Protein activation induced cytokine tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 15. Medical search. Frequent questions

It can activate both the NF-κB and MAPK signalling pathways, and acts as an autocrine factor to induce apoptosis in endothelial cells. (wikipedia.org)
TL1, a novel tumor necrosis factor-like cytokine, induces apoptosis in endothelial cells. (wikipedia.org)
This receptor has been shown to activate NF-κB and MAPK8 / JNK , and induce cell apoptosis . (wikidoc.org)
[7] DR6 induces apoptosis when it is over expressed, however the manner in which the death signal is intracellularly transduced is currently unknown. (wikidoc.org)
Chemotherapeutic agents sensitize osteogenic sarcoma cells, but not normal human bone cells, to Apo2L/TRAIL-induced apoptosis. (uni-muenster.de)
Progressive resistance of BTK-143 osteosarcoma cells to Apo2L/TRAIL-induced apoptosis is mediated by acquisition of DcR2/TRAIL-R4 expression: resensitisation with chemotherapy. (uni-muenster.de)
Chemotherapeutic agents sensitize sarcoma cell lines to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-induced caspase-8 activation, apoptosis and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. (uni-muenster.de)
Sensitization of multidrug resistant human ostesarcoma cells to Apo2 Ligand/TRAIL-induced apoptosis by inhibition of the Akt/PKB kinase. (uni-muenster.de)
Anticancer agents sensitize osteosarcoma cells to TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand downmodulating IAP family proteins. (uni-muenster.de)
Sulforaphane enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis through the induction of DR5 expression in human osteosarcoma cells. (uni-muenster.de)
Ionizing radiation enhances tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis through up-regulations of death receptor 4 (DR4) and death receptor 5 (DR5) in human osteosarcoma cells. (uni-muenster.de)
Circulating osteoprotegerin (OPG), a member of the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (RANK) axis, may influence breast cancer risk via its role as the decoy receptor for both the RANK ligand (RANKL) and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). (biomedcentral.com)
Murine PD-1 mRNA expression has been shown to be correlated with activation-induced apoptosis in a mouse T-cell hybridoma cell line and murine thymocytes [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Through its death domain , this receptor interacts with TRADD protein, which is known to serve as an adaptor that mediates signal transduction of TNF-receptors. (wikidoc.org)
Objective To identify the role of mature nerve growth factor (mNGF), its immature form proNGF and their receptors in arthritis inflammation. (bmj.com)
This cytokine is a ligand for receptors TNFRSF13B /TACI, TNFRSF17 /BCMA, and TNFRSF13C /BAFF-R. This cytokine is expressed in B cell lineage cells, and acts as a potent B cell activator. (wikidoc.org)
[4] BAFF is the natural ligand of three unusual tumor necrosis factor receptors named BAFF-R (BR3), TACI (transmembrane activator and calcium modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor), and BCMA (B-cell maturation antigen), all of which have differing binding affinities for it. (wikidoc.org)
All these ligands act as homotrimers (i.e. three of the same molecule) interacting with homotrimeric receptors, [6] although BAFF has been known to be active as either a hetero- or homotrimer (can aggregate into 60-mer depending on the primary structure of the protein). (wikidoc.org)
NK cell activation and the triggering of effector functions is governed by a complex set of activating and inhibitory receptors. (frontiersin.org)
Here, we review tumor-NK cell interactions, discuss the mechanisms by which NK cells generate an antitumor immune response, and discuss NK cell-based therapeutic strategies targeting activating, inhibitory, and co-stimulatory receptors. (frontiersin.org)
However, CD56 dim NK cells can produce cytokines, specifically IFN-γ, after cell triggering via NKp46 of NKp30 activating receptors or after stimulation with combinations of IL-2, IL-12, and IL-15 ( 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3 and NOTCH4 are transmembrane receptors that transduce juxtacrine signals of the delta‑like canonical Notch ligand (DLL)1, DLL3, DLL4, jagged canonical Notch ligand (JAG)1 and JAG2. (spandidos-publications.com)
Small‑molecule γ‑secretase inhibitors (AL101, MRK‑560, nirogacestat and others) and antibody‑based biologics targeting Notch ligands or receptors [ABT‑165, AMG 119, rovalpituzumab tesirine (Rova‑T) and others] have been developed as investigational drugs. (spandidos-publications.com)
T-cell activation and dysfunction relies on direct and modulated receptors. (biomedcentral.com)
As a member of the TNF family , LT-α binds to various receptors and activates the NF-κB pathway , thus promoting immune regulation through the innate immune response. (wikidoc.org)
Formation of LT-α 1 -β 2 complex enables binding to LT-β receptors and subsequent activation of signaling pathways. (wikidoc.org)
Activation of LT-β receptors is capable of inducing cell death of cancerous cells and suppressing tumor growth. (wikidoc.org)

This protein is abundantly expressed in endothelial cells, but is not expressed in either B or T cells. (wikipedia.org)
TL1A (TNFSF15), a ligand belonging to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family, is expressed predominantly by endothelial cells and monocytes. (enzolifesciences.com)
It is now known that new blood vessels originate from preexisting vessels by activation, proliferation and migration of endothelial cells through a process named "angiogenesis" [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
Specific growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), stimulate the proliferation and migration of naturally quiescent endothelial cells, resulting in the formation of new vessel structures during embryonic development and tumor growth [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
This suggested that EPCs are able to differentiate into endothelial cells and that such cells are incorporated into sites of active angiogenesis including ischemia, tumor angiogenesis, and metastasis in adult organisms [ 16 , 17 ]. (hindawi.com)
PDF) Kraan J, van den Broek P, Verhoef C, Grunhagen DJ, Taal W, Gratama JW, Sleijfer SEndothelial CD276 (B7-H3) expression is increased in human malignancies and distinguishes between normal and tumour-derived circulating endothelial cells. (researchgate.net)

Death receptor 6 ( DR6 ), also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 21 ( TNFRSF21 ), is a cell surface receptor of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily which activates the JNK and NF-κB pathways. (wikidoc.org)
In ex vivo experiments the effects of proNGF differ from those of mNGF, suggesting that the balance of p75NTR and TrkA expression represents a critical factor in regulating mNGF/proNGF functions, determining which intracellular pathways and biological activities are triggered. (bmj.com)
Contrary to NGF, proNGF administration increased inflammatory cytokines but not interleukin (IL)-10 expression, inducing a stronger activation of p38 and JNK pathways. (bmj.com)
Western blot analyses of RANKL-induced signaling pathways showed that conditional knockout of PDK1 in osteoclasts inhibited the early nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation, which consequently suppressed the downstream induction of NFATc1. (bvsalud.org)
Activation of DR3 by TL1A induced the formation of a signaling complex containing TRADD, TRAF2, and RIP and activated the NF-κB and the ERK, JNK, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. (enzolifesciences.com)
Induces osteoclastogenesis by activating multiple signaling pathways in osteoclast precursor cells, chief among which is induction of long lasting oscillations in the intracellular concentration of Ca (2+) resulting in the activation of NFATC1, which translocates to the nucleus and induces osteoclast-specific gene transcription to allow differentiation of osteoclasts. (cusabio.com)
Genotoxic damage causes robust alterations to pathways associated with B cell activation and increased proliferation, suggesting that genotoxic damage initiates not only the normal B cell maturation processes but also mimics activated B cell response to antigenic agents. (biomedcentral.com)
What pathways are this gene/protein implicaed in? (cancer-genetics.org)
We are beginning to understand the power of co-inhibitors in the context of lymphocyte homeostasis and the pathogenesis of leukemia, which involves several newly described co-inhibitory pathways, including the programmed death-1 (PD-1) and PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
Of these, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and regulatory T-cells (Tregs) create an immunosuppressive microenvironment through various pathways. (iiarjournals.org)
For example, TAMs suppress effector T-cells through immune checkpoint molecules, such as those of the programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) ( 7 ) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) ( 8 , 9 ) pathways. (iiarjournals.org)
As a cytotoxic protein, LT-α causes the destruction of cancerous cell lines, activates signaling pathways, and effectively kills transformed tumor cells. (wikidoc.org)
[15] Activation of signaling pathways such as NF-κB ultimately leads to various cellular fates, including cell proliferation and cell death. (wikidoc.org)
Phosphorylation of various TRAF proteins results in activation of both canonical and non-canonical NF-kB pathways. (biomedcentral.com)

Vascular endothelial growth inhibitor (VEGI), also known as TNF-like ligand 1A (TL1A) and TNF superfamily member 15 (TNFSF15), is protein that in humans is encoded by the TNFSF15 gene. (wikipedia.org)
The protein encoded by this gene is a cytokine that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand family. (wikipedia.org)
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily. (wikidoc.org)
Knockout studies in mice suggested that this gene plays a role in T helper cell activation, and may be involved in inflammation and immune regulation. (wikidoc.org)
METHODS: In our study, we used a receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (RANK) promoter-driven Cre-LoxP system to conditionally delete the PDK1 gene in osteoclasts in mice. (bvsalud.org)
In vivo, we discovered that osteoclast-specific knockout of suppressed RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis, bone resorption function, and osteoclast-specific gene expression (Ctsk, TRAP, MMP-9, NFATc1). (bvsalud.org)
B-cell activating factor ( BAFF ) also known as tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 13B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNFSF13B gene . (wikidoc.org)
The protein encoded by this gene represents the beta subunit and is a type I membrane protein. (cancer-genetics.org)
What does this gene/protein do? (cancer-genetics.org)
Gene landscape and correlation between B-cell infiltration and programmed death ligand 1 expression in lung adenocarcinoma patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas data set. (cancer-genetics.org)
OBJECTIVE- We identified lipocalin 2 ( Lcn2 ) as a gene induced by dexamethasone and tumor necrosis factor-α in cultured adipocytes. (diabetesjournals.org)
NK cells were subsequently analyzed for changes in surface marker expression, cytokine production, gene expression changes, and cytotoxic function using flow cytometry, ELISA, qRT-PCR, and cell-mediated cytotoxicity assay, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
Stimulation with pI:C alone increased the gene and protein expression of granzyme B and perforin, which was completely blunted by adding DEP. (biomedcentral.com)
The PD-1 gene is a CD28 family member that is a member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily. (biomedcentral.com)
The human PD-1 gene is located on chromosome 2 at band q37, and the full length PD-1 cDNA is 2,106 nucleotides long and encodes a predicted protein of 288 amino acid residues. (biomedcentral.com)
Lymphotoxin-alpha (LT-α) or tumor necrosis factor-beta (TNF-β) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LTA gene . (wikidoc.org)
In other studies, mice with gene knockout of LT-α showed enhanced tumor growth, implicating possible protective role of LT-α in cancer. (wikidoc.org)
[15] The production of NF-kB1 and ReIA increases rates of gene transcription of cytokines and inflammatory-inducing molecules. (wikidoc.org)

TL1a is upregulated by the proinflammatory cytokines TNF and IL-1 and also by immune complexes (IC). (enzolifesciences.com)
On activated T cells, TL1A functions specifically via its surface-bound receptor DR3, (a member of the death-domain containing TNF receptor family) to promote cell survival and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. (enzolifesciences.com)
As we previously reported, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (RANK) ligand (RANKL)/RANK signaling on M2 macrophages promotes the production of chemokines and proinflammatory cytokines to maintain the immunosuppressive tumor environment of extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD). (iiarjournals.org)
Engagement of CD40 by CD40L expressed on T cells results in the production of proinflammatory cytokines, induces T helper cell function, and promotes macrophage activation. (biomedcentral.com)
Disruption of this signaling pathway has the potential to reduce production of proinflammatory cytokines, reduce T helper cell function, and inhibit macrophage activation, making it a very attractive therapeutic target for patients with chronic inflammatory disease [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Tumors exhibit significant myeloid cell infiltrates, which are actively recruited to the tumor microenvironment. (hindawi.com)
Finally, we will comment on the mechanisms regulating myeloid cell recruitment to the tumor microenvironment and on the potential of myeloid cells as new targets for cancer therapy. (hindawi.com)
Notch signaling cascades crosstalk with fibroblast growth factor and WNT signaling cascades in the tumor microenvironment to maintain cancer stem cells and remodel the tumor microenvironment. (spandidos-publications.com)
Germline mutations in the NOTCH1 , NOTCH2 and NOTCH3 genes cause Adams-Oliver syndrome, Alagille syndrome and cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy, respectively ( 4 ), and DLL4-NOTCH3 signaling in human vascular organoids induces basement membrane thickening and drives vasculopathy in the diabetic microenvironment ( 5 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Conclusion: Our study suggests that the RANKL/RANK pathway contributes to the development and maintenance of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and denosumab may be a promising adjuvant therapy targeting TAMs in cancer of apocrine origin. (iiarjournals.org)
For example, Paget's cells release soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (sRANKL) into the tumor microenvironment, stimulating RANK + TAMs to produce CCL17, which recruits Tregs into the lesional skin of patients with extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) ( 11 , 17 ). (iiarjournals.org)
Accordingly, investigating the characteristics of cancer-related factors is important to determine the immunological background of the tumor microenvironment in each type of skin cancer. (iiarjournals.org)

It is closely associated with B cell-activating factor of the TNF family (BAFF) receptor, transmembrane activator, calcium modulator, and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI) [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Tumor cells can induce, through exposition of amyloid precursor protein (APP), DR6-mediated endothelial cell necroptosis allowing tumors metastasis. (wikidoc.org)
Myeloid cells are a heterogeneous population of bone marrow-derived cells that play a critical role during growth and metastasis of malignant tumors. (hindawi.com)
Myeloid cells promote tumor growth by stimulating tumor angiogenesis, suppressing tumor immunity, and promoting metastasis to distinct sites. (hindawi.com)
Angiogenesis, the growth of new blood vessels, occurs at different stages during embryonic development, physiological processes such as wound healing and reproduction, and numerous diseases, including inflammation, tumor progression, and metastasis [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
More recent data show that OPG is also produced in breast tumor cells, and that it can promote tumor growth and metastasis [ 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
[3] [6] However, mice with overexpression of LT-α or LT-β showed increased tumor growth and metastasis in several models of cancer. (wikidoc.org)

It is presently unknown whether peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) β/δ activation prevents inflammation in adipocytes. (diabetesjournals.org)
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS AND RESULTS- First, we examined whether the PPARβ/δ agonist GW501516 prevents lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine production in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. (diabetesjournals.org)
3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM)-a natural compound produced from indole-3-carbinol, found in cruciferous vegetables-enhances glucose uptake by increasing the activation of the insulin signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. (researchgate.net)
Cytokines secreted by adipocytes, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, transforming growth factor-β, and interleukin-6, are implicated in NAFLD. (wjgnet.com)
The discovery of leptin more than a decade ago established a paradigm in which secreted proteins from adipocytes coordinate energy balance and glucose homeostasis ( 2 , 3 ). (diabetesjournals.org)

[8] APP ( amyloid precursor protein ) is the natural ligand of DR6 and is first cleaved into Aβ and N-APP. (wikidoc.org)

Inflammation induced by wear particles derived from prosthetic biomaterials is a major cause of osteolysis. (bvsalud.org)
In addition, the effects of macrophages in the occurrence and development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and their role in inducing fibrosis, activating T cells, reducing colitis, and treating intestinal inflammation were also reviewed in this paper. (frontiersin.org)
Chronic inflammation is connected to neoplastic transformation, and it is known that patients with autoimmune diseases have increased risks for some types of tumors [ 3 , 4 ], with neoplastic transformation often occurring [ 5 - 8 ]. (medsci.org)
During the process of airway inflammation, complex interactions of innate and adaptive immune cells as well as structural cells and their cytokines have many important roles. (cdc.gov)
Interleukin (IL)-9-producing subset called Th9 cell, Th22 cells which primarily secrete IL-22, IL-13 and tumor necrosis factor- and Th25 cells via producing IL-25 are believed to be important for initiating allergic reactions and developing airway inflammation. (cdc.gov)
4] After allergen exposure, that produced exceptionally large quantities of airway inflammation is orchestrated mainly by cytokine IL-9. (cdc.gov)

CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrated that PDK1 performs an important role in osteoclastogenesis and prostate cancer-induced osteolysis by modulating the PDK1/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway. (bvsalud.org)
Homeostatic osteoclastogenesis is effectively induced by RANKL (Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand). (frontiersin.org)
Recent studies have uncovered key intrinsic mechanisms by which TNF acts on osteoclast precursors to restrain osteoclastogenesis, including the mechanisms mediated by RBP-J signaling, RBP-J and ITAM (Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif) crosstalk, RBP-J mediated regulatory network, NF- κ B p100, IRF8, and Def6. (frontiersin.org)
Understanding the mechanistic difference between RANKL-mediated physiological and TNF-mediated inflammatory osteoclastogenesis, and especially TNF-induced intrinsic inhibitory mechanisms, will strengthen the development of therapeutic approaches to treat pathological bone destruction in disease settings and prevent negative side effects on bone remodeling and immunity. (frontiersin.org)

Recombinant rat TNF alpha protein ( ab9756 ) can be used as a positive control in WB. (abcam.co.jp)
In this review, we summarize the many examples of immunoadhesins in the literature, and discuss some essential structural and functional features of this expanding fanuly of recombinant proteins. (coek.info)

Selective AHR deletion in eosinophils depleted Clec4a4+ eosinophils, augmented innate lymphocytes producing type 2 cytokines, and enhanced helminth clearance. (stanford.edu)
First described in 1975, NK cells were initially identified as a distinct sub-population of lymphocytes by their capacity to spontaneously lyse tumor cells ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are related to positive clinical prognoses in numerous cancer types. (cancer-genetics.org)
Lymphotoxin alpha, a member of the tumor necrosis factor family , is a cytokine produced by lymphocytes . (wikidoc.org)
A membrane-bound tumor necrosis family member that is expressed on activated antigen-presenting cells such as B-LYMPHOCYTES and MACROPHAGES. (bvsalud.org)

NK cell infiltration into tumor tissue is associated with better disease prognosis in colorectal cancer, clear cell renal cell carcinoma, and lung carcinomas ( 9 - 11 ). (frontiersin.org)

Pathophysiologically, asthma exert different effects at different concentrations, can is characterized by constriction of airway smooth synergize or antagonize the effects of other cytokines muscle, hyper secretion of mucus, edema and airway and regulated in a complex manner and function via hyper responsiveness (AHR),[3] mucus secretion and cytokine cascade. (cdc.gov)

PD-1 is a 50-55 kDa type I transmembrane protein with a single IgV domain in the extracellular region. (biomedcentral.com)
Immunoadhesin structure The majority of immunoadhesins combine the hinge and Fc regions of an IgGl heavy chain with the extracellular domain (ECU) of a type I transmembrane protein, usually a receptor or an adhesion molecule (Fig. 1). (coek.info)
CD40 is a 48 kDa type I transmembrane protein that is constitutively expressed on hematopoietic cells such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells. (biomedcentral.com)
CD40 is a 48 kDa type I transmembrane protein that is expressed on a wide range of hematopoietic (B cells, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells) and non-hematopoietic (activated epithelium, endothelium) cells. (biomedcentral.com)

instead of targeting tumor cells, the goal of immunotherapy is to augment and expand the immune system's intrinsic antitumor response. (frontiersin.org)

The secreted decoy receptor 3 (DcR3), a soluble protein of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily blocks the action of TL1A. (enzolifesciences.com)

It is the sole known ligand for death receptor 3, and it can also be recognized by decoy receptor 3. (wikipedia.org)
This cytokine is a ligand for receptor TNFRSF25 (death receptor 3) and TNFRSF6B (decoy receptor 3). (wikipedia.org)
OPG binds RANKL as a decoy receptor, inhibiting the activation of RANK by RANKL and preventing the differentiation of bone marrow precursor (monocyte/macrophage) cells to osteoclasts - cells that are central in the process of bone resorption [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Effector T cells act back to promote the expression of B7 proteins on antigen-presenting cells, creating a positive feedback loop that amplifies the T cell response. (nih.gov)
Based on effector function, NK cells are divided into two major subsets: more cytotoxic NK cells (CD56 dim CD16 + ) and more cytokine-secreting NK cells (CD56 bright CD16 dim/- ) [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
T helper (Th) 2 cells, which recruit and accumulate in the lungs and produce a range of different effector cytokines. (cdc.gov)
Cell-cell interactions between antigen presenting cells and T cells provide bidirectional signaling that is critical for the activation, maturation, and effector function of both cell types. (biomedcentral.com)

This cytokine is also found to inhibit endothelial cell proliferation, and thus may function as an angiogenesis inhibitor. (wikipedia.org)
In this review, we discuss the role of myeloid cells in promoting tumor angiogenesis. (hindawi.com)
Importantly, during tumor progression, myeloid cells are implicated in promoting tumor angiogenesis, causing resistance against antiangiogenic therapies in cancer, and suppressing the immune response during cancer [ 3 - 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
These observations stimulated an intensive search for the mechanisms regulating tumor angiogenesis. (hindawi.com)
Although tumor cells were first thought to drive the cellular events underpinning tumor angiogenesis and growth, considerable evidence has now emerged for the central role of tumor infiltrating myeloid cells such as monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils in this phenomenon [ 8 - 12 ]. (hindawi.com)

Several antigens have been used as targets for CAR-T cell therapy against MM, including B cell maturation antigen (BCMA), CD19, CD138, signaling lymphocytic activation molecule 7 (SLAM7), and immunoglobulin light chains. (biomedcentral.com)
The most common example of this type of fusion protein combines the hinge and Fc regions of an immunoglobulin (Ig) with domains of a cell-surface receptor that recognizes a specific ligand (Box 1). (coek.info)

However, as tumors progress, cancerous cells develop immunosuppressive mechanisms that circumvent NK cell-mediated killing, allowing for tumor escape and proliferation. (frontiersin.org)

Canonical Notch signaling activates the transcription of BMI1 proto‑oncogene polycomb ring finger, cyclin D1, CD44, cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A, hes family bHLH transcription factor 1, hes related family bHLH transcription factor with YRPW motif 1, MYC, NOTCH3, RE1 silencing transcription factor and transcription factor 7 in a cellular context‑dependent manner, while non‑canonical Notch signaling activates NF‑κB and Rac family small GTPase 1. (spandidos-publications.com)

Moreover, deletion of PDK1 in osteoclasts ameliorated osteolysis and rPDK1educed bone resorption markers in the murine model of prostate cancer-induced osteolysis. (bvsalud.org)

However, a class of important immune-modulators is conspicuously absent: agents that utilize the power of innate immune cells to eradicate tumors. (frontiersin.org)
NK cells are now accepted to play an important role in both the adaptive and innate immune responses that govern infection, autoimmunity, and tumor immunosurveillance ( 2 , 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
The expression of B7 proteins on an antigen-presenting cell is induced by pathogens during the innate response to an infection. (nih.gov)
[6] LT-α plays an important role in innate immune regulation and its presence has been shown to prevent tumor growth and destroy cancerous cell lines. (wikidoc.org)

Neuroinflammation is a major pathogenic mechanism for secondary brain injury following TBI [1-3], characterized by edema, microglial and astrocytic activation and migration, and the release of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines [4-6]. (researchsquare.com)
Chemokines such as chemokine C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2) and chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 1 (CXCL1) are critical signaling factors regulating post-TBI neuroinflammation. (researchsquare.com)

Aiming at wear particle-induced periprosthetic aseptic osteolysis, this review separately discusses the molecular mechanism of regulation of ROS formation and inflammatory response through intervention of macrophage/osteoclast RANKL-MAPKs-NF-κB pathway. (bvsalud.org)
The results demonstrate that the membrane-bound form of RANKL is sufficient for most functions of this protein but that the soluble form does contribute to physiological bone remodeling in adult mice. (cusabio.com)
TNF and RANKL are members of the TNF superfamily. (frontiersin.org)
Osteoclast differentiation is induced by the master osteoclastogenic factor, RANKL, which acts in concert with M-CSF and ITAM-mediated co-stimulatory signaling. (frontiersin.org)
Bone homeostasis is maintained by the interplay between the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (RANK), its soluble activation ligand (RANKL), and OPG. (biomedcentral.com)
Since EMPD is a skin adenocarcinoma of apocrine gland origin that expresses high levels of RANKL and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 7, and EMPD is associated with the presence of RANK + M2 macrophages, we hypothesized that tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in adenocarcinomas such as PCAC might also express RANKL and MMP7. (iiarjournals.org)

The transmembrane form can be cleaved from the membrane, generating a soluble protein fragment. (wikidoc.org)

Methods Real-time PCR, western blot and ELISA were performed to evaluate NGF, proNGF, their receptor and cytokine expression in synovial tissue and cells of patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and controls. (bmj.com)
proNGF effects depend on its binding to p75NTR, as inhibition of p75NTR with neutralising antibodies or LM11A-31 abolished proNGF-induced production of IL-6 in patients' mononuclear cells, while inhibition of TrkA did not. (bmj.com)
As the only bone resorbing cells in vivo, osteoclasts play important roles in cancer-induced osteolysis. (bvsalud.org)
Bone marrow-derived macrophage cells (BMMs) were extracted and induced to differentiate osteoclasts in vitro to explore the role of PDK1 in osteoclasts. (bvsalud.org)
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has emerged as a novel immunotherapy which modifies T cells with CAR, an artificial fusion protein that incorporates an extracellular antigen recognition domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular domain including costimulation and signaling components [ 4 , 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
BCMA, a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily, is exclusively expressed in a subpopulation of B cells, normal plasma cells, and malignant plasma cells. (biomedcentral.com)
It is expressed as a membrane-bound type II transmembrane protein [2] on various cell types including monocytes , dendritic cells and bone marrow stromal cells. (wikidoc.org)
Remarkably, Clec4a4+ eosinophils were instructed by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a ligand-activated transcription factor that imprints many gut immune cells. (stanford.edu)
Among these, Siglec-8 is a CD33-related family member selectively expressed on human mast cells and eosinophils, and at low levels on basophils. (mdpi.com)
There is compelling clinical and experimental evidence to suggest that natural killer (NK) cells play a critical role in the recognition and eradication of tumors. (frontiersin.org)
Nascent transformed cells elicit NK cell activation and are eliminated. (frontiersin.org)
Therapeutic intervention aims to reverse tumor-induced NK cell suppression and sustain NK cells' tumorlytic capacities. (frontiersin.org)
In 1971, Dr. Judah Folkman observed that neovascularization occurs around tumors and proposed that new blood vessel growth is necessary to supply nutrients and oxygen to tumor cells during exponential tumor growth [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
Subsequent studies described a VEGFR2 and AC133 expressing subpopulation of these CD34 positive circulating cells that could form endothelial colonies in vitro [ 14 , 15 ]. (hindawi.com)
On the other hand, phagosomes are formed when the pathogen is engulfed by macrophages and fuse with lysosomes to release enzymes and toxic substances, resulting in killing or having cytotoxic effects on bacteria and tumor cells. (frontiersin.org)
The 4-1BB receptor (CDw137), a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, has been shown to costimulate the activation of T cells. (rupress.org)
Previous studies have found that DIM can improve type 2 diabetes by enhancing glucose uptake through the activation of insulin signaling in 3T3-L1 cells, and by lowering the plasma glucose levels in high-fat-diet-fed obese mice [13, 14]. (researchgate.net)
Among immune cells, Foxp3 + regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are potent inhibitors of cancer immunity, and their presence within solid tumors is generally associated with a poor prognosis. (mdpi.com)
NKG2D is an activating NK cell surface receptor that recognizes ligands, such as MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence (MIC) A and B and UL16-binding proteins (ULPBs), displayed on the surfaces of stressed cells, thereby preventing non-specific killing by bringing NK cells into close proximity with their targets [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Moreover, increasing data have shown that peripheral T-cell tolerance is an essential property of the specific immune response to tumor cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Moreover, it has been shown that the PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) is highly expressed in leukemia cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Monoclonal antibody therapy is a form of immunotherapy that uses monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to bind monospecifically to certain cells or proteins. (wikimili.com)
Immunohistochemical staining of MMP1 and MMP25 as well as chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (CCL) 5 in the lesional skin from five patients with PCAC showed a substantial number of MMP1-bearing cells and MMP25-bearing cells, as well as CCL5-producing cells, that were distributed in the lesional skin. (iiarjournals.org)
However, more recent studies have revealed the potential collaboration of other helper T cells and their cytokines in this process. (cdc.gov)
The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about the possible roles of newly identified helper T cells derived cytokines (IL-9, 17, 22, 25 and IL-33) in asthma. (cdc.gov)
[6] Hence depending on the context, LT-α may function to prevent growth of cancer cells or facilitate the development of tumors. (wikidoc.org)
Its ligand, CD154 or CD40L, has a more restricted expression pattern and is found primarily on activated T cells, B cells, and platelets. (biomedcentral.com)

[5] TACI binds worst since its affinity is higher for a protein similar to BAFF, called a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL). (wikidoc.org)

Macrophages play a significant role in many processes, such as the human immune function, parasite infection, and tissue remodeling by secreting cytokines and producing reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates. (frontiersin.org)

The interaction of PRRSV with the immune system is believed to be of critical importance for defining immunological and clinical outcomes of the infection and, along with other factors, is associated with an inefficient development of the adaptive immunity. (biomedcentral.com)
The antitumor effect provided by natural killing has been observed in tumors of hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic origins and reported in diverse in vivo models and clinical series ( 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
Phase III clinical trials of Rova‑T for patients with small‑cell lung cancer and a phase III clinical trial of nirogacestat for patients with desmoid tumors are ongoing. (spandidos-publications.com)

The protein is primarily expressed in the hematopoietic system. (cancer-genetics.org)
[1] [2] Belonging to the hematopoietic cell line, LT-α exhibits anti-proliferative activity and causes the cellular destruction of tumor cell lines. (wikidoc.org)

TNF (Tumor necrosis factor) is a pleiotropic cytokine that plays an important role in immunity and inflammatory bone destruction. (frontiersin.org)
We also highlight the therapeutic approaches aiming at targeting these regulators to enhance anti-tumor immunity. (mdpi.com)

During osteoclast differentiation, in a TMEM64 and ATP2A2-dependent manner induces activation of CREB1 and mitochondrial ROS generation necessary for proper osteoclast generation. (cusabio.com)
Results DIM, but not I3C, increased adipocyte differentiation through upregulation of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ and CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein α. (researchgate.net)

Cytokine that binds to TNFRSF11B/OPG and to TNFRSF11A/RANK. (cusabio.com)

[1] As a cytotoxic protein, LT-α performs a variety of important roles in immune regulation depending on the form that it is secreted as. (wikidoc.org)

Two main advantages of BCMA as an antigen for CAR-T therapy are the potential reduction of on-target/off-tumor toxicity and the lack of antigen-dependent reduction in CAR-T cell expansion [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
A potential disadvantage of BCMA is that soluble BCMA can be released or shed from tumors into the the surrounding tissues and into the circulation. (biomedcentral.com)

Since its discovery in 2000, initial in vitro studies have found that the engagement of Siglec-8 with a monoclonal antibody or with selective polyvalent sialoglycan ligands induced the cell death of eosinophils and inhibited mast cell degranulation. (mdpi.com)
Some studies have found that high levels of antithyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO-Ab) and increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) are related to HT-related thyroid tumors. (medsci.org)
is to generate an antibody-like molecule by combining framework sequences from a human mAb with sequences from a human protein that carries a target-recognition function. (coek.info)

[2] The DR6 is an alpha-helical integral membrane receptor protein that shows evidence that it has something to do with the inhibition of blood vessels forming on tumors which would allow them to grow larger. (wikidoc.org)

Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), a mediator of the PD-1 receptor, plays an inhibitory role in cancer immune responses. (cancer-genetics.org)

A rat TBI model was established by air pressure contusion while lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure was used to induce inflammatory-like responses in cultured astrocytes. (researchsquare.com)
We further demonstrated that in vitro administration of pro-inflammatory lipopolysaccharide (LPS) significantly upregulated expression levels of CCL2 and CXCL1 as well as phosphorylation (activation) of the stress-associated transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and p38 in cultured astrocytes prepared from cerebral cortices of neonatal rats. (researchsquare.com)

Using mice lacking the DNA hydroxymethylase TET2, we showed the requirement for TET2 in optimal production of hallmark cytokines by ILC3s and interleukin-17A (IL-17A) by inflammatory ILC2s. (stanford.edu)

X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1), a transcription factor, affects the metabolism of bones in various ways. (bvsalud.org)

Their two main functions are direct cell-mediated cytotoxicity and the release of cytokines. (biomedcentral.com)
TRAF6-dependent PI3K activation is a critical survival signal while TRAF2/TRAF6 have redundant functions in NF-kB activation and upregulation of CD80 and ICAM-1 expression [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Since TAMs have been detected both in melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer ( 8 , 12 - 14 ), their variable immunosuppressive function is determined by the stimulation from each cancer type and the corresponding stromal factors ( 11 , 13 , 15 , 16 ). (iiarjournals.org)

Anatomy5

Organisms4

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs31

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment6

Phenomena and Processes20

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Apoptosis13

Receptors14

Endothelial cells6

Pathways14

Gene18

Proinflammatory cytokines5

Microenvironment7

Cyclophilin ligand interactor1

Metastasis6

Adipocytes5

Natural ligand1

Inflammation6

Osteoclastogenesis4

Recombinant2

Lymphocytes5

Colorectal cancer1

Secretion1

Type I transmembrane protein4

Targeting tumor cells1

TNFR1

Decoy receptor3

Effector4

Angiogenesis5

Immunoglobulin2

Cancerous cells1

Activates1

Bone resorption1

Innate4

Chemokines2

RANKL6

Soluble protein1

Cells27

Proliferation1

Macrophages1

Clinical3

Hematopoietic2

Immunity2

Differentiation2

Binds1

Cytotoxic1

BCMA2

Antibody3

Inhibition1

Inhibitory1

Lipopolysaccharide2

Interleukin1

Transcription factor1

Functions2

Immunosuppressive1