Protein humans glucose uptake adipose tissue fatty acids. Medical search. Frequent questions

In addition, CD11c + ATMs were enriched for mitochondria and for RNA transcripts encoding mitochondrial, proteasomal, and lysosomal proteins, fatty acid metabolism enzymes, and T-cell chemoattractants, whereas CD11c − ATMs were enriched for transcripts involved in tissue maintenance and repair. (diabetesjournals.org)
The chapters focus on metabolism during exercise, including anaerobic and aerobic metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism (separate chapters on muscle glycogen and blood glucose), fat metabolism (separate chapters on muscle and adipose tissue) and protein metabolism. (korea.ac.kr)
Readers will find discussion on various tissues in addition to skeletal muscle, such as liver, heart and brain metabolism during exercise. (korea.ac.kr)
Adipose Tissue Lipid Metabolism During Exercise -- Chapter 8. (korea.ac.kr)
Skeletal Muscle Protein Metabolism During Exercise -- Chapter 10. (korea.ac.kr)
Metabolism in the Brain During Exercise in Humans -- Chapter 14. (korea.ac.kr)
It's known that fat cells secrete proteins called adipokines, and that many adipokines increase with obesity, having harmful effects on metabolism and health. (newswise.com)
In contrast to the negative effects of many adipokines, our study identified transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGF-beta 2) as an adipokine released from adipose tissue (fat) in response to exercise that actually improves glucose tolerance," says Laurie J. Goodyear, PhD, Head of Joslin's Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism and study co-author. (newswise.com)
Not only did exercise-stimulated TGF-beta 2 improve glucose tolerance, treating obese mice with TGF beta 2 lowered blood lipid levels and improved many other aspects of metabolism. (newswise.com)
TGF-B2 is an Exercise-Induced Adipokine that Regulates Glucose and Fatty Acid Metabolism. (newswise.com)
Phospholipid cardiolipin (CL) and phosphatidic acid (PA) jointly regulate mitochondrial membrane architecture and dynamics, with mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes (MAMs) serving as the platform for phospholipid biosynthesis and metabolism. (bvsalud.org)
While the physiological role of adipose tissue in cholesterol and oxLDL metabolism remains to be established, the induction of OLR1 is a potential means by which PPARγ ligands regulate lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity in adipocytes. (jci.org)
Accumulated evidence from genetic animal models suggests that the brain, particularly the hypothalamus, has a key role in the homeostatic regulation of energy and glucose metabolism. (nature.com)
The brain modulates various aspects of metabolism, such as food intake, energy expenditure, insulin secretion, hepatic glucose production and glucose/fatty acid metabolism in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. (nature.com)
Here we comprehensively review the above topics, discussing the main findings related to the role of the brain in the homeostatic regulation of energy and glucose metabolism. (nature.com)
The functions of FGF21 are mainly manifested in glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and insulin resistance. (cyagen.com)
PPAR-γ also induces FGF21 expression in white adipose tissue, indicating that it also regulates metabolism in the feeding state. (cyagen.com)
Effects of growth hormone on glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism in human subjects. (scienceopen.com)
In the basal state, the effects of GH on protein metabolism are modest and include increased protein synthesis and decreased breakdown at the whole body level and in muscle together with decreased amino acid degradation/oxidation and decreased hepatic urea formation. (scienceopen.com)
GH is a counterregulatory hormone that antagonizes the hepatic and peripheral effects of insulin on glucose metabolism via mechanisms involving the concomitant increase in FFA flux and uptake. (scienceopen.com)
Of the numerous lipid classes implicated in eliciting lipotoxicity, sphingolipid: ceramides are among the most deleterious as they modulate signaling pathways involved in regulating glucose metabolism, triglyceride synthesis, apoptosis, and fibrosis. (frontiersin.org)
which, when activated, stimulate expression of genes involved in energy homeostasis, specifically the metabolism of glucose and fatty acids (Blaschke et al. (bodybuilding.com)
The aim of this review was to summarize and discuss current knowledge on the impact of dietary fibre as modulator of the relationship between glucose metabolism and microbiota composition in humans. (springer.com)
More specifically, we analysed evidence from observational studies and randomized nutritional intervention investigating the relationship between gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids and glucose metabolism. (springer.com)
Indeed, it may influence multiple physiological mechanisms related to human health, i.e. synthesis of micronutrients, defence against pathogens, regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, and immune function [ 1 ]. (springer.com)
Therefore, in this review, we summarized current evidence from observational and intervention studies performed in humans investigating the relationship between the composition of the gut microbiota, concentration of SCFA and glucose metabolism. (springer.com)
Since its discovery, adiponectin has been identified as one of the key regulators involved in glucose and lipid metabolism. (encyclopedia.pub)
Insulin NPH/Isophane, Novolin NPH/Novolin N/Humulin N works on liver, muscle and adipose (fat) tissue to regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, protein, and fats. (advochealth.com)
It increases fat production by increasing fatty acid release from the liver in the form of lipoproteins which adipose tissue converts to fatty acids then to triglycerides for storage whilst also stopping the metabolism of triglycerides (fat). (advochealth.com)
PPARs do a bunch of things, including regulating fatty acid storage and glucose metabolism. (stumptuous.com)
To our knowledge this is the first report on identification of a short peptidefrom adiponectin with positive effects on glucose or fatty acid metabolism. (phoenixpeptide.com)
Activation of adiponectin receptors (AdipoRs) by its natural ligand, adiponectin has been known to be involved in modulating critical metabolic processes such as glucose metabolism and fatty acid oxidation as demonstrated by a number of in vitro and in vivo studies over last two decades. (phoenixpeptide.com)
2010). Senp2 also regulates fatty acid metabolism in skeletal Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jmcb/article-abstract/10/3/258/4763638 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 26 June 2018 Senp2 regulates adipose lipid storage by de-SUMOylation of Setdb1 j 259 muscle (Koo et al. (deepdyve.com)
Impaired insulin secretion and free radical formation are the initial events triggering the development of insulin resistance and its causal relations with dysregulation of glucose and fatty acids metabolism. (wiley.com)
This study will be of high interest to those in the adipose tissue biology and metabolism fields. (elifesciences.org)
The insulin signaling pathway is a central regulator of energy metabolism, particularly in the context of glucose homeostasis. (alliedacademies.org)
In this sense, the phrase "burning fat" captures something essential about the mechanisms of adipose metabolism. (pncmaine.com)
Together, this simple but incredibly powerful formula earns its name: searing white into brown adipose tissue and increasing your body's energy expenditure due to fat metabolism. (pncmaine.com)
After conducting several cross-sectional surveys with schoolchildren and observing their high prevalence of overweight and other risk factors , supported with scientific evidence, it was decided to carry out intervention programs with this population and evaluate their effects on health parameters, including those associated with glucose metabolism. (bvsalud.org)

Regulation of Fatty Acid Oxidation in Skeletal Muscle During Exercise: Effect of Obesity -- Chapter 9. (korea.ac.kr)
In humans, it's produced by skeletal muscle during exercise, playing a role in the benefits of regular exercise, including healthy glucose uptake, increased free fatty acid oxidation, reduced fat mass, and mitochondrial health. (nutritionaloutlook.com)
According to Shawn Wells, CSO of NNB Nutrition, L-Baiba is also associated with the browning of white adipose tissues, in which the oxidation of fatty acids allows more fat to be converted to ketones as fuel for exercise. (nutritionaloutlook.com)
In mice, prolonged fasting of PPAR-α strongly induces FGF21 expression in the liver, which induces the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1α, and stimulates liver gluconeogenesis, fatty acid oxidation, and ketogenesis. (cyagen.com)
During fasting and other catabolic states, GH predominantly stimulates the release and oxidation of FFA, which leads to decreased glucose and protein oxidation and preservation of LBM and glycogen stores. (scienceopen.com)
BAIBA is known to have beneficial impacts on glucose uptake, free fatty acid oxidation (i.e. fat burning) and body composition. (rocksdiscountvitamins.com)
Adiponectin is the adipokine associated with insulin sensitization, reducing liver gluconeogenesis, and increasing fatty acid oxidation and glucose uptake. (encyclopedia.pub)
Conversely, it activates enzymes involved in ATP-generating processes, such as fatty acid oxidation (e.g., carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1, CPT1) and glucose uptake (e.g., translocation of GLUT4). (alliedacademies.org)
Some studies suggest that an increase in plasma fatty acid concentration reduces glucose uptake and phosphorylation, and this leads to reduced glycogen synthesis and glucose oxidation. (heraldopenaccess.us)
Carnitine plays a role in the transfer of long chain fatty acids from cytoplasm to mitochondria for beta-oxidation. (heraldopenaccess.us)
L-carnitine supplementation decreases serum glucose but has no effect on glucose oxidation [11]. (heraldopenaccess.us)

In a healthy person, excess fat is stored as triglycerides in the adipose tissue, and fatty acids are released into the bloodstream only in response to an increased energy requirement, for example, during fasting. (jci.org)
Adipocytes, the key components of the adipose tissue, have unique ability to store excess energy in the form of triglycerides, sense systemic energy demands, and secrete factors (lipids, peptides, cytokines, and adipokines) to regulate other metabolic tissues. (frontiersin.org)
Accumulation of neutral lipids, such as triglycerides, in key insulin target tissues, has been postulated to inhibit metabolic functions, however, they are less likely to be deleterious. (frontiersin.org)
Triglycerides are the main components of vegetable oil and animal fats, and form much of the fat stored by the human body. (bodybuilding.com)
Mature adipocytes are known to play an important role controlling energy balance in mammals by storing fatty acids in the form of triglycerides in periods of excess of energy and by releasing fatty acids when are needed. (biomedcentral.com)
What I mean is that in a healthy body, our system knows what to do with fatty acids and triglycerides . (stumptuous.com)
Because energy sources are not always available from the environment, many metazoan organisms have evolved the ability to store large amounts of metabolic energy as triglycerides (TG) in adipose tissue. (elifesciences.org)
There are many pathways to enhance lipolysis, the process by which stored triglycerides - the "stuff" of fat tissue - are broken down to release their potential energy into actual energy. (pncmaine.com)
First, it can increase lipase activity, which is essential for breaking off fatty acids from triglycerides. (pncmaine.com)
Triglycerides are complex molecules used for the storage and transport of non-soluble fatty acids in the body. (biocrates.com)
Triglycerides are sourced from consumption of high-fat foods, or synthesized in the liver or adipose tissue ( Alves-Bezerra and Cohen 2017 ). (biocrates.com)
While triglycerides play an essential role in human health, elevated levels are associated with health problems such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and pancreatitis. (biocrates.com)
Triglycerides may contain three identical or three different fatty acids. (biocrates.com)
Simple triglycerides, where all three fatty acid esters are the same, take their common name from the fatty acid from which they are derived, such as palmitin, derived from palmitic acid. (biocrates.com)
Through de novo lipogenesis (DNL), these are then turned back into triglycerides in enterocytes, combining cholesterol and proteins to form chylomicrons, which are triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. (biocrates.com)
Ectopic obesity is defined as the accumulation of triglycerides in non-adipose tissues [6]. (heraldopenaccess.us)

Insulin resistance and other features of the metabolic syndrome have been causally linked to adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) in mice with diet-induced obesity. (diabetesjournals.org)
We aimed to characterize macrophage phenotype and function in human subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue in relation to insulin resistance in obesity. (diabetesjournals.org)
These findings identify proinflammatory CD11c + ATMs as markers of insulin resistance in human obesity. (diabetesjournals.org)
OLR1 expression in white adipose tissue is increased in obesity and is further induced by PPARγ ligand treatment in vivo. (jci.org)
The FGF21 gene plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), obesity, and insulin resistance. (cyagen.com)
In obesity the inherent capacity of adipose tissue to store and sense nutrients is compromised, causing spillover of the intermediate lipid metabolites into circulation and resulting in their ectopic deposition in tissues not suitable for lipid storage, a phenomenon known as lipotoxicity. (frontiersin.org)
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is strongly associated with abdominal obesity and insulin resistance and effective approaches to nutrition (e.g., omega-3 fatty acids intake) might improve the cardiometabolic risk profile. (frontiersin.org)
Caloric restriction increases lifespan in a number of species, and obesity has a negative association with longevity in humans and dogs. (todaysveterinarypractice.com)
We previously hypothesized that apoCIII overexpression would compromise fatty acid delivery to adipose tissues and would thus contribute to resistance to diet-induced obesity, similarly to what was described for overexpression of apoCI [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with obesity, non-insulin dependent diabetes, and hypertriglyceridemia and represents the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome[ 4 ]. (wjgnet.com)
In this study, we observed the overexpression of SUMO-speci﫿c protease 2 (Senp2) in adipose tissues during obesity. (deepdyve.com)
One potential benefit of fenugreek is improving elevated blood glucose and lipid levels associated with chronic conditions such as diabetes and obesity. (lww.com)
Exceeding the capacity to store TG in adipocytes occurs in obesity and is often accompanied by deposition of TG in other tissues and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. (elifesciences.org)
Obesity element binding protein 1 and fatty acid synthase. (cdc.gov)
Obesity was defi ned expression chronically in tissues. (cdc.gov)
Elevated levels of uric acid (hyperuricemia) also have implications for the pathogenesis of obesity and have been linked to deteriorated glucose tolerance, impaired fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes 5 . (bvsalud.org)

Tissue culture medium conditioned by CD11c + ATMs, but not CD11c − ATMs or other stromovascular cells, impaired insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by human adipocytes. (diabetesjournals.org)
Our lab has demonstrated that 10,12 CLA triggered calcium release from endoplasmic reticulum in human primary adipocytes, which activated downstream inflammatory signaling, resulting in impaired uptake of glucose and fatty acid, and delipidation. (uncg.edu)
Therefore, my Aim 1 investigated the upstream mechanism by which 10,12 CLA increases intracellular calcium and inflammatory signaling in human primary adipocytes. (uncg.edu)
The results indicated that phospholipase C plays an important role in 10,12 CLA-mediated activation of intracellular calcium accumulation, inflammatory signaling, delipidation, and insulin resistance in human primary adipocytes. (uncg.edu)
TZDs markedly stimulate the uptake of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) into adipocytes, and this requires OLR1. (jci.org)
Stimulates glucose uptake by differentiated adipocytes by inducing the glucose transporter SLC2A1/GLUT1 (instead of SLC2A4/GLUT4). (cyagen.com)
The presence of various types of adipocytes (white, brown, and beige) characterized by the number/size of lipid droplets, mitochondrial density, and thermogenic capacity, further highlights how intricate is the communication of these cell-types with other metabolic tissues to sense nutrients. (frontiersin.org)
In order to understand the development of adiposity, it is crucial to identify the factors and mechanisms that regulate the recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) of the vascular stromal fraction of the adipose tissue and its transformation into lipid-filled adipocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, growth of adipose tissue includes the hypertrophy of already existing adipocytes and the proliferation and differentiation of new ones from MSCs. (biomedcentral.com)
We have previously shown that fish primary preadipocytes differentiate into mature adipocytes in vitro and that these cells represent a very helpful model system to study adipose tissue development in fish [ 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
2003). Selective Cellular uptake of fatty acids and following storage in the form of disruption of Pparγ2 or adipocyte-speci﫿c Pparγ knockout leads TGs in adipocytes are key steps in lipid storage. (deepdyve.com)
Adipocytes , also known as lipocytes and fat cells , are the cells that primarily compose adipose tissue , specialized in storing energy as fat . (ipfs.io)
Mesenchymal stem cells can differentiate into adipocytes, connective tissue , muscle or bone . (ipfs.io)

It has been demonstrated that 10,12 CLA increased mRNA levels and protein levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and pro-inflammatory prostaglandins, which have been linked to increased energy expenditure associated with white adipose tissue (WAT) browning and uncoupling of ATP synthesis. (uncg.edu)
It is useful in the increased synthesis of proteins. (rxlist.com)
The potent bioactive compounds naturally present in Cocoabuterol are known to support muscle protein synthesis, reduce muscle protein breakdown (i.e. catabolism), promote fat utilization, and help rid the body of excessive fluid. (rocksdiscountvitamins.com)
In the liver and muscles, it increases glycogen synthesis which is the immediate storage form of glucose. (advochealth.com)
In muscle tissue protein synthesis is increased. (advochealth.com)
When activated, AMPK phosphorylates and inhibits enzymes involved in ATP-consuming processes, such as fatty acid synthesis (e.g., acetyl-CoA carboxylase, ACC) and protein synthesis (e.g., mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR). (alliedacademies.org)
Endogenous synthesis occurs mostly in the liver and adipose tissue, but also in the intestines, muscles, brain and other organs. (biocrates.com)
Other metabolites such as glucose, fructose, acetate and the branched-chain amino acids leucine and isoleucine also serve as precursors of acetyl-CoA and contribute carbons to the de novo synthesis of fatty acids that will enter DNL ( Wallace 2020 ). (biocrates.com)
Thus, citric acid cycle intermedi- ates are not used for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and are shuttled out of the mitochondria, providing precursors for nucleotide, amino acid, and lipid synthesis path- ways for the dividing cell [13]. (who.int)

Exercise-Regulated Skeletal Muscle Glucose Uptake -- Chapter 7. (korea.ac.kr)
Notably, recent studies suggest that the accumulation of sphingolipids, namely ceramides and it's metabolites, play essential roles in the development of insulin resistance in tissues such as skeletal muscle, liver and, adipose tissue in obese rodents, and humans ( 6 - 20 ). (frontiersin.org)
MitoBurn ™ (L-BAIBA) is a protein, derived from the BCAA L-valine, that is released by skeletal muscles during exercise. (rocksdiscountvitamins.com)
AdipoR1 is widely present in human cells, with the greatest numbers in skeletal muscle, AdipoR2 is mainly present in the human liver. (encyclopedia.pub)
We also found that ADP-1 activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in an adaptor protein, phosphotyrosine interacting with PH domain and leucine zipper 1 (APPL1)-dependent pathway and stimulates glucose uptake in rat skeletal muscle cells (L-6 myotubes). (phoenixpeptide.com)
Moreover, we hypothesized that these mice would have accumulation of TGs in other tissues, such as the liver or skeletal muscle, resulting in lipotoxicity and metabolic derangements, such as insulin resistance or fatty liver disease. (elifesciences.org)

The prevailing dogma is that thermogenic brown adipose tissue (BAT) contributes to improvements in glucose homeostasis in obesogenic animal models, though much of the evidence supporting this premise is from thermostressed rodents. (diabetesjournals.org)
The resemblance between the metabolic abnormalities of these extreme states of adiposity underscores the importance of fat tissue in energy homeostasis. (medscape.com)
The adipocyte is the major site of fatty acid storage in the body and plays a critical role in maintaining normal glucose and lipid homeostasis. (jci.org)
The action of antidiabetic plants of the Canadian James Bay Cree traditional pharmacopeia on key enzymes of hepatic glucose homeostasis ") report the antidiabetic action of seven Canadian plants as evidenced by glucose-6-phosphatase and glycogen synthase, two key enzymes, respectively, involved in gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis in hepatocytes. (hindawi.com)
Highly coordinated interactions between the brain and peripheral metabolic organs are critical for the maintenance of energy and glucose homeostasis. (nature.com)
In this review, we intend to provide a perspective on ceramides and ceramide metabolites in the maintenance of adipose tissue homeostasis and how adipose tissue ceramides contribute to the development of metabolic diseases. (frontiersin.org)
The multivariable linear regression model was applied to analyze the associations of dietary and serum omega-3 fatty acids with the levels of Homeostasis Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and body composition parameters among PCOS patients. (frontiersin.org)
Excess or insuf﫿cient lipid storage in generation of the intermediate species of diacylglycerol (DAG) adipose tissues would impair nutrient homeostasis, which is and monoacylglycerol (MAG) (Young and Zechner, 2013). (deepdyve.com)
Humans tend to have a progressive loss of metabolic homeostasis when aging. (paradigmpeptides.com)
This study introduces a valuable paradigm in the field of adipose tissue biology: blocking triglyceride storage in adipose tissue does not lead to lipodystrophy and impaired glucose homeostasis but instead improves metabolic health. (elifesciences.org)
Brown adipose tissue, or BAT, on the other hand breaks down blood sugar (glucose) and fat molecules into usable forms of energy, mainly to create heat and maintain body temperature (homeostasis). (pncmaine.com)

It reduces hepatic glucose output, may decrease intestinal absorption of glucose, and may increase glucose uptake in peripheral tissues. (medscape.com)

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is emerging as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of various diseases, not only because of its capacity for dissipating excess energy via non-shivering thermogenesis, but also because of its implication in physiological and pathophysiological processes. (bvsalud.org)
Lcn2 deficiency disrupts mitochondrial fusion-fission balance and alters the acyl-chain composition of mitochondrial phospholipids in brown adipose tissue (BAT) of male mice. (bvsalud.org)
We studied the effect of cotadutide, a dual agonist glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1)/Glucagon, on interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) remodeling and thermogenesis of obese mice. (bvsalud.org)
6-Pardol, the active ingredient Grains of Paradise, may physically alter the way fat cells work and has been shown to activate brown adipose tissue (BAT). (rocksdiscountvitamins.com)
There are two types of adipose tissue, white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT), which are also known as white fat and brown fat , respectively, and comprise two types of fat cells. (ipfs.io)
One mechanism of increasing this process overall is increasing the conversion of WAT (white adipose tissue) to BAT (brown adipose tissue) - known as the "browning" of fat. (pncmaine.com)
One of the most effective is modulating the enzymes that interconvert WAT (white adipose tissue, which stores energy) to BAT (brown adipose tissue, which releases energy) and the chemical and enzymatic cascades that induce lipolysis. (pncmaine.com)
Sinetrol XPur®, a blend of citrus fruit extracts, and MitoBurn™, a metabolite of L-valine, have been demonstrated to increase white-to-brown adipose tissue conversion and therefore the resultant energy expenditure increase. (pncmaine.com)
These cells make up our fatty tissue and can further be classified as white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). (pncmaine.com)

The pharmacological properties of herbal remedies, including the amelioration of insulin sensitivity, the promotion of insulin secretion, the increase of glucose uptake by adipose and muscle tissues, the inhibition of sugar absorption in intestines and the generation of sugar by hepatocytes, have been demonstrated in several studies ( 15 , 16 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Nateglinide is an amino acid derivative that stimulates insulin secretion from the pancreas (within 20 minutes of oral administration), which, in turn, reduces blood glucose levels. (medscape.com)

When subjects are well nourished, the GH-induced stimulation of IGF-I and insulin is important for anabolic storage and growth of lean body mass (LBM), adipose tissue, and glycogen reserves. (scienceopen.com)
It helps convert glucose to a storage product called 'glycogen. (rxlist.com)
In conclusion, AEG enhances glucose transport by modulating the proximal and distal markers involved in glucose uptake and its transformation into glycogen. (wiley.com)

Aside from blood glucose, this fraction reduced blood triglyceride and free fatty acids. (hindawi.com)
GH exerts anabolic effects directly and through stimulation of IGF-I, insulin, and free fatty acids (FFA). (scienceopen.com)
It helps in the reduced breakdown of fats to free fatty acids. (rxlist.com)
The amount of free fatty acids that are released into the circulation from the liver and the adipose tissue, on the other hand, rises. (blogspot.com)

Of note, ADP-1 decreased blood glucose levels and enhanced insulin production in pancreatic β cells in db/db mice. (phoenixpeptide.com)
The results revealed that oral administration of sesamin for 4 weeks (100 and 200 mg/kg body weight) marginally improved blood glucose levels, body weight and significantly ameliorated the effects on heart rate and blood pressure in rats with type 1 diabetes relative to control rats. (spandidos-publications.com)

The experiment showed a number of positive metabolic effects in the mice, including improved glucose tolerance and increased fatty acid uptake. (newswise.com)

Illustration depicting white adipose cells. (ipfs.io)
These citrus polyphenols have been shown to enhance the physiological energetic pathways that influence lipolysis, destoring fat that has been accumulated within white adipose cells. (pncmaine.com)

Excess dietary carbohydrate, but not fat, led to markedly increased FGF21 secretion in humans, notably without protein restriction, and affected glucose and lipid homeostais. (ku.dk)
Prostaglandins are hormone-like compounds produced in body tissue that help control blood pressure, smooth muscle activity, inflammation, glandular secretion, calcium movement, hormone regulation, and cell growth control. (bodybuilding.com)

S. H. Kim and coworkers (" Citrus junos Tanaka peel extract exerts antidiabetic effects via AMPK and PPAR- both in vitro and in vivo in mice fed a high-fat diet ") indicate that the ethanol extract of the peel of Citrus junos in vitro stimulates glucose uptake in C2C12 myotube cells. (hindawi.com)

0.01), pointing to a suppression of adipose tissue lipolysis. (ku.dk)
J. Wang and colleagues (" Improvement of liquid fructose-induced adipose tissue insulin resistance by ginger treatment in rats is associated with suppression of adipose macrophage-related proinflammatory cytokines ") show that treatment with ginger extract reduced fructose-induced insulin resistance in rats by suppression of adipose inflammatory cytokines (TNF- , IL-6, MPC-1, CCR-2, etc.) and increased phosphorylation of IRS-2. (hindawi.com)

We measured body energy balance, tissue capacity to store exogenous lipids, lipogenesis and lipolysis rates in non-transgenic and apoCIII overexpressing mice fed a HFD during two months. (biomedcentral.com)
Thus, apoCIII overexpression resulted in increased NEFA availability to adipose uptake and decreased adipocyte lipolysis, favoring lipid enlargement of adipose depots. (biomedcentral.com)
Under physiological conditions, the main- PPARγ mutation has been shown to link to familial partial lipody- tenance of normal adipose tissue mass is mainly the result of a strophy, a clinical disorder characterized by the loss of adipose balance of lipid storage and lipolysis (Bouchard et al. (deepdyve.com)

The brain integrates metabolic signals from peripheral tissues such as the liver, pancreas, adipose tissue, gut and muscle. (nature.com)
Adiponectin connects energy balance regulation in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues [ 10 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

So far, three different transcription variants (TVs) have been described for CK1δ in humans (Homo sapiens), mice (Mus musculus), and rats (Rattus norvegicus), which are highly homologous. (wikipedia.org)
The shortest group of sequences consists of 409 amino acids: TV2 in humans and rats, CRAc in mice. (wikipedia.org)
The longest variant consists of 428 amino acids in rat (TV3) and mice (CRAb), while the human (TV3) variant is missing the second to last amino acid (threonine), resulting in a protein of a length of 427 amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
After performing experiments in both humans and mice, the researchers found that exercise training causes dramatic changes to fat. (newswise.com)
To do so, they ran a series of molecular experiments in both humans and mice. (newswise.com)
Their analysis identified TGF beta 2 as one of the proteins upregulated in exercise in humans and mice. (newswise.com)
To find out if the protein promoted beneficial metabolic effects, they treated the mice with TGF beta 2. (newswise.com)
We used loss- and gain-of-function approaches including genetic manipulation of the lipolytic enzyme Pnpla2 , change in environmental temperature, and lifestyle interventions to comprehensively test the premise that a thermogenic-like BAT phenotype is coupled with enhanced glucose tolerance in female mice. (diabetesjournals.org)
Lcn2 KO male mice exhibit an increase in the levels of CLs containing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), a decrease in CLs containing monounsaturated fatty acids, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction. (bvsalud.org)
After a specific knockout of FGF21 in the liver, mice developed fatty liver and hyperlipidemia, reducing serum ketone body levels. (cyagen.com)
However, the adipose tissue mass (45 %) and leptin plasma levels (2-fold) were significantly greater in apoCIII mice. (biomedcentral.com)
Lipogenesis rates were similar, while exogenous lipid retention was increased in perigonadal (2-fold) and brown adipose tissues (40 %) of apoCIII mice. (biomedcentral.com)
A fat tolerance test evidenced delayed plasma triglyceride clearance and greater transient availability of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) during the post-prandial state in the apoCIII mice plasma. (biomedcentral.com)
Transgenic mice overexpressing human apoCIII have marked elevated TG and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels [ 21 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Although less fat stor- adqcKO pose lipid storage in adipocyte-speci﫿c Senp2 knockout mice fed age was shown in Senp2 adipose tissues, the increased with high-fat diets (HFD). (deepdyve.com)
We found that SET domain bifurcated 1 Since no difference in food intake was observed between adqcKO f/f (Setdb1) was a SUMOylated protein and that Senp2 de-SUMOylated Senp2 and Senp2 mice fedeitherwithNCD or HFD and regulated Setdb1 action in trimethylation at histone 3 lysine 9 (Supplementary Figure S2A). (deepdyve.com)
This is possible because when MOTS-c was introduced to mice it helped in the increase of brown fat function and the reduction of what is known as adipose tissue. (paradigmpeptides.com)
To generate mice lacking TGs in adipose tissue (ADGAT DKO), we crossed adipose tissue-specific Dgat1 knockout mice (Cre-transgene expressed under control of the mouse adiponectin promoter 3 ) with Dgat2 flox mice 4 . (elifesciences.org)

Protein phosphorylation is a signalling mechanism that regulates most aspects of cellular life, and protein kinases, which carry out this post-translational modification, constitute the largest family of enzymes encoded by the human genome. (lu.se)
An overall aim of our research is to study the regulation and function of protein phosphorylation cascades with relevance to type 2 diabetes, with a particular focus on adipose tissue, since this tissue is involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes. (lu.se)

Insulin is a hormone (a chemical substance that acts as a messenger in the human body) that is secreted by an abdominal organ called the pancreas. (rxlist.com)
Normally insulin is produced by the pancreas however insulin products for pharmaceutical use have been produced via recombinant DNA technology using certain bacteria (they splice the gene for insulin production into bacterial DNA so the cell produces insulin - a gene is a portion of DNA or RNA that produces one specific protein). (advochealth.com)

In obese women, CD11c + ATM density was greater in subcutaneous than omental adipose tissue and correlated with markers of insulin resistance. (diabetesjournals.org)

ADP-1-induced glucose transport coincided with ADP-1-induced biosynthesis of glucose transporter 4 and its translocation to the plasma membrane. (phoenixpeptide.com)
Glucose transporter 4 translocation was confirmed by determining the uptake of glucose in the presence of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase and PI3K inhibitors. (wiley.com)
Insulin signaling pathway activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), which phosphorylates and activates Akt (also known as protein kinase B). Akt regulates glucose transport by promoting the translocation of glucose transporters, such as GLUT4, to the plasma membrane. (alliedacademies.org)

I ly region 4 gene was transferred to a retrovirus and inserted nfection with human adenovirus 36 (Adv 36) has been into preadipocytes in vitro, the gene was capable of induc- reported to cause a large accumulation of fat in 4 animals ing the enzymes and enhancing fat accumulation ( 13 ). (cdc.gov)

PPARs are nuclear receptor proteins, which means basically that they're proteins that are active within a cell, and their job is to regulate the expression of genes. (stumptuous.com)

Increased OLR1 expression, resulting either from TZD treatment or adenoviral gene delivery, significantly augments adipocyte cholesterol content and enhances fatty acid uptake. (jci.org)
Adipocyte Senp2 de﫿ciency resulted in less adipose lipid storage accompanied by an ectopic fat accumulation and insulin resistance under high-fat diet feed- ing. (deepdyve.com)
Therefore, adipocyte-speci﫿c remain in adipose tissues. (deepdyve.com)
Analysis of their adipose tissue morphology revealed increases in both adipocyte size and number in most depots. (ipfs.io)

NNB Nutrition's MitoBurn, a non-protein amino acid metabolite of the branched-chain amino acid L-valine, is now self-affirmed GRAS as a powdered food ingredient in sports drinks and in grain-based bars, nutrition bars, and instant-powdered nutritional beverages. (nutritionaloutlook.com)
NNB Nutrition's MitoBurn (β-aminoisobutyric Acid, or L-Baiba), a non-protein amino acid metabolite of the branched-chain amino acid L-valine, is now self-affirmed GRAS (generally recognized as safe) as a powdered food ingredient in sports drinks and in grain-based bars, nutrition bars, and instant-powdered nutritional beverages. (nutritionaloutlook.com)
FGF21 is induced in rodents and humans on a low protein diet and reduces dietary methionine levels of the essential amino acid. (cyagen.com)

Increased plasma free fatty acid concentration is associated with insulin resistance. (heraldopenaccess.us)

Once in circulation, hormones affect function of the target tissues, which may be another endocrine gland or an end organ. (msdmanuals.com)
result from disruptions of the endocrine glands and/or their target tissues. (msdmanuals.com)

Metabolic markers were measured in fasting serum and ATMs characterized by immunohistology, flow cytometry, and tissue culture studies. (diabetesjournals.org)
In humans, ceramides predict the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events, such that the numerous clinics have started to offer serum ceramide tests as prognostic measures of cardiovascular risk ( 24 , 25 ). (frontiersin.org)
This study aimed to examine the associations of dietary and serum omega-3 fatty acids with insulin resistance (IR) and body composition among PCOS patients. (frontiersin.org)
Serum omega-3 fatty acid levels were measured with the gas chromatography method. (frontiersin.org)
It is present in human serum in relatively high concentrations, in three different structural forms: trimer (low molecular weight, LMW), hexamer (middle molecular weight, MMW), and 12-18-mer (high molecular weight, HMW). (encyclopedia.pub)
We observed here that ADP-1 is stable in human serum and oligomerizes in aqueous environments. (phoenixpeptide.com)

In addition to the change in plasma fatty acid levels, hepatic apoA-I andapoA-II are increased by PPAR-alpha activation, which improves cholesterol levels by increasing HDL levels (Chinetti et al. (bodybuilding.com)

FAT), consisting of primarily unsaturated fatty acids. (ku.dk)
Neuropeptide Y/agouti-related protein- and proopiomelanocortin-producing neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus primarily sense the body energy state. (nature.com)
Evidences have suggested that proteins primarily related to plasma lipoprotein transport, such as apolipoprotein (apo) CIII and E, may significantly affect the process of body fat accumulation. (biomedcentral.com)

Additionally, insulin signaling inhibits gluconeogenesis, the process of glucose production from non-carbohydrate sources, in the liver. (alliedacademies.org)

Proliferation was characterized by enrichment in genes involved in basic cellular and metabolic processes (transcription, ribosome biogenesis, translation and protein folding), cellular remodelling and autophagy. (biomedcentral.com)
Insulin also increases the cellular uptake of amino acids and some electrolytes such as potassium into the cell. (advochealth.com)
The exact cellular sources of IL-22 in human diseases are often unknown and probably vary depending on the nature of the disorders. (biomedcentral.com)
AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) is a master regulator of cellular energy status. (alliedacademies.org)
Overweight youth are more susceptible to metabolic disorders, since the accumulation of body fat, especially in the abdominal region, generates an increase in fatty acids circulating in the bloodstream, which consequently impairs insulin signaling and leads to a reduction in sensitivity of receptors and tissue response to cellular actions that are mediated by this hormone 1,3,4 . (bvsalud.org)

Gut microbiota and its metabolites have been shown to influence multiple physiological mechanisms related to human health. (springer.com)
Among microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are modulators of different metabolic pathways. (springer.com)

Excessive accumulation of adipose tissue in cultured fish is an outstanding problem in aquaculture. (biomedcentral.com)

GBB also supports greater utilization and storage of carnitine, aiding the body's natural ability to mobilize and burn fatty acids for energy. (rocksdiscountvitamins.com)
Therefore, MOTS-c reversing age-dependent insulin resistance has the potential to lead to the improvement of our body's muscle uptake of glucose. (paradigmpeptides.com)

Despite of the relevance of this issue, very little is known about the factors regulating the development of adipose tissue in fish, and the possible health alterations associated to an increased fat deposition. (biomedcentral.com)
Adv 36 DNA persists in multiple tissues of infected sition of visceral fat disproportional to total fat deposition animals for long periods after initial infection ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)

We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, Elsevier, and UpToDate databases in this review, and focused on the pathogenesis of IR in women with PCOS and the pathophysiology of IR in various tissues. (biomedcentral.com)

Recently, low protein diets have been shown to increase circulating FGF21 levels. (ku.dk)
Here we studied the role of dietary carbohydrates on the levels of circulating FGF21 and concomitant physiologic effects by feeding healthy men a carbohydrate rich diet without reducing protein intake. (ku.dk)
Additional investigation confirmed that levels of this one adipokine actually increased in the fat tissue as well as in the bloodstream with exercise, in both cases. (newswise.com)
Cardiovascular exercise and low-moderate carbohydrate diets containing essential fatty acids are recommended for reducing triglyceride levels. (bodybuilding.com)
Persistent high glucose levels damage the inner lining of the blood vessels and nerve fibers and increase the risk of heart attack , stroke , kidney failure, and vision loss. (rxlist.com)
Commonly referred to as "super carnitine," GBB (gamma-butyrobetaine) is a carnitine precursor known to significantly increase carnitine levels in humans , which supports greater fat burning, and anecdotally produces an intense thermogenic sensation. (rocksdiscountvitamins.com)
Human investigations suggest that fenugreek can be beneficial as an adjunct in controlling high blood glucose and lipid levels in people with diabetes. (lww.com)
If we now take a look at the blood lipids (cf. figure 2 ), i.e. the free fatty acid (FFA) and triglyceride levels, on the different diets, we see a "phenomenon" low-carbers know all to well. (blogspot.com)
There are many methods of maintaining normal blood sugar levels, including treatment with insulin focus to a therapy area by external pumps, blood glucose monitoring and physical exercise. (spandidos-publications.com)
Public health officials and others concerned with appropriate actions to take at hazardous waste sites may want information on levels of exposure associated with more subtle effects in humans or animals (LOAELs) or exposure levels below which no adverse effects (NOAELs) have been observed. (cdc.gov)
The intervention program proved to be efficient in reducing waist circumference, HOMA-IR and uric acid levels of overweight adolescents. (bvsalud.org)

Lipid uptake occurs through caveolae, plasma membrane invaginations formed by caveolins (CAV) and caveolae-associated protein 1 (CAVIN1). (aacrjournals.org)

A lipase is an enzyme that helps break down fats into glycerol and fatty acids that can then be absorbed into the bloodstream. (bodybuilding.com)
They have a glycerol backbone bound to the esters of three fatty acids, and form following a condensation reaction. (biocrates.com)

Interestingly, animal studies have shown that adiponectin ameliorates the proinflammatory effect of saturated free fatty acid rich diet in hypothalamus. (encyclopedia.pub)

Sugars, fats, and amino acids provide our body with energy to function on a daily basis. (pncmaine.com)
Fatty acids have chains of varying numbers of carbon atoms, which are joined either by single bonds (saturated fats), double bonds (unsaturated fats), or multiple double bonds (polyunsaturated fats). (biocrates.com)

Our hypothesis was that exercise is changing the fat, and as a result of that change, the fat releases these beneficial proteins into the bloodstream," says Goodyear. (newswise.com)
Additionally, it reaches the bloodstream, where it is probably stabilized by IL-22-binding protein, and can therefore also influence cells far from its production site [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

The favorable metabolic phenotype resulted from activation of energy expenditure, in part via BAT activation and beiging of white adipose tissue. (elifesciences.org)
The ratio between these two adipose tissue types determines the level of energy expenditure, which is unbalanced in those who have more body fat. (pncmaine.com)

Insuf﫿cient adipose lipid storage is asso- ciated with many pathological conditions including hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. (deepdyve.com)
These results revealed the crucial role of Senp2-Setdb1 axis in controlling adipose lipid storage. (deepdyve.com)

Casein kinase I isoform delta also known as CKI-delta or CK1δ is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the gene CSNK1D, which is located on chromosome 17 (17q25.3). (wikipedia.org)
It is a member of the CK1 (formerly named casein kinase 1) family of serine/threonine specific eukaryotic protein kinases encompassing seven distinct isoforms (CK1α, γ1-3, δ, ε) as well as various post-transcriptionally processed splice variants (transcription variants, TVs) in mammalians. (wikipedia.org)
Increased knowledge about protein kinase signalling is thus needed to prevent and treat these diseases. (lu.se)
Presently, our main project evolves around the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) family, which consists of AMPK and another 12 related kinases, of which we are particularly interested in the salt-inducible kinases (SIK) 1-3. (lu.se)
Immunoblot analysis revealed an insulin-like glucose transporting mechanism of AEG by activating key markers involved in the insulin signaling cascade such as insulin receptor beta IRβ, insulin receptor substrate1, 85 phosphatidyl inositol 3′ kinase (PI3K) and PKB. (wiley.com)

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease in patients with high blood glucose over prolonged period ( 1 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

In type 2 diabetes someone usually starts around 10 units per day or 0.1-0.2mg/kg/day and the dosage is slowly increased until glucose control is achieved. (advochealth.com)

A strong positive correlation between plasma apoCIII and TG concentrations has been invariably observed in human and animal studies [ 18 - 20 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Adipose tissue is a key nutrient-sensing depot that regulates excess energy storage and consumption. (frontiersin.org)

lack of GH during fasting increases protein loss and urea production rates by approximately 50%, with a similar increase in muscle protein breakdown. (scienceopen.com)
Insulin increases the protein content in the muscles to prevent muscle wasting. (rxlist.com)
Massive adipose tissue depositions in the abdomen and increased, which results in noninsulin-mediated increases thorax suffi cient to interfere with respiration developed in a patient with multiple medical problems. (cdc.gov)

White fat cells secrete many proteins acting as adipokines such as resistin , adiponectin , leptin and apelin . (ipfs.io)

This paper aims to summarize recent findings on the involvement of IR in the occurrence and development of PCOS and the mechanism of IR in various tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
Protein targeting or protein sorting is the mechanism by which a cell transports proteins to the appropriate positions in the cell or outside of it. (absoluteastronomy.com)

Anatomy29

Organisms12

Diseases18

Chemicals and Drugs125

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment23

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes56

Technology, Industry, Agriculture6

Information Science3

Health Care3

Metabolism39

Oxidation11

Triglycerides16

Obesity16

Adipocytes13

Synthesis9

Skeletal6

Homeostasis11

Hepatic glucose1

Brown adipos9

Insulin secretion2

Glycogen3

Free fatty4

Blood glucose levels2

Improved glucose tolerance1

White adipose cells2

Secretion2

Stimulates glucose uptake1

Suppression of adipose2

Lipolysis3

Peripheral2

Mice18

Phosphorylation2

Pancreas2

Subcutaneous1

Translocation3

Enzymes1

Regulate1

Adipocyte4

Amino acid3

Associated With Insulin Resistance1

Target tissues2

Serum6

Plasma fatty acid1

Primarily3

Gluconeogenesis1

Cellular5

Metabolites2

Accumulation1

Body's2

Deposition2

Pathogenesis1

Levels11

Occurs1

Glycerol2

Proinflammatory1

Fats2

Bloodstream2

Energy expenditure2

Lipid storage2

Kinase5

High blood glucose1

Type 2 diabet1

Concentrations1

Excess1

Increases3

Cells secrete1

Mechanism2