• Natural killer cells, also known as NK cells or large granular lymphocytes (LGL), are a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte critical to the innate immune system that belong to the rapidly expanding family of known innate lymphoid cells (ILC) and represent 5-20% of all circulating lymphocytes in humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • They were named "natural killers" because of the notion that they do not require activation to kill cells that are missing "self" markers of MHC class I. This role is especially important because harmful cells that are missing MHC I markers cannot be detected and destroyed by other immune cells, such as T lymphocyte cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • The discovery that a unique type of lymphocyte was responsible for "natural" or spontaneous cytotoxicity was made in the early 1970s by doctoral student Rolf Kiessling and postdoctoral fellow Hugh Pross, in the mouse, and by Hugh Pross and doctoral student Mikael Jondal in the human. (wikipedia.org)
  • For IL-2, NK cell cytotoxicity, and lymphocyte proliferation, maximum responses were observed during depletion periods. (karger.com)
  • Endpoints assessed included splenic and thymic weights and cellularity, natural killer cell (NK) activity, antibody plaque forming cell (PFC) response, lymphocyte proliferation, and T-cell immunophenotypes. (cdc.gov)
  • Recent studies suggested that strategies to reduce immunosuppressive cells, promote systemic T-cell responses and lymphocyte trafficking to the tumor microenvironment (TME) may improve efficacy. (bmj.com)
  • Foremost, N-809 enhances intratumoral lymphocyte numbers by increasing trafficking via altered chemokine levels in the TME and chemokine receptor expression on CD8 + T cells and NK cells. (bmj.com)
  • Controversy and debate surround the role of the non-classic human lymphocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecule HLA-G. 1, 2 Initially, the expression of HLA-G was reported to occur only in a limited subset of trophoblast cells at the fetal-maternal interface. (bmj.com)
  • B and T lymphocytes, CD4+ B lymphocytes versus CD8+ T lymphocytes), and tests that measure T-cell proliferation or function in response to specific or nonspecific stimuli (e.g., lymphocyte proliferation assays) ( 4,5 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Typically, immune cells detect the antigen presented on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on infected cell surfaces, triggering cytokine release, causing the death of the infected cell by lysis or apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • IL-15RA is thought to enhance cell proliferation and expression of apoptosis inhibitor Bcl-xL and Bcl-2. (thermofisher.com)
  • In each category, studies related to growth control genes, cell proliferation, apoptosis, DNA repair genes, antioxidant and drug detoxification genes, genes of drug metabolizing enzymes, tissue remodeling genes and genes of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity were discussed separately. (researchsquare.com)
  • Immunosurveillance results primarily from apoptosis of neoplastic cells induced by natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). (bmglabtech.com)
  • Several assays are available to monitor apoptosis and other forms of cell death. (bmglabtech.com)
  • These and other assays are extremely good in evaluating apoptosis in a homogenous cell population, but are less useful when evaluating apoptosis in only one type of cell when a mixture of cells is present. (bmglabtech.com)
  • One common example of cell death in a mixed cell population occurs in the process termed immunosurveillance in which cells of the immune system, such as cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and Natural Killer (NK) cells, induce apoptosis of target cells. (bmglabtech.com)
  • Assaying apoptosis in mixed cell populations usually requires the cells of interest to be pre-loaded with a reagent, and the loss of membrane integrity that occurs during cell death results in the reagent being released. (bmglabtech.com)
  • LAMP1 + TRAIL + astrocytes limit inflammation in the CNS by inducing T cell apoptosis through TRAIL-DR5 signalling. (nature.com)
  • Altogether, we show that LAMP1 + TRAIL + astrocytes limit CNS inflammation by inducing T cell apoptosis, and that this astrocyte subset is maintained by meningeal IFNγ + NK cells that are licensed by the microbiome. (nature.com)
  • They can trigger apoptosis, a process of programmed cell death, when a cell becomes irreparably damaged or poses a risk of becoming cancerous. (pharmiweb.com)
  • 6 With respect to activity, HLA-G molecules can inhibit natural killer cell mediated and antigen specific CD8 + T cell mediated cytolysis, 7 induce apoptosis of activated CD8 + T cells, 8 suppress the proliferation of allogeneic CD4 + T cells, 9 and inhibit the transendothelial migration of natural killer cells. (bmj.com)
  • This cytokine is expressed by activated macrophages that serve as an essential inducer of Th1 cells development. (nih.gov)
  • CCL5 is expressed by T cells and monocytes/macrophages. (biolegend.com)
  • Gran1 was selectively internalized by macrophages, the major host cell of Mtb , and restricted the proliferation of the pathogen. (uni-ulm.de)
  • Innate immune cells-including macrophages, dendritic cells and natural killer cells -recognize and fight off a wide variety of foreign invaders using receptors that seek out common molecular patterns found in pathogens. (phys.org)
  • The encoded protein plays a role in both the innate and adaptive immune responses by inducing the differentiation, proliferation and activity of multiple target cells including macrophages, natural killer cells, B cells and cytotoxic T cells. (origene.com)
  • Moreover, in contrast to N-803+αPD-L1, N-809 reduced immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (T reg ), monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (M-MDSC) and M2-like macrophages in the TME. (bmj.com)
  • In addition, N-809 reduces immunosuppressive and pro-tumorigenic immune cells in the TME, including T reg , M2-like macrophages and M-MDSC. (bmj.com)
  • The present study had aimed to evaluate the effect of a feeder layer of irradiated MSCs in the in vitro expansion of NK cells. (springer.com)
  • Expression of KLRB1C/NKR-P1C protein is correlated with the ability to lyse tumor cells in vitro and to mediate rejection of bone marrow allografts. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • We tested whether natural killer cells expanded by co-culture with K562 cells transfected with 41BBL and membrane-bound interleukin-15 could kill myeloma cells with a high-risk gene expression profile in vitro and in a unique model which recapitulates human myeloma. (haematologica.org)
  • In vitro studies based on MCF-7 cell proliferation and induction of vitellogenin in primary culture of rainbow trout hepatocytes. (cdc.gov)
  • Notch signals are required for in vitro but not in vivo maintenance of human hematopoietic stem cells and delay the appearance of multipotent progenitors. (sunnybrook.ca)
  • Human CD8 T cells generated in vitro from hematopoietic stem cells are functionally mature. (sunnybrook.ca)
  • However, upon PD-L1 crosslinking, ATG-101 was found to activate PD-1-positive, TIM3-positive exhausted T cells in vitro. (onclive.com)
  • MSC showed immunosuppressive properties in vitro: decreased activation and proliferation of stimulated immune cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • In the last years, adoptive transfer of natural killer (NK) cells came into the focus of translational medicine, because of their high cytotoxic potential against transformed malignant cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • Hence, we established a two-phase expansion protocol with IL-15 to induce an early NK cell expansion, followed by short exposure to IL-21 that boosted the cytotoxic activity of NK cells against RMS cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • The role of NK cells is analogous to that of cytotoxic T cells in the vertebrate adaptive immune response. (wikipedia.org)
  • NK cell proliferation, phenotypic expression and cytotoxic activity were evaluated. (springer.com)
  • However, cultures without the presence of MSCs showed higher NK proliferation, expression of activation markers (CD16 and NKG2D) and related cytotoxic activity. (springer.com)
  • Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is usually maintained in an asymptomatic and latent form by the host immune system, and primarily by EBV-specific cytotoxic T cells (CTLs). (researchgate.net)
  • It has been suggested that the non-classic HLA class I molecule HLA-G plays a role in autoimmune disease by protecting tissues from damage by infiltrating cytotoxic T cells. (bmj.com)
  • 16 Such observations have initiated the idea that HLA-G might protect tissues from damage by infiltrating cytotoxic T cells during the process of inflammation 2 because HLA-G has been shown to modulate the T helper (Th) cytokine balance in favour of Th2 type anti-inflammatory cytokine responses. (bmj.com)
  • It alters immune response through effects on natural killer cells and cytotoxic T cells. (medscape.com)
  • [ 2 ] HLH is caused by a defect in inflammatory signals that results in uncontrolled hypercytokinemia, usually in a setting of congenital or acquired defective natural killer (NK)/T-cell function in the cytotoxic pathway. (medscape.com)
  • HLH has been traditionally divided into a primary form, which typically manifests in children with documented genetic abnormalities of the cytotoxic function of NK cells and T cells, and a secondary form that tends to occur at older ages in the setting of an associated condition, such as infection and malignancy, without an identifiable genetic abnormality. (medscape.com)
  • FHL is an autosomal recessive disease caused by several mutations in the NK/T-cell cytotoxic pathway. (medscape.com)
  • RVFV-specific CD8 T cells were expanded and of a cytotoxic and proliferating phenotype in the liver following infection. (cdc.gov)
  • New therapeutic concepts in anti-tumor therapy aim to modulate the patient's immune system to increase its aggressiveness or targeted effects toward tumor cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • that is, a certain population of cells seemed to be able to lyse tumor cells without having been previously sensitized to them. (wikipedia.org)
  • Kiessling's research involved the well-characterized ability of T lymphocytes to lyse tumor cells against which they had been previously immunized. (wikipedia.org)
  • instead of targeting tumor cells, the goal of immunotherapy is to augment and expand the immune system's intrinsic antitumor response. (frontiersin.org)
  • First described in 1975, NK cells were initially identified as a distinct sub-population of lymphocytes by their capacity to spontaneously lyse tumor cells ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • ATG-101, given at 3.25 mg/kg or 13 mg/kg, was found to potentially inhibit tumor growth in h4-1BB transgenic mice bearing PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor resistant B16F10 (melanoma) and EL4 (lymphoma) tumor cells. (onclive.com)
  • Abnormal expression of 5-Lipoxygenase Activating Protein (FLAP) has been detected in many tumor cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, incorporating iMC into CAR-NK cells was found to improve cell proliferation and persistence, stimulate cytokine production, and enhance innate cytotoxicity against tumor cells in multiple models. (biospace.com)
  • Further, iMC activation in GoCAR-NK cells enhances both CAR antigen-specific and innate NK cell cytotoxicity, offering the potential for activity against tumor cells with reduced or completely absent target antigen expression. (biospace.com)
  • NK cells differentiate from CD127+ common innate lymphoid progenitor, which is downstream of the common lymphoid progenitor from which B and T lymphocytes are also derived. (wikipedia.org)
  • however, the antigen is also expressed on a rare, specialized population of T lymphocytes (NK-T cells) and some cultured monocytes. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • IL-27 binds to IL-27ra and gp-130 complex, which is expressed on multiple cell types, including T lymphocytes [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Granulysin is an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) expressed by human T-lymphocytes and natural killer cells. (uni-ulm.de)
  • Additionally, the findings showed an increase in the infiltration, proliferation, and activation of CD8+ T cells with ATG-101, as well as the infiltration of natural killer T cells and the CD8+/Treg ratio in tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. (onclive.com)
  • Besides surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, immune activation by direct application of cytokines, antibodies or adoptive cell therapy are promising approaches. (frontiersin.org)
  • In this study, we addressed feeder cell-free expansion methods using common γ-chain cytokines, especially IL-15 and IL-21. (frontiersin.org)
  • In vivo development and survival of NK cells require cytokines ( 6 - 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • In this context, cytokines have been shown to activate NK cells potently during ex vivo expansion ( 9 - 12 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Cytokine-induced memory NK cells can be generated by exposure to inflammatory cytokines even in the absence of a defined antigen. (nature.com)
  • Cytokines, cancer vaccines, adoptive cell transfers, and especially checkpoint inhibitors constitute valuable elements in the immunotherapeutic armamentarium. (frontiersin.org)
  • However, CD56 dim NK cells can produce cytokines, specifically IFN-γ, after cell triggering via NKp46 of NKp30 activating receptors or after stimulation with combinations of IL-2, IL-12, and IL-15 ( 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Atherosclerosis, which is characterized by chronic inflammation in the arterial wall, is driven by immune cells and cytokines. (hindawi.com)
  • Immune status was assessed by measuring lytic activity of natural killer (NK) cells, secretion of cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, TNFα), and proliferation by activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. (karger.com)
  • Cytokines are regulatory compounds produced by cells of the immune system [T(H)1 and T(H)2] and act as intracellular mediators and control the immune and inflammatory reponses 9 . (bvsalud.org)
  • T(H)1 control the cell-mediated response and produce a number of proinflammatory cytokines, e.g. (bvsalud.org)
  • During the process of airway inflammation, complex interactions of innate and adaptive immune cells as well as structural cells and their cytokines have many important roles. (cdc.gov)
  • T helper (Th) 2 cells, which recruit and accumulate in the lungs and produce a range of different effector cytokines. (cdc.gov)
  • However, more recent studies have revealed the potential collaboration of other helper T cells and their cytokines in this process. (cdc.gov)
  • The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about the possible roles of newly identified helper T cells derived cytokines (IL-9, 17, 22, 25 and IL-33) in asthma. (cdc.gov)
  • In tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-stimulated human aortic endothelial cells, beta-sitosterol was found to significantly inhibit vascular adhesion molecule 1 and intracellular adhesion molecule 1 expression. (drugs.com)
  • These mice are devoid of endogenous natural killer and T-cell activity and were used to determine whether adoptively transferred expanded natural killer cells could inhibit myeloma growth and myeloma-associated bone destruction. (haematologica.org)
  • Tumor suppressor genes code for proteins that inhibit cell division and growth, acting as a control mechanism to prevent excessive cell proliferation. (pharmiweb.com)
  • They confer resistance against many different viruses, inhibit proliferation of normal and malignant cells, impede multiplication of intracellular parasites, enhance macrophage and granulocyte phagocytosis, augment natural killer cell activity, and show several other immunomodulatory functions. (bvsalud.org)
  • NK cells were obtained from peripheral blood (PB) of healthy volunteers. (springer.com)
  • Additionally, a 11-year prospective cohort study of Japanese inhabitants linked low peripheral-blood NK cell cytotoxicity with increased cancer risk ( 12 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • In the groups (both the initiation and the progression) receiving recombinant IL-27 administration, the formation of atherosclerotic plaques was suspended, and the percentage of regulatory T cells (LAP + or Foxp3 + ) in the spleen and peripheral blood was increased. (hindawi.com)
  • 1 Significant advances have been made by combining novel agents with autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation which allows for long-term disease-free survival in the majority of transplant-eligible patients. (haematologica.org)
  • The human umbilical vein endothelial cell and peripheral blood mononuclear cell coculturing system, which is the most sensitive system in evaluating the risk of drug-induced CRS, showed that ATG-101 did not induce non-specific inflammatory cytokine releases. (onclive.com)
  • Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from this cohort of individuals were used to map out the viral epitopes targeted by T cells in humans. (cdc.gov)
  • 2016). Natural killer cell-based adoptive immunotherapy eradicates and drives differentiation of chemoresistant bladder cancer stem-like cells. (springer.com)
  • TGF-β affects development and differentiation of human natural killer cell subsets. (sunnybrook.ca)
  • HEB-deficient T-cell precursors lose T-cell potential and adopt an alternative pathway of differentiation. (sunnybrook.ca)
  • The first published study to assert that untreated lymphoid cells were able to confer a natural immunity to tumors was performed by Dr. Henry Smith at the University of Leeds School of Medicine in 1966, leading to the conclusion that the "phenomenon appear[ed] to be an expression of defense mechanisms to tumor growth present in normal mice. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of lymphoid lineage cells (typically B cells, rarely non-B lineage) in a context of posttransplant immunosuppression. (medscape.com)
  • Compared with N-803+αPD-L1, N-809 enhanced natural killer (NK) and CD8 + T-cell activation and function in the dLN and TME, relating to increased gene expression associated with interferon and cytokine signaling, lymphoid compartment, costimulation and cytotoxicity. (bmj.com)
  • Here, we characterized the whole-genome distribution of methyl-CpG and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) in mouse innate lymphoid cell 3 (ILC3), ILC2 and natural killer (NK) cells. (stanford.edu)
  • NK cells have been seen as potential agents in adoptive immunotherapy for cancer. (springer.com)
  • Natural killer cell adoptive immunotherapy: Coming of age. (springer.com)
  • The real impact will be if we can one day take cells from patients' blood, edit them using this approach and put them back in the same patient as an immunotherapy. (phys.org)
  • If approved, the company said in a press release, N-803 plus BCG would be the first new immunotherapy for this indication in 23 years that can be administered intravesically to induce natural killer cells and T cells. (renalandurologynews.com)
  • They can be activated rapidly via germ-line encoded receptors that recognize the presence of stress ligands or absence of self-antigens on target cells ( 1 - 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • In contrast to NKT cells, NK cells do not express T-cell antigen receptors (TCR) or pan T marker CD3 or surface immunoglobulins (Ig) B cell receptors, but they usually express the surface markers CD16 (FcγRIII) and CD57 in humans, NK1.1 or NK1.2 in C57BL/6 mice. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition to natural killer cells being effectors of innate immunity, both activating and inhibitory NK cell receptors play important functional roles, including self tolerance and the sustaining of NK cell activity. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2014). Human NK cells: From surface receptors to the therapy of leukemias and solid tumors. (springer.com)
  • NK cell activation and the triggering of effector functions is governed by a complex set of activating and inhibitory receptors. (frontiersin.org)
  • Here, we review tumor-NK cell interactions, discuss the mechanisms by which NK cells generate an antitumor immune response, and discuss NK cell-based therapeutic strategies targeting activating, inhibitory, and co-stimulatory receptors. (frontiersin.org)
  • Estrogens are steroid hormones that act via estrogen receptors to exert both intranuclear and extranuclear effects in human cells. (bmglabtech.com)
  • Expanded natural killer cells killed both allogeneic and autologous primary myeloma cells avidly via a perforin-mediated mechanism in which the activating receptor NKG2D, natural cytotoxicity receptors, and DNAX-accessory molecule-1 played a central role. (haematologica.org)
  • Increased TME NK and CD8 + T-cell numbers correlated with augmented chemokine ligands and receptors. (bmj.com)
  • Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant plasma cell disorder with debilitating symptoms related to anemia, immunosuppression, bone destruction, and renal failure. (haematologica.org)
  • NK cells provide rapid responses to virus-infected cell and other intracellular pathogens acting at around 3 days after infection, and respond to tumor formation. (wikipedia.org)
  • The role of NK cells in both the innate and adaptive immune responses is becoming increasingly important in research using NK cell activity as a potential cancer therapy. (wikipedia.org)
  • NK cells are now accepted to play an important role in both the adaptive and innate immune responses that govern infection, autoimmunity, and tumor immunosurveillance ( 2 , 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Spike proteins enter immune cells, switch off normal immune responses, and trigger pro-inflammatory pathways instead. (theepochtimes.com)
  • It has been reported that IL-27 performs an anti-inflammatory function by acting on conventional CD4 + T cells to induce IL-10-producing cells that are implicated in controlling inflammatory responses [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Among the superfamily of cell adhesion molecules, in this article, we mainly focus on Ig-Superfamily CADMs: the members of the Immunoglobulin superfamily of cell adhesion molecules, which play diverse roles in immune responses, neural development, and cell signaling. (pharmiweb.com)
  • PECAM-1 is expressed on the surface of platelets and endothelial cells and is involved in cell adhesion and signaling during immune responses. (pharmiweb.com)
  • Here, we demonstrate that the endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1α) and its substrate transcription factor X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) drive NK cell responses against viral infection and tumors in vivo. (cancerindex.org)
  • Allogeneic GoCAR-NK cells may improve the durability of clinical responses while offering the anticipated advantages that an off-the-shelf product may provide, including faster and more certain time to treatment, greater scalability and convenience, and potentially lower cost. (biospace.com)
  • We examine how individual pathways are triggered differently by purified Mtb products or infection with the live bacterium and consider how these pathways inform the emergence of subpopulation responses in cell culture and in infected mice. (bvsalud.org)
  • Virus-specific antibody responses correlated with protection from encephalitis in all mouse strains, suggesting that Tfh-B cell interactions modulate clinical outcome in this model. (cdc.gov)
  • In this study, T cell-based immune responses to the formalin-inactivated vaccine were examined in a cohort of seven individuals who received between 1 and 6 doses of the vaccine. (cdc.gov)
  • RVFV-specific T cell responses were detectable up to 24 years post vaccination. (cdc.gov)
  • These data provide tools for assessing human RVFV-specific T cell responses and are thus a valuable resource for future human RVFV vaccine efforts. (cdc.gov)
  • These results support our enthusiasm for the application of the GoCAR platform to allogeneic natural killer cells. (biospace.com)
  • Bellicum's GoCAR-NK platform is designed to address several of the current challenges of allogeneic cell therapy approaches. (biospace.com)
  • Finally, NK cells have low risk of eliciting graft versus host disease, making them attractive for allogeneic cell therapy. (biospace.com)
  • often, NKT cell activity promotes NK cell activity by secreting interferon gamma. (wikipedia.org)
  • These abnormalities include low levels of IgG, abnormal IgG, decreased lymphocytic proliferation, low interferon-gamma levels in response to mitogens, poor cytotoxicity of natural killer cells, circulating autoantibodies and immune complexes, and many other immunologic findings. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Later that same year, Ronald Herberman published similar data with respect to the unique nature of the mouse effector cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • This cytokine has been found to be important for sustaining a sufficient number of memory/effector Th1 cells to mediate long-term protection to an intracellular pathogen. (nih.gov)
  • Second, NK cells can remember inflammatory cytokine milieus that imprint long-lasting non-antigen-specific NK cell effector function. (nature.com)
  • Effector cells recognize their target cells as foreign and the cytolysis process is initiated. (bmglabtech.com)
  • Thus, N-809 can potentially stimulate effector immune cells through IL-15 and block immunosuppressive PD-L1. (bmj.com)
  • NK cells also play a role in the adaptive immune response: numerous experiments have demonstrated their ability to readily adjust to the immediate environment and formulate antigen-specific immunological memory, fundamental for responding to secondary infections with the same antigen. (wikipedia.org)
  • An important class of innate immune cells that play a critical role in mediating the antitumor immune response is the natural killer (NK) cell. (frontiersin.org)
  • The normal immune response for infected immune cells is to release type 1 interferons, this gives signals to other immune cells to enhance defense against viral particles. (theepochtimes.com)
  • Antioxidants found in fruits and vegetables help protect cells from damage and strengthen the immune response. (wellnesswithjl.com)
  • This gene encodes a subunit of interleukin 12, a cytokine that acts on T and natural killer cells, and has a broad array of biological activities. (nih.gov)
  • Three main types of NK cell memory exist, namely hapten-specific NK cell memory, virus-specific NK cell memory and cytokine-induced NK cell memory. (nature.com)
  • Distinct receptor-ligand interactions and distinct cytokine milieus lead to the generation of antigen-specific memory NK cells. (nature.com)
  • For example, hapten-specific memory NK cells reside in the liver, influenza virus-specific memory NK cells reside in the liver and lung, and mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV)-specific NK cells and cytokine-induced memory NK cells are systemically distributed. (nature.com)
  • Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a type I cytokine that modulates functions of T, B, natural killer (NK), and myeloid cells. (nih.gov)
  • IL-15 regulates T and natural killer cell activation and proliferation. (thermofisher.com)
  • MicroRNA miR-199a-3p regulates cell proliferation and survival by targeting caveolin-2. (sunnybrook.ca)
  • Spatial distribution of LTi-like cells in intestinal mucosa regulates type 3 innate immunity. (stanford.edu)
  • Advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is treated with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy or a combination of these treatments. (researchsquare.com)
  • Unresectable recurrent and/or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (R/M HNSCC) has a very poor prognosis. (mdpi.com)
  • Figure 1: Pathways for the generation of memory NK cells. (nature.com)
  • In addition, IL-21 weakly induced phosphorylation of Shc and Akt, and consistent with this, specific inhibitors of the MAPK and PI3K pathways inhibited IL-21-mediated proliferation. (nih.gov)
  • However, our understanding of the inflammatory pathways triggered by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in infected cells and lungs is incomplete, in part because of the complex array of potential molecular interactions between bacterium and host. (bvsalud.org)
  • Shaping of natural killer cell antitumor activity by ex vivo cultivation. (springer.com)
  • Immunological and translational aspects of NK cell-based antitumor immunotherapies. (springer.com)
  • Efforts at using NK cells as antitumor agents began over two decades ago, but recent advances in elucidating NK cell biology have accelerated the development of NK cell-targeting therapeutics. (frontiersin.org)
  • The antitumor effect provided by natural killing has been observed in tumors of hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic origins and reported in diverse in vivo models and clinical series ( 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The article is titled "Inducible MyD88/CD40 synergizes with IL-15 to enhance antitumor efficacy of CAR-NK cells. (biospace.com)
  • Versican G3 promotes mouse mammary tumor cell growth, migration, and metastasis by influencing EGF receptor signaling. (sunnybrook.ca)
  • N-803 (Anktiva™) is a mutant interleukin-15-based immunostimulatory fusion protein complex that promotes proliferation and activation of natural killer cells and CD8+ T cells, but not regulatory T cells. (renalandurologynews.com)
  • This study showed that miR-146a has a stimulatory role in HepG2 cells and promotes HepG2 cell migration and invasion by targeting FLAP mRNA. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Therefore, ex vivo NK cell expansion protocols are currently being developed. (frontiersin.org)
  • In a proof of concept in vivo study, we also observed a therapeutic effect of adoptively transferred IL-15 expanded and IL-21 boosted NK cells in combination with image guided high precision radiation therapy using a luciferase-transduced RMS xenograft model. (frontiersin.org)
  • In summary, this two-phased feeder cell-free ex vivo culturing protocol combined efficient expansion and high cytolytic functionality of NK cells for treatment of radiation-resistant RMS. (frontiersin.org)
  • The transferred, expanded natural killer cells proliferated in vivo in an interleukin-2 dose-dependent fashion, persisted up to 4 weeks, were readily detectable in the human bone, inhibited myeloma growth and protected bone from myeloma-induced osteolysis. (haematologica.org)
  • The binding capacity of ATG-101 to FcγRn prevents the degradation of IgG in vivo, while the deficiency of other FcγRs binding ensures that ATG-101 showed 4-1BB agonist activity only when crosslinked by PD-L1-positive cells," Hou added. (onclive.com)
  • They also used the new delivery technology to edit the genes of natural killer cells, giving the researchers the ability to test how certain genes contribute to natural killer cell proliferation during viral infection. (phys.org)
  • However, direct injection of IL-2 has been shown to be accompanied by severe side effects, such as vascular leak syndrome, activation-induced cell death, and strong induction of regulatory CD4 pos T cells, which did not occur after IL-15 administration ( 15 , 16 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • NK expansion and activation were stimulated by culture with artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPCs) and IL-2, in the presence or absence of BM-MSCs. (springer.com)
  • Nascent transformed cells elicit NK cell activation and are eliminated. (frontiersin.org)
  • CCL5 induces the proliferation and activation of certain natural killer (NK) cells. (biolegend.com)
  • Together, RBPJL can act as an antagonist of RBPJ, which renders cells unresponsive to the activation of Notch. (uni-ulm.de)
  • Additional results showed that ATG-101 mediates effective and PD-L1-dependent activation of CD8+ T cells. (onclive.com)
  • Some tumor suppressor proteins are involved in maintaining cell adhesion, preventing cells from breaking away and spreading to other parts of the body (metastasis). (pharmiweb.com)
  • Cell adhesion molecules are a diverse group of proteins that play a crucial role in mediating cell-to-cell interactions and cell-to-extracellular matrix interactions. (pharmiweb.com)
  • Proteins secreted by vertebrate cells in response to a wide variety of inducers. (bvsalud.org)
  • Additionally, ATG-101 induced IL-2 and INF-γ secretion by exhausted T cells in the presence of PD-L1-positive cells. (onclive.com)
  • T-cell interaction with MSC resulted with increased secretion of EGF, PDGF-AB/BB, FGF-2, and VEGF growth factors. (bvsalud.org)
  • Natural killer caused a more significant increase in PDGF-AB/BB and FGF-2 secretion, while VEGF secretion increased stronger after co-culturing with T cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • With their ability to detect and directly destroy virally infected or malignant cells, natural killer (NK) cells form an important part of the first line defense of the immune system. (frontiersin.org)
  • Pross and Jondal were studying cell-mediated cytotoxicity in normal human blood and the effect of the removal of various receptor-bearing cells on this cytotoxicity. (wikipedia.org)
  • These studies have identified LY49H as the MCMV-specific activating NK cell receptor and m157 as the cognate viral ligand recognized by LY49H. (nature.com)
  • Lessons learned from the study of NK cell memory could help with the design of better expansion protocols for adoptive NK cell therapy, for the manufacturing of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered NK cells and for improving NK cell-based therapies that rely on antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). (nature.com)
  • KLRB1C/NKR-P1C activates NK-cell cytotoxicity, while KLRB1B/NKR-P1B functions as an inhibitory receptor. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Enforcement of γδ-lineage commitment by the pre-T-cell receptor in precursors with weak γδ-TCR signals. (sunnybrook.ca)
  • Remarkably, Clec4a4+ eosinophils were instructed by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a ligand-activated transcription factor that imprints many gut immune cells. (stanford.edu)
  • They facilitate adhesion between leukocytes and endothelial cells, enabling leukocyte extravasation into tissues during inflammation. (pharmiweb.com)
  • VCAMs are involved in mediating the adhesion of leukocytes to vascular endothelial cells, facilitating the recruitment of immune cells during inflammation. (pharmiweb.com)
  • MiR-146a has also been shown to promote the angiogenic activity of endothelial cells in HCC patients [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The defining functional feature of NK cells remains their intrinsic ability to conduct "natural killing" of cellular targets without prior sensitization. (frontiersin.org)
  • In salmonella-infected cells, quercetin inhibited infected cellular viability. (lifeextension.com)
  • Tumor suppressor genes can promote cellular senescence, a state in which cells stop dividing, preventing the replication of damaged DNA. (pharmiweb.com)
  • This gene product is a bZIP protein, which was also identified as a cellular transcription factor that binds to an enhancer in the promoter of the T cell leukemia virus type 1 promoter. (cancerindex.org)
  • HOUSTON, May 27, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Bellicum Pharmaceuticals , Inc. (NASDAQ:BLCM), a leader in developing novel, controllable cellular immunotherapies for cancers, today announced the publication of preclinical data from its GoCAR-NK™ Cell Program in the digital edition of Blood Advances, a journal published by The American Society of Hematology. (biospace.com)
  • The NKp46 cell surface marker constitutes, at the moment, another NK cell marker of preference being expressed in both humans, several strains of mice (including BALB/c mice) and in three common monkey species. (wikipedia.org)
  • Y510 efficiently mediated IL-21-induced phosphorylation of Stat1 and Stat3, but not of Stat5, and CD8(+) T cells from Stat1/Stat3 double knock-out mice exhibited decreased proliferation in response to IL-21 + IL-15. (nih.gov)
  • Currently studies are being conducted to verify the PFC response and T-cell immunophenotypes in the adult mice. (cdc.gov)
  • While the work was carried out in mice, the ability to modify the gene expression of these cells could one day allow clinicians to better harness the power of the immune system in the fight against cancer and autoimmune disease. (phys.org)
  • To show the utility of the new method for research purposes, O'Sullivan's team used it to delete a gene called MyD88 from the dendritic cells of mice. (phys.org)
  • This phenomenon has been modeled in C57BL/6 mice depleted of CD4 T cells prior to infection with DelNSs RVFV (RVFV containing a deletion of NSs), resulting in late-onset encephalitis accompanied by high levels of viral RNA in the brain in 30% of animals. (cdc.gov)
  • The viral epitopes targeted by CD4 and CD8 T cells were defined in C57BL/6 mice, and tetramers for both CD4 and CD8 T cells were generated. (cdc.gov)
  • We identified two axes of response: an NF-kB-dependent response similarly elicited by all Mtb pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and a type I interferon axis unique to cells infected with live Mtb. (bvsalud.org)
  • NK cell infiltration into tumor tissue is associated with better disease prognosis in colorectal cancer, clear cell renal cell carcinoma, and lung carcinomas ( 9 - 11 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The higher number of TME CD8 + T cells was attributed to enhanced infiltration, not in situ expansion. (bmj.com)
  • The basic concepts derived from studying NK cell memory provide new insights about innate immunity and could lead to novel strategies to improve treatments for infectious diseases and cancer. (nature.com)
  • The association between vitamin C and immune health may result from its ability to stimulate the production and function of white blood cells. (lifeextension.com)
  • iMC signaling combined with autocrine IL-15 may enhance engraftment and survival of CAR-NK cells. (biospace.com)
  • Further studies have shown that Th1 cells promote atherosclerosis initiation and progression [ 6 , 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Developmental progression of fetal HEB(-/-) precursors to the pre-T-cell stage is restored by HEBAlt. (sunnybrook.ca)
  • 10 Coupled with the reported tissue distribution, these inhibitory effects upon immune cells have led to the suggestion that HLA-G has a role in maintaining maternal-fetal tolerance, 11 reducing transplant rejection, 12 and in allowing the progression of tumours. (bmj.com)
  • Additionally, miR-146a silencing or restoration of FLAP led to a reduction of HepG2 cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, migration, and invasion. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A UCLA research team has successfully used the powerful gene-editing tool known as CRISPR-Cas9 to alter the DNA of mature innate immune cells, some of the body's first responders to infections. (phys.org)
  • Over the past decade, researchers have utilized CRISPR-Cas9 to modify gene expression inside living cells. (phys.org)
  • If the Cas9 and the accompanying protein complex used for gene editing are in the liquid surrounding the cells and the electricity pulses just right, the Cas9 complexes can sneak in through the porous membrane of the cells. (phys.org)
  • We optimized the process so that the Cas9 protein complexes enter the immune cells, go to the nucleus, and edit the target gene with 95% efficiency," said Luke Riggan, a graduate student in O'Sullivan's lab and the other co-first author of the paper. (phys.org)
  • Many studies have indicated that numerous immune cells promote chronic inflammation and progressive plaque growth [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • TRAIL expression in astrocytes is repressed by molecules produced by T cells and microglia in the context of inflammation. (nature.com)
  • Interleukin (IL)-9-producing subset called Th9 cell, Th22 cells which primarily secrete IL-22, IL-13 and tumor necrosis factor- and Th25 cells via producing IL-25 are believed to be important for initiating allergic reactions and developing airway inflammation. (cdc.gov)
  • However, as tumors progress, cancerous cells develop immunosuppressive mechanisms that circumvent NK cell-mediated killing, allowing for tumor escape and proliferation. (frontiersin.org)
  • Cells make up tissues, different tissues form organs, and organs are part of our own physiological systems. (theepochtimes.com)
  • Ig-superfamily CADMs are involved in mediating cell-to-cell adhesion, helping cells stick together and form tissues and organs. (pharmiweb.com)
  • The immune system is comprised of highly specialized q The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and cells, tissues, and organs that give the human body the do not necessarily represent the views of the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. (cdc.gov)
  • The first reported case of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) was described in 1952 by Farquhar and Claireaux, [ 1 ] who called the disease familial hemophagocytic reticulosis and described it as a rare familial disorder characterized by a proliferation of histiocytes in solid organs and phagocytosis of blood cells. (medscape.com)
  • In addition, CCL5 plays a crucial role in the migration and metastasis of cancer cells. (biolegend.com)
  • However, RBPJL can bind to canonical RBPJ DNA elements and shows migration dynamics comparable to that of RBPJ in the nuclei of living cells. (uni-ulm.de)
  • L1CAM plays a role in neural development, axon guidance, and cell migration. (pharmiweb.com)
  • IL-27 is a member of the IL-12 family and is composed of Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene3 (EBI3) and p28 subunits, which are produced by active antigen-presenting cells [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • mesenchymal stem cells are most commonly used because they are easy to obtain and present no ethical problems. (springer.com)
  • The aims of this article are to review the current knowledge regarding therapeutic mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cells in acute liver failure, to discuss recent advancements in preclinical and clinical studies in the treatment of mesenchymal stem cells, and to summarize the methodological improvement of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in treating liver failure. (springer.com)
  • Typically, the approach uses a harmless virus to deliver Cas9 and its accompanying molecules to the inside of cells. (phys.org)
  • The molecules are found on the cell surface, where they facilitate adhesion to neighboring cells or the extracellular matrix, creating stable cell structures and supporting tissue organization. (pharmiweb.com)
  • These molecules are essential for embryonic development, wound healing, immune cell recognition, and many other physiological functions. (pharmiweb.com)
  • The Notch signaling pathway is an evolutionary conserved signal transduction cascade present in almost all tissues and is required for embryonic and postnatal development, as well as for stem cell maintenance, but it is also implicated in tumorigenesis including pancreatic cancer and leukemia. (uni-ulm.de)
  • 3 However, further studies have suggested that HLA-G is expressed in other tissues such as thymic epithelial cells, 4 in addition to tumours 5 and transplant biopsies. (bmj.com)
  • Herein, we aimed to demonstrate the expression of miR-146a and FLAP in human HCC tissues and liver cancer cell lines. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We demonstrated that miR-146a expression is overexpressed, while FLAP protein and mRNA are suppressed in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues and HepG2 cells compared to para-carcinoma tissues and HL-7702 cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cells are potent to go under abnormal growth processes and finally lead to tumor/cancer. (pharmiweb.com)
  • By 1973, 'natural killing' activity was established across a wide variety of species, and the existence of a separate lineage of cells possessing this ability was postulated. (wikipedia.org)
  • Emerging data provide evidence that natural killer (NK) cells can contribute to immunological memory, an activity that has traditionally been associated with T cells and B cells. (nature.com)
  • It is possible that NK cell memory activity could be exploited for cancer therapy. (nature.com)
  • NK cell activity and T- and B-cell proliferation were not altered. (cdc.gov)
  • At 56-days of age, the most striking effect was noted with increased NK cell activity in both treatment groups. (cdc.gov)
  • It may decrease proliferation of immune cells, which lowers autoimmune activity. (medscape.com)
  • On a subpopulation level, the TLR2-dependent response was heterogeneously induced, with only a subset of infected cells expressing key inflammatory genes known to contribute to the control of infection. (bvsalud.org)
  • CD40 ligand (CD40L) is mainly expressed on activated platelets and CD4+T cells, and it can be cleaved from the cell surface, releasing a soluble CD40L (sCD40L). (researchgate.net)
  • The study, published in the journal Cell Reports , was led by senior author Tim O'Sullivan, an assistant professor of microbiology, immunology and molecular genetics and a member of the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at UCLA. (phys.org)
  • Holmer C, Essmann M, Ault K, Larsen B . Adherence and blocking of Candida Albicans to cultured vaginal epithelial cells: Treatments to decrease adherence. (dmu.edu)
  • Meanwhile IL-27 exerts proinflammatory effects by promoting Th1, CD8, natural killer (NK), T follicular helper (Tfh), and B cell proliferation/functions and by inhibiting Treg and Th2 cell generation in parasites infection [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • HLA-G expression was also examined in cultured thyroid follicular cells (TFCs). (bmj.com)
  • The IRE1 endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor activates natural killer cell immunity in part by regulating c-Myc. (cancerindex.org)
  • Importantly, recent studies have shown that the importance of type 17 T helper cells (Th17 cells) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the pathogenesis of various immune disorders, particularly in atherosclerosis. (hindawi.com)
  • The main challenge for the success of this approach is to obtain a great quantity of activated NK cells for adoptive transfer. (springer.com)
  • Adoptive transfer of expanded natural killer cells inhibited the growth of established OPM2 and high-risk primary myeloma tumors grown in the murine model. (haematologica.org)