• The preparation, identification and assay of prolactin - a hormone of the anterior pituitary. (scielo.br)
  • A polypeptide hormone (84 amino acid residues) secreted by the PARATHYROID GLANDS which performs the essential role of maintaining intracellular CALCIUM levels in the body. (edu.au)
  • A lactogenic hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). (umassmed.edu)
  • It is now apparent that growth hormone (GH), an anterior pituitary hormone predominantly regulating postnatal somatic growth and metabolism, is also expressed in extrapituitary tissues. (bvsalud.org)
  • Androgen deprivation therapy with a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist plus an antiandrogen should be used prior to radiation therapy for patients with locally advanced prostate cancer to improve outcomes over radiation therapy alone. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • The thyroid gland secretes thyroxin, a hormone that can reduce concentration and lead to irritability when the thyroid is overactive and cause drowsiness and a sluggish metabolism when the thyroid is underactive. (medscape.com)
  • These are released under the stimulation of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which is secreted by the pituitary gland. (abdominalkey.com)
  • Endocrine Adrenal Hormone Synthesis Inhibitors Figure 1.6 MetyraPONE stimulation test: evaluation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. (osmosis.org)
  • Testis- is primary male sex glands producing sperms and testosterone hormone. (iasri.res.in)
  • Androstenedione is a 19-carbon steroid hormone produced in the adrenal glands and the gonads as an intermediate step in the biochemical pathway that produces the androgen testosterone and the estrogens estrone and estradiol. (absoluteastronomy.com)
  • Fear and stress then activates the adrenal glands to secrete the hormone adrenaline which increases the heart and respiratory rates. (tomsk.ru)
  • True endocrine glands probably evolved later in the evolutionary history of the animal kingdom as separate, hormone-secreting structures. (tomsk.ru)
  • Tribulus is thought to support healthy hormone profile by boosting testosterone levels via stimulation of the anterior pituitary gland. (naturesvelvet.in)
  • Its target organ, the anterior pituitary gland, responds to each pulse of GnRH by producing a corresponding pulse of luteinizing hormone (LH) and, to a lesser degree, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). (msdmanuals.com)
  • The prognosis for prostate cancer patients depends on the histologic grade, the tumor size, and the disease stage. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • If the tumor is a pituitary macroadenoma, endocrine symptoms and/or visual field deficits may be present. (medscape.com)
  • When they are born they are fed on milk excreted from the mammary glands and protected by their parents until they become independent. (wikibooks.org)
  • Identification and Characterization of the Lactating Mouse Mammary Gland Citrullinome. (umassmed.edu)
  • In a number of cancers, including carcinoma of the mammary gland, endometrium, liver, prostate and colon, the expression of GH is independently associated with more advanced clinicopathologic parameters of the cancer. (bvsalud.org)
  • Localized prostate cancer can be cured by surgery or radiation therapy, advanced prostate cancer is not yet curable. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Treatment for advanced prostate cancer can provide significant disease palliation for many patients for several years after diagnosis. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Hormonal treatment of advanced prostate cancer should be consideredfor patients who have stages C and D1 disease, a high risk of recurrenceafter local therapy, or prostate-specific antigen-measured recurrenceafter local treatment. (cancernetwork.com)
  • Although hormonal therapy is an importanttreatment modality for advanced prostate cancer, long-termtreatment carries significant side effects that need to be considered. (cancernetwork.com)
  • Continuous (as opposed to pulsatile) stimulation by GnRH agonists (eg, as a treatment for advanced prostate cancer) actually suppresses pituitary release of LH and FSH and thus testosterone production. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The back part is called the posterior pituitary gland, and it is closer to the back of the head. (cancer.ca)
  • The posterior pituitary is controlled by the nervous system. (medscape.com)
  • It's a fold of the peritoneum from the posterior abdominal wall lifted by the anterior caecal artery. (earthslab.com)
  • The Male Reproductive System Anatomical Chart provides anterior and posterior view of the system. (anatomywarehouse.com)
  • A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the URINARY BLADDER and the URETHRA. (lookformedical.com)
  • Which reproductive gland encircles the urethra as it leaves the bladder and produces an acidic fluid that contributes to semen? (quizlethub.com)
  • Hence, extra-pituitary expression of GH in cancer promotes cancer progression independent of endocrine hGH, and may be considered as a validated target in oncology. (bvsalud.org)
  • a gland (often a protuberance or depression) that secretes nectar. (wordinn.com)
  • What gland secretes t3 and t4? (tomsk.ru)
  • The male reproductive system consists of a pair of testes that produce sperm (or spermatozoa ), ducts that transport the sperm to the penis and glands that add secretions to the sperm to make semen (see diagram 13.2). (wikibooks.org)
  • Secretions of prostate gland, seminal vesicle and Cowper's gland and , sperms together constitute semen. (ncertmcq.com)
  • Prostate gland: It produces milky secretion which forms a considerable part of the semen. (ncertmcq.com)
  • a. 3) Differentiate between the function of the seminiferous tubules and the interstitial cells a. 4) List and locate the glands that contributes to the formation of semen. (newessayhelp.com)
  • Semen - is a secretion of male genital tract which is composed of spermatozoa (male sex cells) and seminal plasma (secretion of accessory glands). (iasri.res.in)
  • In males, they're the testes, or testicles, the male sex glands that are a part of the male reproductive system. (newessayhelp.com)
  • Using tissue microarrays and full tissue sections of normal and 448 neoplastic tissues, HE4 immunoreactivity was found in normal glandular epithelium of the female genital tract and breast, the epididymis and vas deferens, respiratory epithelium, distal renal tubules, colonic mucosa, and salivary glands, consistent with HE4 gene expression. (nature.com)
  • Dentists are involved with aspects of salivary gland function in several ways, such as diagnosing problems involving the major and minor salivary glands, in the management of oral dryness associated with salivary problems, in the treatment of caries and periodontal disease resulting from decreased salivary flow, and in controlling salivation during restorative procedures. (medscape.com)
  • Significant abnormality or disease of the salivary glands, such as that associated with Sjögren syndrome or neoplasm, necessitates additional evaluation by an otolaryngologist or an otolaryngologist/head and neck surgeon for comprehensive treatment of the gland pathology itself. (medscape.com)
  • In some countries, maxillofacial surgeons are also involved in the primary treatment of neoplasm involving the salivary glands. (medscape.com)
  • Autonomic innervation of the salivary glands involves both parasympathetic and sympathetic input. (medscape.com)
  • Perhaps the greatest breakthrough in the detection and management of prostate cancer was the approval of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test in 1986 , but it was only approved for men already diagnosed with prostate cancer. (lifeextension.com)
  • Several new biomarkers appear promising in individuals with elevated PSA levels or those diagnosed with prostate cancer, these are likely to guide in separating individuals who can be spared of aggressive treatment from those who need it. (rxharun.com)
  • L-arginine is an amino acid that supplies HGH by firing up the endocrine gland. (riverfronttimes.com)
  • Synthesis:Estriol is only produced in significant amounts during pregnancy as it is made by the placenta from 16-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone sulfate , an androgen steroid made in the fetal liver and adrenal glands.The human. (absoluteastronomy.com)
  • Prostate cancer is the most frequent cancer among American men and represents the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in all males. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • This is the reason why the testes are located in a bag of skin called the scrotal sacs (or scrotum ) that hangs below the body and where the evaporation of secretions from special glands can further reduce the temperature. (wikibooks.org)
  • Androgen production takes place mainly in the testes, with a small contribution from the adrenal glands. (abdominalkey.com)
  • What are the major functions of male accessory ducts and glands? (ncertmcq.com)
  • A number of different cellular signaling and regulatory systems in the acini and ducts are involved with saliva formation when the glands are stimulated by gustatory, masticatory, and psychic stimulation. (medscape.com)
  • 1 Since very little PSA escapes into the bloodstream from a healthy prostate, an elevated PSA level in the blood indicates an abnormal condition of the prostate gland-which can be either benign or malignant. (lifeextension.com)
  • The term was originally applied to substances secreted by various ENDOCRINE GLANDS and transported in the bloodstream to the target organs. (edu.au)
  • Saliva is primarily water but does vary in viscosity depending on the gland that produces it. (medscape.com)
  • The pineal gland is a pea-sized gland that apparently responds to exposure to light and regulates activity levels over the course of the day. (medscape.com)
  • However, it may cause nerve damage that may significantly alter the quality of life of the prostate cancer survivor. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some of the cells of these endocrine glands are derived from nerve cells that migrated during the process of evolution from the nervous system to various locations in the body. (tomsk.ru)
  • This Male Reproductive System chart by Body Scientific International beautifully illustrates a sagittal cross section of the male pelvic area, and provides detailed close up illustrations of the urinary bladder and prostate, zones of the prostate, the. (anatomywarehouse.com)
  • Androgen deprivation therapy, with either orchiectomy, an LHRH agonist alone or an LHRH agonist plus an antiandrogen (combined hormonal blockade), can be used to provide palliation for patients with advanced (stage D 2 ) prostate cancer. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • This led the way for use of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), which is now the backbone of systemic therapy for metastatic prostate cancer. (abdominalkey.com)
  • DHT binds with the androgen receptor and induces transcription of proteins necessary for function and development of the prostate. (abdominalkey.com)
  • 2]The premise of androgen ablationrelies on growth of most prostate carcinomacells being androgen-dependent.The androgen receptor expressedby these cells binds dihydrotestosterone,which is then transported intothe nucleus, leading to a cascade ofevents that induces cellular growth. (cancernetwork.com)
  • Treatment for prostate cancer may involve active surveillance, surgery, radiation therapy - including brachytherapy (prostate brachytherapy) and external-beam radiation therapy, proton therapy, high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), cryosurgery, hormonal therapy, chemotherapy, or some combination. (wikipedia.org)
  • Clinicians may reserve hormonal therapy and chemotherapy for disease that has spread beyond the prostate. (wikipedia.org)
  • 1 Hormonal, dietary, and genetic differences, and differences in access to healthcare may contribute to the altered susceptibility to prostate cancer in these populations. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men and the global burden of this disease is rising. (rxharun.com)
  • Approximately 1000 minor glands, localized to the cheeks, lips, and other intraoral mucosa, contribute about 7% to the whole saliva volume. (medscape.com)
  • Note that when the percentage of free PSA is high (over 20% ), this means the risk of prostate cancer is low, whereas a low percentage of free PSA (under 11% indicates high risk). (lifeextension.com)
  • In this review, we discuss the current evidence and research questions regarding prevention, early detection of prostate cancer and management of men either at high risk of prostate cancer or diagnosed with low-grade prostate cancer. (rxharun.com)
  • Age - The risk of prostate cancer increases with age. (rxharun.com)
  • High doses of vitamin E - Dietary supplements that have a lot of vitamin E in them have been proven to increase the risk of prostate cancer if taken over many years. (rxharun.com)
  • Environmental - Research released in May 2007 found that US war veterans who had been exposed to Agent Orange had a 48% increased risk of prostate cancer recurrence following surgery. (rxharun.com)
  • Surgical removal of the prostate, or prostatectomy, is a common treatment either for early-stage prostate cancer or for cancer that has failed to respond to radiation therapy. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are now a number of diagnostic tests to identify early stage prostate cancer and then monitor the success or failure of a wide range of treatment options. (lifeextension.com)
  • If the cancer has spread beyond the prostate, treatment options change significantly, so most doctors who treat prostate cancer use a variety of nomograms to predict the probability of spread. (wikipedia.org)
  • Active surveillance is often used when an early stage, slow-growing prostate cancer is suspected. (wikipedia.org)
  • The risk of disease progression and metastasis (spread of the cancer) may be increased, but this increase risk appears to be small if the program of surveillance is followed closely, generally including serial PSA assessments and repeat prostate biopsies every 1-2 years depending on the PSA trends. (wikipedia.org)
  • Radical prostatectomy has traditionally been used alone when the cancer is localized to the prostate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thanks to an array of available diagnostic tools, more rational treatment of prostate cancer is within everyone's reach. (lifeextension.com)
  • 1 It wasn't until 1994 that the FDA approved the PSA test as a prostate cancer screening test for all men. (lifeextension.com)
  • PSA test results can be used both to detect potential prostate problems and to follow the progress of prostate cancer therapy. (lifeextension.com)
  • 2 Also, the PSA rate of rise (PSA velocity), although not a more specific marker, may have value in prostate cancer prognosis-because men with prostate cancer whose PSA level increased by more than 2.0 ng/mL during the year before their diagnosis showed a higher risk of death from prostate cancer. (lifeextension.com)
  • The reference interval provided by most conventional laboratories for the PSA test is 0.00-4.00 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL) . 4 Conventional reference ranges suggest that PSA levels under 4.0 ng/mL are normal, but any reading over 2.0 ng/mL can indicate unhealthy activity, such as prostatitis, benign prostate hypertrophy, or prostate cancer. (lifeextension.com)
  • 2 If PSA readings begin to elevate, there are interventions that can reduce or stabilize the production of PSA, shutting down a mechanism used by cancer cells to escape their confinement within the prostate gland. (lifeextension.com)
  • 2,8 In men with prostate cancer, the ratio of free (unbound) PSA to total PSA is decreased. (lifeextension.com)
  • 9 The lower the ratio, the greater the probability of prostate cancer. (lifeextension.com)
  • Below are the percentage of PSA ranges and what they represent as far as prostate cancer risk. (lifeextension.com)
  • Prostate cancer is the most frequent cancer in men in the United States. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • African American ancestry, family history, and increased age are the primary risk factors for prostate cancer. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Chemotherapy, with docetaxel and prednisone improves survival in patients with castrate-refractory prostate cancer and is considered first-line therapy for these patients. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in American men. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • 1 For most men, prostate cancer has an indolent course, and treatment options for early disease include expectant management, surgery, or radiation. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Table 108-1 summarizes the possible factors associated with prostate cancer. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • 2 , 3 The widely accepted risk factors for prostate cancer are age, race-ethnicity, and family history of prostate cancer. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • The incidence of clinical prostate cancer varies across geographic regions. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Scandinavian countries and the United States report the highest incidence of prostate cancer, whereas the disease is relatively rare in Japan and other Asian countries. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • 4 African American men have the highest rate of prostate cancer in the world, and in the United States, prostate cancer mortality in African Americans is more than twice that seen in white populations. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • This method is cost saving, offers potentially fewer injections and clinic visits, and is equally as effective as medical castration in controlling prostate cancer. (abdominalkey.com)
  • A randomized study by Mottet et al compared IADT and CADT in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. (abdominalkey.com)
  • Lifestyle modifications like smoking cessation, exercise and weight control offer opportunities to decrease the risk of developing prostate cancer. (rxharun.com)
  • Several pharmacological agents like 5α-reductase inhibitors, aspirin etc. have the potential to prevent the development of prostate cancer. (rxharun.com)
  • The exact causes of prostate cancer aren't known. (rxharun.com)
  • Ethnicity - Black men are somewhat more likely to develop prostate cancer. (rxharun.com)
  • Close relatives - Men who have a father or brother who developed prostate cancer are at somewhat higher risk themselves. (rxharun.com)
  • If your father and several brothers have (had) prostate cancer, your risk is even higher. (rxharun.com)
  • Dietary - Consuming fruits and vegetables has been found to be of little benefit in preventing prostate cancer. (rxharun.com)
  • [rx] Evidence supports little role for dietary fruits and vegetables in prostate cancer occurrence. (rxharun.com)
  • [rx] Lower blood levels of vitamin D may increase the risk of developing prostate cancer. (rxharun.com)
  • [rx] Folic acid supplements have no effect on the risk of developing prostate cancer. (rxharun.com)
  • Medication exposure - There are also some links between prostate cancer and medications, medical procedures, and medical conditions. (rxharun.com)
  • [rx] Use of the cholesterol-lowering medications known as statins may also decrease prostate cancer risk. (rxharun.com)
  • Infection - Infection or inflammation of the prostate (prostatitis) may increase the chance for prostate cancer while another study shows infection may help prevent prostate cancer by increasing blood flow to the area. (rxharun.com)
  • Papillomavirus - has been proposed in several studies to have a potential role in prostate cancer, but as of 2015 the evidence was inconclusive. (rxharun.com)
  • Sexual - Although there is some evidence from prospective cohort studies that frequent ejaculation may reduce prostate cancer risk, [rx] there are no results from randomized controlled trials concluding that this benefit exists. (rxharun.com)
  • [rx] There is an association between vasectomy and prostate cancer, but more research is needed to determine if this is a causal relationship. (rxharun.com)
  • But research has not proven that men can lower their risk of developing prostate cancer by eating a specific diet. (rxharun.com)
  • These and other signs and symptoms may be caused by prostate cancer or by other conditions [rx] . (rxharun.com)
  • Understanding Prostate Cancer, Third Edition, provides essential information on prostate cancer in a highly illustrated, easy-to-understand manner. (anatomywarehouse.com)
  • The mainstay of endocrinemanipulation for metastatic adenocarcinomaof the prostate is either orchiectomyor medical hormonetherapy. (cancernetwork.com)