• Predict how mutations at the 5' splice site, 3' splice site, and branch point might disrupt splicing and alter the phenotype. (pressbooks.pub)
  • Mutations in the 5'-untranslated and/or coding regions were identified that may affect transcription efficiency. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • A lymphocyte-specific cellular enhancer is located downstream of the joining region in immunoglobulin heavy chain genes. (wikidata.org)
  • Go to the DNA Learning Center website and click on the Interactive Animation that outlines the experiments that led to the discovery that eukaryotic genes have non-coding regions. (pressbooks.pub)
  • Further analysis revealed that a lower AR occupancy was accompanied by a reduction in FoxA1 binding at regulatory regions of AR-dependent genes. (oncotarget.com)
  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) negatively regulate the expression of the target genes by binding to ʻseed sequences' in the 3'‑untranslated region (3'‑UTR) mRNA transcripts, and the variants within or nearby ʻseed sequences' may compromise or enhance miRNA/mRNA interaction leading to either ʻloss‑of‑function' or ʻgain‑of‑function' effects. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • 4, 5] Some of these susceptibility genes are specific to either Graves disease or Hashimoto thyroiditis, while others confer susceptibility to both conditions. (medscape.com)
  • A regulatory upstream promoter element in the Drosophila hsp 70 heat-shock gene. (wikidata.org)
  • To investigate the molecular mechanisms regulating sst2 gene expression, we cloned the upstream region (9.5 kb) from the translation initiation codon of the rat sst2 gene. (eurekamag.com)
  • When located upstream of the transcription start site (TSS), the cis -regulatory apparatus is often referred to as the promoter of a gene. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This paper reports the isolation of two putative D 2 R promoters from grey mullet, one 5′ flanking and the other an intronic sequence immediately upstream of the first coding exon. (huji.ac.il)
  • Beyond the "desirable" morphological traits, undesirable "disease" syndromes may be associated with these genetic loci due to either multiple phenotypic sequelae of specific variants, or associated genetic variants carried within long regions of linkage disequilibrium. (frontiersin.org)
  • Additionally, the 5′ and 3′ UTRs flanking the coding region regulate mRNA translation, half-life, and subcellular localization [2]. (researchgate.net)
  • The constant formation of DNA microsatellites through slippage by the replication machinery, and the action of viruses and transposons, also complicate the word landscape, especially in regions with lower selective constraints (such as introns, UTRs and intergenic regions) [ 6 , 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Third, we identified subtype-specific differential methylation in promoter and enhancer regions that were strongly correlated with gene expression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Methylation of cytosine (5 mC) residues in CpG dinucleotides across the genome is an epigenetic modification that plays a pivotal role in the establishment of cellular identity by influencing gene expression during development [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In silico analyses and mRNA half-life determinations linked insertions of nucleotide repeats 3' to the -10 motif of the norA promoter with increased promoter activity. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • Estrogen also increased the promoter activity of -77/+172/luc in GH(3) cells or in HeLa cells overexpressing both the estrogen receptor and c-Jun. (eurekamag.com)
  • The majority of CRPCs continue to express the androgen receptor (AR) and are dependent on AR signaling for malignant progression [ 3 - 5 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • Physiological doses of caffeine and the specific adenosine 2A receptor antagonist 8-(3-chlorostyryl) caffeine both increased the activity of a D2R/luciferase reporter construct within 24 h, and simultaneous treatment with 2-[p-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino]-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (CGS 21680), a specific adenosine 2A receptor agonist, eliminated this effect. (propeciahelp.com)
  • Distinct selective pressures shape words positioned in different genomic regions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our results offer new clues that may provide an improved understanding of the underlying genomic regions involved in the independent evolution and domestication of the two subspecies. (nature.com)
  • Promoter activity of the intronic sequence was confirmed in vitro through functional analysis using luciferase as reporter gene. (huji.ac.il)
  • Our study describes the sequence characteristics of 5' non-coding region of Sema4D, enhances our understanding of the regulatory mechanism of Sema4D and benefits the development of a possible anti-angiogenesis therapeutic strategy for malignancies. (jcancer.org)
  • The functional characteristics of the region flanking the 5′-UTR is currently under investigation. (huji.ac.il)
  • This suggests that the 1.75-kb region lackings cis -elements that regulate leaf-specific expression at the appropriate developmental stages. (molcells.org)
  • miRNAs bind to complementary sequences present in the 3′-untranslated regions (3′-UTR) of target gene mRNAs and, thus, regulate translational interference or degradation of mRNAs ( 8 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The possible hypoxia response element (HRE) sequences in 5' non-coding Region before ATG start codon of Sema4D were screened, followed by point mutagenesis and luciferase assay analysis. (jcancer.org)
  • Sequencing and alignment of this region in 11 cancer cell lines and 4 normal cell lines were also performed, followed by cloning, mutation and luciferase assay analysis. (jcancer.org)
  • Transient transfection analysis with deleted mutants of a luciferase reporter construct showed that the promoter activity was regulated negatively and positively in the distal and proximal promoter regions, respectively. (eurekamag.com)
  • ChIP-sequnce analyis (ChIP-seq) revealed that fewer AR-binding sites were present in the context of p53 inhibition, suggesting that wild-type p53 is required for stable binding of AR to certain chromatin regions. (oncotarget.com)
  • The CpG sites that constituted these two signatures differed in their functional genomic enrichment to regions with marks of active or repressed chromatin. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 4, 5 Four QTLs identified as pulmonary adenoma susceptibility (Pas) loci 1-4 have been mapped, respectively, to mouse chromosomes 6, 17, 19, and 9. (bmj.com)
  • Two new susceptibility loci were found: the RNASET2-FGFR1OP-CCR6 region at 6q27 and an intergenic region at 4p14. (medscape.com)
  • In some species (e.g., bovine), evidence indicates that decreases in IGFBP-4 and -5 levels in estrogen-dominant preovulatory follicles are likely due, in part, to increased protease activity, whereas lower levels of IGFBP-2 are not due to increased proteolysis. (bioone.org)
  • Increased IGFBP-4 and -5 protease along with lower amounts of IGFBP-4 binding activity and greater amounts of free IGF-I are some of the earliest developmental changes documented in bovine growing antral follicles. (bioone.org)
  • The promoter activity of each construct was more efficient in GH(3) pituitary cells than in nonpituitary cells. (eurekamag.com)
  • Both Sp1 and CRE sites were essential for the full promoter activity. (eurekamag.com)
  • Overexpression of the pituitary homeoprotein Pitx1 activated the promoter activity of the -4066/+172/luc construct, and mapping analysis indicated the existence of two Pitx1 response sites, including the CRE site. (eurekamag.com)
  • These studies demonstrated the nature of the rat sst2 gene and the functional importance of both Sp1 and CRE sites in regulating sst2 gene expression and suggest that the CRE site mediates, at least partly, the promoter activity activated by Pitx1 or estrogen. (eurekamag.com)
  • By transforming the Hd3a?GUS construct to rice cultivar 'Taichung 65' which is defective in Ehd1 , we observed that Ehd1 is the major regulatory element that controls Hd3a promoter activity. (molcells.org)
  • To study the cis -regulatory elements present in the promoter region of Hd3a , we generated transgenic plants carrying the 1.75-kb promoter fragment of Hd3a that was fused to the β-glucuronidase ( GUS ) reporter gene. (molcells.org)
  • Deletion analyses of the promoter region indicated that regulatory elements determining vascular cell-specific expression are present in the 200-bp region between -245 bp and -45 bp from the transcription initiation site. (molcells.org)
  • Additionally, the positional distributions of enriched words within the segments highlight possible functional elements, and the co-associations of words in promoter regions likely represent the formation of higher order regulatory modules. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Tests of additional constructs revealed that specific regions of the D2R promoter (-117/-75) and 5'-untranslated region (+22/+317) were required for activation of D2R gene expression by caffeine. (propeciahelp.com)
  • As we saw in Chapter 8, the initial products of transcription are further processed acquiring a cap at their 5′ end and poly-A tail at their 3′ end. (pressbooks.pub)
  • The temporal and spatlal expression of one member of the Arabidopsis 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase gene family (ACS7) was analyzed using a promoter-P-glucuronidase fusion. (scite.ai)
  • Heat can affect their coming and going, and their presence near promoter elements can block gene activation. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
  • Resistance to ICBs can be primary for tumors that are intrinsically "invisible" by the immune system, adaptive for tumors that are recognized by the immune system but adapt to it, and truly acquired for tumors that initially respond to the treatment but then progress [ 5 ] reminiscent of cancer immune-editing theory [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Extreme differences in limb length define many of the dog breeds around the world, and the association between specific "short-legged" breeds and premature intervertebral disc degeneration has been documented since the early twentieth century [referenced in ( 4 , 5 )] Skeletal dysplasia is a general term describing abnormalities of growth and development of cartilage and/or bone and associated alterations in stature ( 6 , 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • untranslated region, lacked TATA and CCAAT boxes, and had multiple transcriptional start sites. (eurekamag.com)
  • 4, 5 The process involves use of many evenly spaced polymorphic DNA markers to create landmarks across each chromosome. (bmj.com)
  • This is a 1.98kb long DNA sequence containing the ubiquitin promoter and 5' untranslated region from Zea mays. (cbd.int)