activation of the thyroid-receptor/retinoic X receptor (TR/RXR) and the peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) signalling pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
  • FAK is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase involved in a wide variety of biological processes and crucial for embryonic development. (biologists.com)
  • In multiple human cancers, Tβ4 levels correlate positively with TGFβ1 and the tumor-associated gene expression levels through processes that respectively depend on TGFβ receptor 1 (TGFBR1) and MRTF expression. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Metformin (MTF) has been reported to target NLK (Nemo-like kinase) to inhibit non-small lung cancer cells. (cancerindex.org)
  • Proteins in cells with or without DN R-Ras expression were differentially labeled with SILAC and mass spectrometry was used to identify phosphoproteins and determine their relative quantities in the presence and absence of DN R-Ras. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This dataset includes 4641 differentially methylated probes corresponding to 2929 unique genes between schizophrenia patients (n=24) and controls (n=24). (uth.edu)
  • Neurons generate their polarity by directing membrane traffic to growing neurites and growth cones, and by sorting proteins differentially between the axon and dendrites. (sdbonline.org)
  • Critical for cellular organization, phosphatidylinositol phosphate (PIP) lipids regulate the localization and activity of numerous proteins across intracellular membranes in eukaryotic cells ( Di Paolo and De Camilli 2006 ). (elifesciences.org)
  • Inhibition of R-Ras/R-Ras2 and ROCK1 signaling also triggered the accumulation of abnormal intracellular vesicles, indicating that these signaling molecules regulate the movement of proteins and other molecules in the cellular interior. (biomedcentral.com)
  • There are transcription factors that are specifically enriched on and regulate housekeeping gene promoters. (wikipedia.org)
  • To address this gap in our understanding of PI3Kβ regulation, we established an assay to directly visualize and decipher how three binding interactions regulate PI3Kβ when presented to the kinase in a biologically relevant configuration on supported lipid bilayers. (elifesciences.org)
  • Systematic search in PubMed for genes co-occurring with SCZ keywords. (uth.edu)
  • In particular, the Rho-related genes are important in nuclear trafficking (i.e.: mitosis) as well as with mobility along the cytoskeleton in general. (wikipedia.org)
  • The cytoskeleton is a highly dynamic network of filamentous proteins that enables the active transport of cellular cargo, transduces force, and when assembled into higher-order structures, forms the basis for motile cellular structures that promote cell movement. (mechanobio.info)
  • On the other hand, the terminal differentiation phase was enriched with genes involved in energy production, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Previous experiments have not been able to elucidate whether interactions with membrane-tethered proteins primarily control PI3Kβ localization versus directly modulate lipid kinase activity. (elifesciences.org)
  • Using single molecule Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) Microscopy, we determined the mechanism controlling membrane localization of PI3Kβ, prioritization of signaling inputs, and lipid kinase activation. (elifesciences.org)
  • Although pY peptides strongly localize PI3Kβ to membranes, they only modestly stimulate lipid kinase activity. (elifesciences.org)
  • Another distinction that has been drawn contrasts the constitutive and the regulated pathways to distinguish the ongoing transport of protein and lipid to the cell surface from the ability to secrete hormones and transmitters in response to specific stimuli. (sdbonline.org)
  • Peptide binding of the ligand takes place in an elongated surface groove as an anti-parallel beta-strand interacts with the beta-B strand and the B helix. (embl.de)
  • Proliferation cluster comprised 1028 genes up-regulated from days 3 to 8 of culture meanwhile the differentiation cluster was characterized by 2140 induced genes from days 15 to 21. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Proliferation was characterized by enrichment in genes involved in basic cellular and metabolic processes (transcription, ribosome biogenesis, translation and protein folding), cellular remodelling and autophagy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Overall, our study demonstrates the coordinated expression of functionally related genes during proliferation and differentiation of rainbow trout adipocyte cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We have shown that classic Ras proteins promote proliferation and survival, but not migration, in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We assessed the expression and activation of these proteins in MPNST cells and inhibited them to determine the effect this had on proliferation, migration, invasion, survival and the phosphoproteome. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We have previously shown that three related Ras proteins (the classic Ras proteins) are highly activated in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) cells with neurofibromin loss and that they drive cancer cell proliferation and survival by activating multiple cellular signaling pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Serving a critical role in cell signaling, the class I family of phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) catalyze the phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P 2 ] to generate PI(3,4,5) P 3 . (elifesciences.org)
  • PDZ domain proteins are frequently associated with the plasma membrane, a compartment where high concentrations of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) are found. (embl.de)
  • Its substrate specificity suggests that Tsp may contain a substrate recognition domain, which selectively binds to the nonpolar C-termini of substrate proteins, separate from its catalytic site. (embl.de)
  • In this work, we show that substrate recognition of Tsp is mediated by a PDZ domain, a small protein module that promotes protein-protein interactions by binding to internal or C-terminal sequences of their partner proteins. (embl.de)
  • The use of a separate substrate recognition domain such as a PDZ domain may be a general mechanism for achieving selective protein degradation. (embl.de)
  • These findings demonstrate that RASgrf1 is closely associated with epilepsy via the aberrant methylation of RASgrf1, and regulating the methylation status of relevant genes might be an intriguing topic in future research on epilepsy. (cusabio.com)
  • Search the gene expression profiles from curated DataSets in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repository. (cancerindex.org)
  • Based on EV proteomes, we defined the identification number of protein A as the number of datasets which contain protein A. Therefore, proteins with higher identification numbers were more conserved. (evpedia.info)
  • Genes up-regulated in DN3 thymocytes: wildtype versus TCF7 [GeneID=6932] knockout. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • Genes down-regulated in CD4 [GeneID=920] T helper cells (20h): Th0 versus TGFB1 and IL6 [GeneID=7040;3569]. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • Protein translocation in ER SUMO1 Protein targeting SUMO3 Protein targeting HSPA4 HSPA5 HSPA8 HSPA9 HSPA14 HSBP1 HIST1H2BC H1FX H2AFV H2AFX H2AFY Histone 2 Subfamily H2AFZ essential for embryogenesis There is significant overlap in function with regards to some of these proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Neurofibromin loss potentially hyperactivates classic Ras (H-Ras, N-Ras, K-Ras), M-Ras, and R-Ras (R-Ras, R-Ras2/TC21) subfamily proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cells were transfected with doxycycline-inducible vectors expressing either a pan-inhibitor of the R-Ras subfamily [dominant negative (DN) R-Ras] or enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP). (biomedcentral.com)
  • This Rac1 antibody was developed against a synthetic peptide from amino acid region 100-150 as a part of human Rac1 conjugated to blue carrier protein. (novusbio.com)
  • The structure of PDZ domains allows binding to a free carboxylate group at the end of a peptide through a carboxylate-binding loop between the beta-A and beta-B strands. (embl.de)
  • Photoaffinity labeling with a fluorescent nonpolar peptide caused the covalent attachment of the peptide to a single site on the Tsp protein. (embl.de)
  • The isolated PDZ domain (amino acids 206-334) is capable of folding into a well-behaved structure and binds to a nonpolar peptide with a dissociation constant (K(D)) of 1.9 microM, similar to that of the intact Tsp protein. (embl.de)
  • It is hypothesized that PCAIs work as anticancer agents by disrupting polyisoprenylation-dependent functional interactions of the G-Proteins. (oncotarget.com)
  • The mammalian genome comprises nuclear DNA (nDNA) derived from both parents and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that is maternally inherited and encodes essential proteins required for oxidative phosphorylation. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • We examined the activation of cytoplasmic signaling pathways in the presence and absence of R-Ras signaling and found that R-Ras proteins regulated 13 signaling pathways distinct from those regulated by classic Ras proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • PDZ domains can occur in one or multiple copies and are nearly always found in cytoplasmic proteins. (embl.de)
  • We showed previously that cytoplasmic release of mtDNA activates the cGAS STING TBK1 pathway resulting in interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression that promotes antiviral immunity4. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • Detects both RAC1 (Gene ID: 5879, UniProt: P63000) and RAC2 (Gene ID: 5880, UniProt: P15153). (novusbio.com)
  • What pathways are this gene/protein implicaed in? (cancerindex.org)
  • R-Ras proteins function distinctly from classic Ras proteins by regulating distinct signaling pathways that promote MPNST tumorigenesis by mediating migration and invasion. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Within neurons, multiple pathways are known to transport proteins and transmitters to the cell surface. (sdbonline.org)
  • Two important pathways were examined in the current study: (1) a basic pathway of exocytosis that brings new proteins to the cell surface and permits the cell to grow, and (2) synaptic transmission, a specialized form of exocytosis, regulated by Ca 2+ entry, in which vesicles already present at synapses fuse with the membrane and recycle locally (Murthy, 2003). (sdbonline.org)
  • RHO family interacting cell polarizati. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • Collinearity analysis showed that the members of FvSUN gene family were mainly expanded by segmental duplication in F. vesca, and Arabidopsis and F. vesca shared twenty-three pairs of orthologous SUN genes. (bvsalud.org)
  • In order to study the characteristics of MADS-box gene family in Docynia delavayi (Franch. (bvsalud.org)
  • Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to verify the expression of MADS-box gene family members during different stages of seed germination in D. delavayi. (bvsalud.org)
  • TGFβ family proteins are well-known pivotal inducers of these events ( 1 ). (aacrjournals.org)
  • These findings implicate the potential role of PCAIs as anticancer agents through their direct interaction with monomeric G-proteins. (oncotarget.com)
  • However, agonist-dependent activation of cell surface receptors is sometimes required to promote interaction with a PDZ protein. (embl.de)
  • Housekeeping genes account for majority of the active genes in the genome, and their expression is obviously vital to survival. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, SUN gene families of strawberry were identified from the genome of the diploid Fragaria vesca, and their physicochemical properties, genes structure, evolution and genes expression were also analyzed. (bvsalud.org)
  • Genome regulation encompasses all facets of gene expression, from the biochemical modifications of DNA, to the physical arrangement of chromosomes and the activity of the transcription machinery. (mechanobio.info)
  • To decipher how amplification of PI(3,4,5)P 3 arises from the relay of signals between cell surface receptors, lipids, and peripheral membrane proteins, we must understand how membrane localization and activity of PI3Ks is regulated by different signaling inputs. (elifesciences.org)
  • Such processes require membrane traffic to particular domains of the cell surface, in order to insert proteins at restricted regions of the membrane, to enlarge particular regions of the cell membrane, or to signal asymmetrically to neighboring cells. (sdbonline.org)
  • This protein is required for many aspects of membrane traffic within neurons, including the elaboration of neurites, but the release of neurotransmitter at the synapse is independent of this exocyst component (Murthy, 2003). (sdbonline.org)
  • Tβ4-knockout B16F1 (Tβ4 KO) clones show significantly diminished expression level of tumor-associated genes, which is regulated by the TGFβ/MRTFs pathway. (aacrjournals.org)
  • The exocyst complex, a set of eight proteins first identified from secretory mutants in yeast, is an attractive candidate for mediating directed traffic. (sdbonline.org)
  • Although some housekeeping genes are expressed at relatively constant rates in most non-pathological situations, the expression of other housekeeping genes may vary depending on experimental conditions. (wikipedia.org)
  • For experimental purposes, the expression of one or multiple housekeeping genes is used as a reference point for the analysis of expression levels of other genes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Validation of housekeeping genes should be performed before their use in gene expression experiments such as RT-PCR. (wikipedia.org)
  • The housekeeping gene expression levels are fine-tuned to meet the metabolic requirements in various tissues. (wikipedia.org)
  • To understand the development of adiposity, it is crucial to identify the genes which expression is associated with adipogenic differentiation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We used microarrays to detect gene expression changes in WT and TCF-1 deficient DN3 thymocytes as well as T cell lymphoma cells developed in TCF-1 KO mice. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression. (cancerindex.org)
  • Metformin Enhances the Effect of Regorafenib and Inhibits Recurrence and Metastasis of Hepatic Carcinoma After Liver Resection via Regulating Expression of Hypoxia Inducible Factors 2α (HIF-2α) and 30 kDa HIV Tat-Interacting Protein (TIP30). (cancerindex.org)
  • Here, we examined the expression, activation and action of R-Ras proteins in MPNST cells that have lost neurofibromin. (biomedcentral.com)
  • According to the expression pattern in different tissues shown by the transcriptome data of F. vesca, the FvSUNs gene can be divided into three types: (1) expressed in nearly all tissues, (2) hardly expressed in any tissues, and (3) expressed in special tissues. (bvsalud.org)
  • The gene expression pattern of FvSUNs was further verified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). (bvsalud.org)
  • Additionally, the seedlings of F. vesca were treated by different abiotic stresses, and the expression level of 31 FvSUNs genes were assayed by qRT-PCR. (bvsalud.org)
  • The expression of most of the tested genes was induced by cold, high salt or drought stress. (bvsalud.org)
  • The physical and chemical properties, protein conservative motifs, phylogenetic evolution, and expression patterns of the MADS-box transcription factors were analyzed. (bvsalud.org)
  • In murine mammary gland cells (NMuMG), Tβ4 upregulation is required for full induction of a MRTF-regulated EMT gene expression program after TGFβ stimulation. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Here, we find that persistent mtDNA stress is not associated with basally activated NF-κB signalling or interferon gene expression typical of an acute antiviral response. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • The following is a partial list of "housekeeping genes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Biochemical studies on transcription initiation of the housekeeping gene promoters have been difficult, partly due to the less-characterized promoter motifs and transcription initiation process. (wikipedia.org)
  • Transcription start sites of housekeeping genes can span over a region of around 100 bp whereas transcription start sites of developmentally regulated genes are usually focused in a narrow region. (wikipedia.org)
  • Little is known about how the dispersed transcription initiation of housekeeping gene is established. (wikipedia.org)
  • Phylogenetic analysis showed that the 81 genes could be divided into 15 subgroups, among which DdMADS27, DdMADS42, DdMADS45, DdMADS46, DdMADS53, DdMADS61, DdMADS76, DdMADS77 and DdMADS79 might be involved in the regulation of ovule development in D. delavayi. (bvsalud.org)
  • Tail-specific protease (Tsp) is a periplasmic enzyme that selectively degrades proteins bearing a nonpolar C-terminus. (embl.de)
  • We show that the FERM domain has a role in the recruitment of FAK on focal adhesions and controls the dynamics of the protein on these complexes. (biologists.com)