Proliferation of b cells antigens cd40. Medical search. Frequent questions

In particular, B-cell activating factor belonging to the TNF family receptor (BAFF-R), B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA), and transmembrane activator and calcium modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI) play critical roles in promoting B-cell survival at distinct stages of development by engaging a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) and/or BAFF. (nih.gov)
RgpA, a cystein proteinase, although activating T cells through the protease-activated receptors (PARs), degradates CD27 and counteracts T cell activation mediated by CD27 and its ligand CD70. (thermofisher.com)
To test this hypothesis, both an Ag‐specific mouse B cell clone CH12.LX, and freshly isolated resting splenic B cells were cultured with either soluble or membrane‐bound forms of the T cell ligand for CD40 (CD40L), in the presence or absence of additional signals provided by Ag or anti‐IgM, interleukin‐4, and class II‐specific monoclonal antibody (mAb). (uthscsa.edu)
Bishop, GA, Warren, WD & Berton, MT 1995, ' Signaling via major histocompatibility complex class II molecules and antigen receptors enhances the B cell response to gp39/CD40 ligand ', European Journal of Immunology , vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 1230-1238. (uthscsa.edu)
Here, we present a novel strategy to activate TLR and CD40 signaling in human T cells using inducible MyD88/CD40 (iMC), which can be triggered in vivo via the synthetic dimerizing ligand, rimiducid, to provide potent costimulation to CAR-modified T cells. (houstonmethodist.org)
Binding of CD40 and its natural ligand CD40L (CD154) triggers cytokine secretion, and increased expression of costimulatory molecules is required for T-cell activation and proliferation. (elsevierpure.com)
CD40 ligand (CD40L or CD154), a type II membrane glycoprotein and a member of the TNF superfamily, is known for its transient expression on activated CD4+ T lymphocytes which is responsible for the helper T cells' function on resting B cells in a non-antigen-dependent as well as non-major histocompatibility complex-restricted fashions. (abbiosciences.com)
In addition to its expression on activated T cells, CD40 ligand can be efficiently translocated the surface of activated platelets. (abbiosciences.com)
2. Hsu YM, Lucci J, Su L, Ehrenfels B, Garber E, Thomas D. (1997) Heteromultimeric complexes of CD40 ligand are present on the cell surface of human T lymphocytes. (abbiosciences.com)
The approaches of these biologic therapeutic agents included targeting B cell selective cell surface molecules (CD20 or CD19), inhibiting B cell survival by targeting cytokines and signaling molecules (BAFF or a proliferation-inducing ligand), interfering with B cell antigen presentation by targeting co-stimulatory molecules (CD40-CD40 ligand interactions or ICOS-ICOS ligand interactions), blocking the signal pathways (rigerimod, interferon-α, or JAK/STAT), et al. (pumch.cn)
TNFSF4 is the ligand for CD134 and is expressed on cells such as DC2s (a subtype of dendritic cells) enabling amplification of Th2 cell differentiation. (genscript.com)
A panel of 9 stimulation conditions targeting B and T cells, including crosslinking of the B cell receptor (BCR), CD40 ligand and interleukins in combination with 12 matching phospho-protein readouts was used to study signaling. (biomedcentral.com)
IgE synthesis by B cells is regulated by CD40 ligand, IL-4 and interferon-gamma, therefore inhibition of B cell antigen-specific IgE may prevent the cleavage of CD23 from B cells, having a therapeutic impact which also includes the removal of circulating free IgE, omalizumab, corticosteroids, mast cell stabilizers, leukotriene receptor antagonist, and others. (unipg.it)
RÉSUMÉ L'objectif de l'étude était d'évaler l'importance clinique du ligand de CD40 soluble (sCD40L) chez des patients atteints d'un carcinome hépatocellulaire (CHC) associé au virus de l'hépatite C (VHC). (who.int)
CD40 plays a key role in B-cell growth and differentiation where interactions of CD40 with its ligand, CD154, are involved in the initiation, effector, and memory stages of cell-mediated immune responses. (bdbiosciences.com)
Immunotherapy mainly includes immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as inhibitors of PD-1 (programmed cell death 1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1). (nature.com)
Taking advantage of the diverse γδ TCR repertoire or other ligand-receptor interactions, γδ T cells can recognize a broad spectrum of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-independent manner, thereby activating downstream pleiotropic effects. (explorationpub.com)
IgE synthesis requires interleukin 4 (IL-4) and a T-B cell interaction that involves the B cell antigen CD40 and its ligand expressed on activated T cells. (silverchair.com)
DSCG did not interfere with CD40 ligand expression by T cells but clearly targeted the B cells because it inhibited IgE synthesis induced by anti-CD40 and IL-4 in populations of highly purified B cells. (silverchair.com)
BACKGROUND: The CD40-CD154 receptor-ligand pair plays a critical role in allograft rejection by mediating the activation of endothelial cells, antigen-presenting cells, and T cells. (ox.ac.uk)

or actively by prior immunization of the recipient with graft antigens which evoke specific antibodies and form antigen-antibody complexes which bind to the antigen receptor sites of the T-cells and block their cytotoxic activity. (lookformedical.com)
Monoclonal antibodies against CD40, conjugated to antigen, act as potent immunological adjuvants for primary antibody responses. (westminster.ac.uk)
They not only help activate B cells to secrete antibodies and macrophages to destroy ingested microbes, but they also help activate cytotoxic T cells to kill infected target cells. (nih.gov)
However, to our knowledge, the use of agonistic antibodies to CD40 to boost adoptively transferred T cells in vivo has not been investigated. (elsevierpure.com)
Murine SIRPα-Fc-CD40L outperformed CD47 blocking and CD40 agonist antibodies in murine CT26 tumor models and synergized with immune checkpoint blockade of PD-1 and CTLA4. (aacrjournals.org)
Among TH2 cytokines, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 are responsible for class-switching in B cells which resolves in production of allergen-specific IgE antibodies that bind to specific receptor on mast cells. (unipg.it)
The germinal centre (GC) response is characterized by regulated production of high affinity, class-switched antibodies in response to T-cell dependent antigens. (sustech.edu.cn)
The T cell-dependent (TD) antibody response involves the generation of high affinity, immunoglobulin heavy chain class-switched antibodies that are generated through germinal center (GC) response. (sustech.edu.cn)
Here we demonstrate that B cell-specific deletion of RBP hnRNP F leads to diminished production of class-switched antibodies with high affinities in response to a TD antigen challenge. (sustech.edu.cn)
FcRn expressed in endosomal compartment of intestinal epithelium, vascular endothelium and macrophages regulates the serum IgG levels by binding to the pinocytosed antibodies and recirculating them to cell surface without intracellular degradation. (academie-medecine.fr)
There are two main mechanisms in the adaptive immune system-humoral immunity and cellular immunity, which are mediated by antibodies and cells respectively. (frontiersin.org)
Glycoprotein D is essential for virus penetration into permissive cells and thus is a major target for virus neutralizing antibodies during infection. (biomedcentral.com)
Subunit, DNA and vectored vaccine candidates have been developed using this glycoprotein as the primary antigen, demonstrating that gD has the capacity to induce robust virus neutralizing antibodies and strong cell-mediated immune responses, as well as protection from clinical symptoms, in target species. (biomedcentral.com)
Antibodies recognize specific configurations (epitopes, or antigenic determinants) on the surfaces of antigens (eg, proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids). (msdmanuals.com)
Antibodies and antigens fit tightly together because their shape and other surface properties (eg, charge) are complementary. (msdmanuals.com)

Following engagement of the B cell receptors, Lyn undergoes rapid phosphorylation and activation. (wikipedia.org)
In this review, we present a current understanding of the functions of and distinctions between APRIL/BAFF signaling by their respective receptors expressed on particular B-cell subsets. (nih.gov)
High expression levels of CD27 appear to be dependent on proper ligation of antigen receptors. (thermofisher.com)
Required for T-cell migration mediated by homing receptors SELL/CD62L, CCR7 and S1PR1 and antigen dependent recruitment of T-cells. (scbdd.com)
Activated T cells induce proliferation and differentiation of resting B cells in vitro through their CD40 molecules and lymphokine receptors. (uthscsa.edu)
However, despite constitutive B cell expression of CD40 and lymphokine receptors, widespread nonspecific polyclonal B cell activation by activated T cells is seldom observed in vivo. (uthscsa.edu)
Second, T cell therapies using Tregs (either polyclonal, antigen-specific, or genetically engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors) to establish active dominant immune tolerance or T cells (engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors) to delete pathogenic immune cells. (frontiersin.org)
Anti-tumor efficacy of T cells engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) is dependent on their specificity, survival, and in vivo expansion following adoptive transfer. (houstonmethodist.org)
The signaling events initiated by the binding of peptide-MHC complexes to T cell receptors (signal 1). (nih.gov)
These signaling pathways include the signals propagated through the B-cell receptor (BCR), CD40 and cytokine receptors. (biomedcentral.com)
Due to random genetic recombinations, immune cells genetically express receptors for the specific self and foreign antigens in the central lymphoid organs. (tutorialspoint.com)
This selection removes the T or B cell clones before they attain maturation if they possess receptors that recognize self-antigens and bind to them with strong affinity. (tutorialspoint.com)
This mechanism produces the less reactive auto receptors with a moderate affinity for self-antigens that would lead to disease allowing the cells to survive. (tutorialspoint.com)
2 The interaction of IVIG with a large number of components of the immune system including Fc receptors, complement molecules, cytokines, B and T lymphocytes, neutrophils and NK cells, may explain at least in part their anti-inflammatory effects. (academie-medecine.fr)
This review highlights the structural and functional characteristics of BoHV-1, BoHV-5 and where appropriate, Human herpesvirus gD, as well as its role in viral entry and interactions with host cell receptors. (biomedcentral.com)
Phenotypic and functional alterations in lupus T cells including expansion of the Th17 population, perturbations of the physiology of T-cell receptors (TCRs) and postreceptor downstream signalling, oxidative stress, and epigenetic changes result in exaggeration of TCR response to stimuli and the propensity of lupus T cells to get activated [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)

For JNK kinase assay, cell lysates were 1st immunoprecipitated with anti-JNK monoclonal antibody (BD PharMingen). (portefeuillessac.com)
After 24 h, cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with monoclonal antibody against myc epitope. (portefeuillessac.com)
The purpose of this study was to determine whether anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody (mAb) in combination with interleukin (IL)-2 could improve the efficacy of in vitro-activated T cells to enhance antitumor activity. (elsevierpure.com)
Belimumab is a human monoclonal antibody that inhibits B-cell activating factor of the tumor necrosis factor family(BAFF). (pumch.cn)
The 3/23 clone monoclonal antibody specifically binds to CD40, a 40-50 kDa glycoprotein expressed on B lymphocytes and other antigen-presenting cells. (bdbiosciences.com)
METHODS: BALB/c (H2d) aortic grafts were transplanted into C57BL/6 (H2b) recipients treated with anti-CD154 monoclonal antibody in the presence or absence of CD8+ T-cell depletion. (ox.ac.uk)

Interaction of CD40L with its receptor CD40 induces proliferation of and isotype switching in B lymphocytes. (abbiosciences.com)
These data clearly demonstrate that M. tuberculosis induces activation and maturation of human monocyte-derived immature DC as well as induces T cell proliferation in vitro . (biomedcentral.com)

CD40 is also essential for directing the humoral response to T-cell-dependent antigens. (nih.gov)

These mice have reduced numbers of conventional B lymphocytes, down-regulated surface immunoglobulin M and costimulatory molecules, and elevated numbers of B1a B cells. (wikipedia.org)
To identify signaling molecules that TACI uses during B cell activation, the intracellular domain of TACI was used as bait in the candida two-hybrid screening of human being B cell library. (portefeuillessac.com)
The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that signals delivered via the B cell antigen (Ag) receptor (membrane immunoglobulin, mIg) and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules enhance B cell responsiveness to CD40‐mediated signals, providing specificity to the Ag‐nonspecific, MHC‐unrestricted CD40 signal. (uthscsa.edu)
MSCs are able to evade the host cell immune system due to their low expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules and complete lack MHC class II molecules and other costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD40L, CD80, and CD86) required for immune cell stimulation [ 15 - 17 ]. (hindawi.com)
Tumor immunogenicity results from the processing, and subsequent presentation of tumor antigens released from dead or dying tumor cells on MHC molecules expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APC). (aacrjournals.org)
The B-cell receptor is formed from the noncovalent association between surface IgM or IgD and 2 transmembrane proteins, IgA and immunoglobulin B. The presence of CD22 and CD19/CD21 on the cell surface, playing the role of coreceptorlike molecules, is necessary for the activation of the receptor. (medscape.com)
Obese adipocytes overexpress MHC class II molecules and costimulators to act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and promote the activation of CD4 + T cells. (frontiersin.org)
The adipocyte was reported as an antigen-presenting cell (APC) which expresses CD1d and MHC class I and II molecules. (frontiersin.org)
Moreover, like other nucleated cells, adipocytes express MHC class I molecules. (frontiersin.org)
In this review, we discuss the changes in irradiated cancer cells and immune cells in the TME under different RT regimens and describe existing and potential molecules that could be targeted to improve the therapeutic effects of RT. (nature.com)
Therefore, SLE is currently believed to be a T cell-driven condition and, indeed, targeting molecules expressed on T cells and their signalling pathways can be one of the potential therapeutic strategies in SLE. (hindawi.com)
The current state of clinical trials evaluating therapeutic agents which target molecules expressing on and inside T cells for the treatment of SLE will be updated. (hindawi.com)
Загальні відомості про імунну систему The immune system distinguishes self from nonself and eliminates potentially harmful nonself molecules and cells from the body. (msdmanuals.com)
It functions in downregulation of T cell proliferation following binding to MHC class II molecules. (bvsalud.org)

Characterization of dendritic cells generated in vivo by an E. coli derived chimeric dual receptor agonist. (medscimonit.com)
Despite lower co-stimulatory molecule expression, ProGP-4-generated Class II+/CD11c+ cells stimulated proliferation of allogeneic T cells and an antigen-specific T cell hybridoma as efficiently as bone marrow derived dendritic cells from untreated mice. (medscimonit.com)
B and T cells, type 2 dendritic cells, and natural killer (NK) cells share a common ancestor: common lymphoid progenitor (CLP). (medscape.com)
Memory cells travel to the primary follicle, where, after exposure to dendritic cells, they differentiate into centroblasts (immunoglobulin class-switch). (medscape.com)
SL is an antigen-dependent process and requires the collaboration of antigen presenting cells (dendritic cells and macrophages), CD4 + T lymphocytes, and different cytokines. (medscape.com)
Dendritic cells (DCs) can take up an array of different antigens, including microorganisms which they can process and present more effectively than any other antigen presenting cell. (biomedcentral.com)
In particular, the role of Dendritic cells (DCs) in the initiation of specific T cell immunity to M. tuberculosis has not been clearly elucidated. (biomedcentral.com)
Whether the encounter between the human dendritic cells and M. tuberculosis represents a defence mechanism by the invaded host, or helping the invader to evade the defence mechanism of the host is still not clearly understood. (biomedcentral.com)

In these cells, a small amount of LYN is associated with cell surface receptor proteins, including the B cell antigen receptor (BCR), CD40, or CD19. (wikipedia.org)
PIP3 plays a key role by recruiting PH domain-containing proteins to the membrane, including AKT1 and PDPK1, activating signaling cascades involved in cell growth, survival, proliferation, motility and morphology. (scbdd.com)
This peptide-MHC complex signals through the T cell receptor and its associated proteins. (nih.gov)
Signal 2 is provided by costimulatory proteins, especially the B7 proteins (CD80 and CD86), which are recognized by the co-receptor protein CD28 on the surface of the T cell. (nih.gov)
The expression of B7 proteins on an antigen-presenting cell is induced by pathogens during the innate response to an infection. (nih.gov)
Effector T cells act back to promote the expression of B7 proteins on antigen-presenting cells, creating a positive feedback loop that amplifies the T cell response. (nih.gov)
In the constant state, immature DCs capture, process, and present to T cells a variety of self and environmental antigens including proteins from serum, commensal microbes, and lifeless cells17C22. (ubatubasat.com)
Single-cell phospho-specific flow cytometry for detection of basal as well as activation-induced phosphorylation of signaling proteins in distinct cell populations can be used to identify aberrant signaling pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
These TCRs will be combined with the PD1-41BB and/or the CD40L-CD28 costimulatory switch proteins to enhance penetration, proliferation, persistence and enhanced cytotoxic function of Medigene's TCR-T cells while mitigating the immunosuppressive effects of the tumor microenvironment. (nwahomepage.com)

This is one mechanism by which a T cell can become tolerant to self antigens. (nih.gov)
Normally our immune system shows a response towards the foreign antigen and does not act against self-antigens. (tutorialspoint.com)
It refers to the lack of responsiveness to the individual's self-antigens. (tutorialspoint.com)
It develops during the selection of immature lymphocytes where they encounter self-antigens within the primary lymphatic organs (thymus and bone marrow). (tutorialspoint.com)
Here the mechanism involves selecting self-recognizing cells that can protect which relies on a subset of T cells, Treg cells that inhibit immune responses against self-antigens and foreign antigens. (tutorialspoint.com)
Not all self-antigens are expressed in the central lymphoid organs where the negative selection occurs. (tutorialspoint.com)
Affinity to self-antigens requires a threshold level before clonal selection is triggered allowing the weakly self-reactive clones to survive this process. (tutorialspoint.com)
In the thymus, the thymocytes which have a high affinity for self-antigens undergo apoptosis leading to their death, whereas the thymocytes with a low and moderate affinity towards the self-antigens cross the barrier and enter the periphery during negative selection hence we need peripheral tolerance as well. (tutorialspoint.com)
TREG cells recognize specific self-antigens and foreign antigens through the TCR interactions. (tutorialspoint.com)
The size of the plasma pool ensures the vast diversity of IgG repertoire in IVIG that interacts with a large number of self-antigens, in addition to pathogens and external antigens [2]. (academie-medecine.fr)

In this context, a new molecule, B-cell activating factor (BAFF), has emerged as a positive regulator of B cell survival and differentiation functioning through various signaling pathways and potentiating the activity of various receptor complexes through pleiotropic means. (medsci.org)
Roles of T cell-B-cell-activating molecule (5c8 antigen) and CD40 in contact-dependent help. (abbiosciences.com)
OX40 is a T cell co-stimulatory molecule of the TNF receptor superfamily that coordinates with other co-stimulators (CD28, CD40, CD30, CD27 and 4-1BB) to manage the activation of the immune response. (genscript.com)
Ligation of CD40 with the 3/23 antibody has been reported to induce splenic B cells to express the costimulatory molecule CD86 (B7-2). (bdbiosciences.com)
Here authors show that the GC response is not only regulated at the transcriptional and protein levels, but also by the RNA-binding protein hnRNP F via alternative splicing of the co-stimulatory molecule CD40. (sustech.edu.cn)
The same antibody molecule can cross-react with related antigens if their epitopes are similar enough to those of the original antigen. (msdmanuals.com)

In various hematopoietic cells, Lyn has emerged as a key enzyme involved in the regulation of cell activation. (wikipedia.org)
These kinases provide activation signals, which play critical roles in proliferation, Ca2+ mobilization and cell differentiation. (wikipedia.org)
Their ITIM phosphorylation subsequently leads to recruitment and activation of phosphatases such as SHIP-1 and SHP-1, which further downmodulate signaling pathways, attenuate cell activation and can mediate tolerance. (wikipedia.org)
In B cells, Lyn sets the threshold of cell signaling and maintains the balance between activation and inhibition. (wikipedia.org)
Biochemical analysis of cells from these mutants revealed that Lyn is essential in establishing ITIM-dependent inhibitory signaling and for activation of specific protein tyrosine phosphatases within myeloid cells. (wikipedia.org)
Activation of T cells via TCR-CD3 complex results in upregulation of CD27 expression on the plasma membrane as well as in the release of its soluble 28-32 kDa form, sCD27, detected in the plasma, urine or spinal fluid. (thermofisher.com)
Following B-cell receptor activation, 2 waves of tyrosine kinase phosphorylation occur. (medscape.com)
Activation by TCR leads to antigen-dependent memory T-cell migration and retention to antigenic tissues. (scbdd.com)
Participates in NK cell receptor activation. (scbdd.com)
Correspondingly, TACI activation inside a B cell collection results in nuclear element B and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase activation. (portefeuillessac.com)
The ability of class II MHC‐mediated signals to enhance Ag‐specific B cell responsiveness to CD40‐mediated signaling may selectively promote the activation of B cell clones capable of cognate interactions with helper T cells. (uthscsa.edu)
Others may act through activation of T-CELLS or by inhibiting the activation of HELPER CELLS. (lookformedical.com)
It has unique roles in T cell activation and differentiation, splenic germinal center formation, and immunoglobulin class switching. (biolegend.com)
The expression of ICOS within the first 48 hours after T cell activation suggests that it may contribute to the differentiation of T cells during the primary response. (biolegend.com)
These results suggest that this protein plays a pivotal role in T cell activation and Th1/Th2 differentiation. (biolegend.com)
Binding of 17A2 to CD3 initiates the intracellular biochemical pathway resulting in cellular activation and proliferation. (thermofisher.com)
Loss of immune tolerance to autoantigens associated with a specific organ results in the activation of organ-specific T and B cells that in turn cause organ-specific inflammation and the development of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) ( 5 ), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) ( 6 ), psoriasis ( 7 ), and type 1 diabetes (T1D) ( 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
Importantly, the concurrent activation of iMC (with rimiducid) and CAR (by antigen recognition) is required for interleukin (IL)-2 production and robust CAR-T cell expansion and may provide a user-controlled mechanism to amplify CAR-T cell levels in vivo and augment anti-tumor efficacy. (houstonmethodist.org)
a) Comparable activation of OT-II T cells after delivery of -DEC-OVA with and without -CD40. (ubatubasat.com)
Antigen stimulation via BCR in normal B cells initiates phosphorylation of the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) in the cytoplasmic tails of CD79a and CD79b. (biomedcentral.com)
Activation of CD40, expressed by normal as well as malignant B cells, is an important co-stimulatory signal that enhances cell viability and promotes isotype class switching [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
T and B cells need induction of costimulatory activation apart from the MHC-induced activation. (tutorialspoint.com)
These data illustrated that whereas CD47/SIRPα inhibition could potentiate tumor cell phagocytosis, CD40-mediated activation of a type I interferon response provided a bridge between macrophage- and T-cell-mediated immunity that significantly enhanced durable tumor control and rejection. (aacrjournals.org)
b) B cell proliferation and IgG and IgE production to anti-CD40+IL-4 activation, and (c) molecular events in IgE switching as demonstrated by PCR of B cell cDNA. (sipurpashut.net)
These pathways converge toward the activation of transcription factors, resulting in B-cell activation and proliferation. (medscape.com)
CSR).5 Both 5-Aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride functions are mediated by activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), which targets specific DNA motifs preferentially.6,7 Furthermore to antigen identification via the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR), B cells want a second indication to be activated.8 Activated T cells can offer such a sign via CD40L that interacts with CD40 on B cells. (thebiotechdictionary.com)
Bellicum's proprietary inducible MyD88/CD40 (iMC) activation switch is incorporated into its GoCAR product candidates. (biospace.com)
Further, iMC activation in GoCAR-NK cells enhances both CAR antigen-specific and innate NK cell cytotoxicity, offering the potential for activity against tumor cells with reduced or completely absent target antigen expression. (biospace.com)
Several studies have shown that adipocytes highly express CD1d, which presents lipid antigens to invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and stimulates the activation of iNKT cells ( 5 - 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
Next, we summarize various cytokines produced by adipocytes that regulate the survival, activation and differentiation of B cells. (frontiersin.org)
In addition to their efficient lipid-lowering effects, statins exhibit independent so called pleiotropic effects potentially affecting several immune response properties including immune cell activation, migration, cytokine generation, immune metabolism, and survival. (archivesofmedicalscience.com)
Activation, differentiation, and migration of naive virus-specific CD8+ T cells during pulmonary influenza virus infection. (cdc.gov)
Finally, it retrospectively analyze the activation strategies and clinical relevance of existing γδ T cell adoptive immunotherapies. (explorationpub.com)
Numerous animal studies as well as observational and clinical trials have shown that atherosclerosis arises from immune activation, with several cell-type specific pathways involved. (bmrat.org)
Here, potential mechanisms involving alterations in T-cell receptor expressions, postreceptor downstream signalling, epigenetics, and oxidative stress which favour activation of lupus T cells will be discussed. (hindawi.com)

Differentiation of CH12.LX cells and proliferation of splenic B cells in response to both forms of CD40L was greatly enhanced by exposure to mIg‐mediated signals, with greatest enhancement seen when cells were cultured with Ag prior to receiving other signals. (uthscsa.edu)
CD40L is produced as homotrimeric membrane anchored protein each of the three membrane proximal stalk regions can be sequentially proteolyzed to generate the soluble trimeric protein which retains full binding activity to its receptor, CD40. (abbiosciences.com)
Similarly, CD40L-induced p-ERK and p-p38 were also significantly reduced in lymphoma B cells, whereas p-p65 (NF-κB) was equal to that of normal B cells. (biomedcentral.com)
BCR signaling and CD40L-induced p-p38 was suppressed in malignant B cells from SLL/CLL and MZL patients. (biomedcentral.com)
SIRPα-Fc-CD40L bound CD47 and CD40 with high affinity and activated CD40 signaling in the absence of Fc receptor cross-linking. (aacrjournals.org)
Knock-out mice lacking various aspects of pathways important in Th1 and Tfh development and function were used to demonstrate that T-bet, CD40, CD40L, and MHCII mediated protection from RVFV encephalitis, while IFN- and IL-12 were dispensable. (cdc.gov)
In this study we develop reagents to detect RVFV-specific T cells and provide evidence for Tfh cells and CD40/CD40L interactions as critical mediators of this protection. (cdc.gov)

Centroblasts progress to centrocytes with high-affinity antibody production, then differentiate further to long-term memory cells and plasmablasts. (medscape.com)
Central tolerance occurs during lymphocyte development in the primary lymphoid organs (i.e. thymus and bone marrow), where T or B cell clones that recognize autoantigens with high-affinity are deleted. (frontiersin.org)
IgE is an important marker for allergy and plays a central role in the induction of allergic diseases through its binding of the high affinity receptor on mast cells. (unipg.it)
T cellCdependent B-cell replies are seen as a germinal middle (GC) formation, comprehensive B-cell proliferation, affinity maturation, 5-Aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride and Ig CSR.9 Thus, high-affinity memory B cells and Ig-producing plasma cells are formed. (thebiotechdictionary.com)
A CD4-related protein with high affinity cell surface binding to MHC class II. (bvsalud.org)

CD40, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, is broadly expressed on antigen-presenting cells and other cells, including fibroblasts and endothelial cells. (elsevierpure.com)
They are secreted by a wide array of cells, including cardiac myocytes, mature and progenitor endothelial cells, mesenchymal stem cells, immune cells like antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and malignant cells 5 , 6 . (bmrat.org)

CD11c+ cells from ProGP-4 treated mice co-expressed DEC205 and also expressed CD80, CD86 and CD40, albeit at lower levels as compared to Class II+/CD11c+ cells from untreated animals. (medscimonit.com)
Furthermore, the expression of CD40 on bone marrow-derived cells and the presence of CD80/CD86 in the host were required for the expansion of adoptively transferred T cells. (elsevierpure.com)

An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. (lookformedical.com)
It was demonstrated that ICOS-B7H2 interaction plays an important role in the generation of CD4+ and CD8+ Tregs, and mediates the suppressive functions of CD4+ Tregs by regulating CTLA-4 expression on cell surfaces induced by allogeneic CD40-activated B cells. (biolegend.com)
Coupled with reports that allogeneic MSCs have immunoprivileged status and immunomodulatory properties, there has been considerable interest in exploring the use of these cells as a therapeutic option for bone repair. (hindawi.com)
These results support our enthusiasm for the application of the GoCAR platform to allogeneic natural killer cells. (biospace.com)
Bellicum's GoCAR-NK platform is designed to address several of the current challenges of allogeneic cell therapy approaches. (biospace.com)
Finally, NK cells have low risk of eliciting graft versus host disease, making them attractive for allogeneic cell therapy. (biospace.com)
Allogeneic GoCAR-NK cells may improve the durability of clinical responses while offering the anticipated advantages that an off-the-shelf product may provide, including faster and more certain time to treatment, greater scalability and convenience, and potentially lower cost. (biospace.com)

Open in a separate window Number 3 SB-408124 HCl Correction of lymphocyte problems in Individuals A1C3 with iron citrateEffect of addition of iron citrate on: (a) T cell proliferation to three stimuli, (b) B cell proliferation and IgE synthesis to anti-CD40+IL-4, and (c) molecular events in IgE isotype switching. (sipurpashut.net)
Moreover, the effect of DSCG was not specific for IgE isotype switching because DSCG inhibited the synthesis of IgG4 by B cells sorted for lack of surface expression of IgG4 and stimulated with anti-CD40 and IL-4. (silverchair.com)
15%) of spontaneous IgE synthesis by lymphocytes from patients with the hyper-IgE syndrome and did not affect pokeweed mitogen-induced IgG and IgA synthesis by lymphocytes suggesting that it has little effect on B cells that have already undergone isotype switching. (silverchair.com)

Mediates B-cell proliferation response to anti-IgM, anti-CD40 and IL4 stimulation. (scbdd.com)
T cells co-stimulation requires receptor CD28/B7 and B cell co-stimulation requires receptor CD40. (tutorialspoint.com)
Inhibition of such co-stimulation leads the T cells to become anergic which is an unresponsiveness state. (tutorialspoint.com)
T cell co-stimulation using anti-CD28 antibody or addition of IL-2 growth element did not right the defective TCR-driven proliferation, which was not associated with improved apoptosis (data not demonstrated). (sipurpashut.net)
B cells deficient in hnRNP F are characterized by defective proliferation and c-Myc upregulation upon antigenic stimulation. (sustech.edu.cn)
Stimulation of TCRs upon antigen binding triggers downstream signalling pathways which enables various physiological functions of the T cells. (hindawi.com)

B cell proliferation in vitro. (portefeuillessac.com)
In this paper, we review the current literature on both in vitro and in vivo studies on the role of the immune system in fracture repair, the use of MSCs in the enhancement of fracture healing, and interactions between MSCs and immune cells. (hindawi.com)
However, there are conflicting results whether exposure to anti-IgM in vitro promotes or suppresses apoptosis in CLL cells [ 6 ] and other signals provided by the tumor microenvironment likely determines the outcome [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Toll-like receptor (TLR) and CD40 signaling in T cells can improve persistence and drive proliferation of antigen-specific CD4 + and CD8 + T cells following pathogen challenge or in graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) settings, suggesting that these costimulatory pathways may be co-opted to improve CAR-T cell persistence and function. (houstonmethodist.org)

HSP90 inhibitor NVP-BEP800 has been described to affect stability of LYN kinase and growth of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias through inhibition of the NF-kappaB signaling. (wikipedia.org)
These cells may be a key factor ultimately mediating the deviation of the antagonistic response between tumor inhibition and tumor promotion. (explorationpub.com)
Inhibition of IgE synthesis by DSCG was not the result of drug toxicity because DSCG did not affect the viability of T and B cells or their proliferation to mitogens. (silverchair.com)

Required for proliferation, signaling and cytokine production of naive, effector and memory T-cells. (scbdd.com)
Have a role in NK cell maturation and cytokine production. (scbdd.com)
In this study, incorporating iMC into CAR-NK cells was found to improve cell proliferation and persistence, stimulate cytokine production, and enhance innate cytotoxicity against tumor cells in multiple models. (biospace.com)
Activated γδ T cells exhibit strong cytotoxic activity and cytokine secretion functions and are effective antitumor lymphocytes with simple and direct recognition modes and rapid responses. (explorationpub.com)
First, γδ T cells exposed to complicated cytokine networks are potentially affected by multiple inhibitory mechanisms. (explorationpub.com)

To activate a cytotoxic or helper T cell to proliferate and differentiate into an effector cell , an antigen-presenting cell provides two kinds of signals. (nih.gov)
The numbers of circulating total (CD3+), helper (CD4+), and cytotoxic (CD8+) T cells, natural killer (CD3?CD16+/CD56+) cells, and B (CD19+) cells in the individuals were normal or near normal. (sipurpashut.net)
Influenza nucleoprotein-specific cytotoxic T-cell clones are protective in vivo. (cdc.gov)
Moskophidis D , Kioussis D . Contribution of virus-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cells to virus clearance or pathologic manifestations of influenza virus infection in a T cell receptor transgenic mouse model. (cdc.gov)
RVFV-specific CD8 T cells were expanded and of a cytotoxic and proliferating phenotype in the liver following infection. (cdc.gov)

The ability of the host to trigger apoptosis in infected cells is perhaps the most powerful tool by which viruses can be cleared from the host organism. (mdpi.com)
To avoid elimination by this mechanism, human papillomaviruses (HPV) have developed several mechanisms that enable the cells they infect to elude both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis. (mdpi.com)
In this manuscript, we review the current literature regarding how HPV-infected cells avoid apoptosis and the molecular mechanisms involved in these events. (mdpi.com)
Many of the current efforts regarding anti-cancer drug development are focused on directing tumor cells to undergo apoptosis. (mdpi.com)
Mechanisms of peripheral tolerance include inactivation of autoantigen-recognizing T and B cells by the induction of apoptosis, anergy or conversion into immunosuppressive regulatory cells. (frontiersin.org)
If a T cell receives signal 1 without signal 2, it may undergo apoptosis or become altered so that it can no longer be activated, even if it later receives both signals ( Figure 24-62 ). (nih.gov)
BCR is important for the proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of B cells [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Results in the induction of death or apoptosis in some cells that carry potentially active TCRs or BCRs. (tutorialspoint.com)
RT can directly induce cancer cell death through various mechanisms, such as apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy. (nature.com)
The review focuses on the role of APC-derived EVs in regulating the transformation of macrophage phenotype, shaping foam cells, driving autophagy and/or inhibiting apoptosis of Th4 + cells, T regulatory cells, endothelial and smooth muscle cells (SMCs), as well as in facilitating oxidative stress in vasculature. (bmrat.org)

Members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) participate prominently in B-cell maturation and function. (nih.gov)
Therefore, signaling pathways that are required for normal B cell maturation and function are likely disturbed in SLL/CLL and MZL. (biomedcentral.com)
It is the developmental stage within the large cycle of lymphocyte maturation and it is going to make sure that these lymphocytes can distinguish self and non-self-cells which is very important to prevent auto-immune diseases. (tutorialspoint.com)
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Salmonella abortus equi , a known DC maturation agent, was used as a positive control and showed a comparable up regulation of cell surface markers as observed with M. tuberculosis infected DC. (biomedcentral.com)

T cells with moderate affinity for self-antigen generate T regulatory cells or Treg cells during negative selection with an upregulation of transcription factor FOXP3 and enter the periphery where they inhibit or down-regulate the proliferation of self-reactive T cells. (tutorialspoint.com)

Dysregulated signaling by TNFRSF members can promote B-cell survival and proliferation, causing autoimmunity and neoplasia. (nih.gov)
Mast cells can influence B cell survival, proliferation and differentiation into CD138(+) cells. (unipg.it)
iMC signaling combined with autocrine IL-15 may enhance engraftment and survival of CAR-NK cells. (biospace.com)
RT-induced damage to cancer cells leads to different outcomes, such as survival, senescence, or death. (nature.com)
A phase II study showed that patients with resected local-regionally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) had improved survival when pembrolizumab was added to adjuvant RT (NCT02641093). (nature.com)
One study reported an increased survival benefit with simultaneous RT compared with sequential administration, 8 while another study found no significant difference between the two strategies, 9 possibly because simultaneous RT plus immunotherapy and the administration of an ICI before RT may kill cancer cells as well a substantial number of immune cells, leading to poor systemic response and toxic side effects. (nature.com)

CD27 is expressed as a disulfide-linked homodimer on mature thymocytes, peripheral blood T cells and a subpopulation of B cells. (thermofisher.com)
ProGP-4 possesses cross-species activity and treatment of mice with ProGP-4 results in increases in the number of WBC and Class II+/CD11c+ cells in both spleen and peripheral blood. (medscimonit.com)
RESULTS: Administration of this dual receptor agonist to mice resulted in dose-dependent increases in the numbers of total white blood cells and Class II+/CD11c+ cells in spleen and peripheral blood. (medscimonit.com)
Secondary B lymphopoiesis is an antigen-dependent process and occurs in the germinal center of peripheral lymphoid organs with specific antibody production. (medscape.com)
Peripheral tolerance evolved to counteract autoantigen-recognizing T or B cells that escape central tolerance. (frontiersin.org)
Some of the mechanisms for peripheral tolerance involve the T regulatory cells (subsets of CD4 and CD8). (tutorialspoint.com)
Proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in response to the mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA), crosslinking SB-408124 HCl of the T cell receptor (TCR) with anti-CD3 antibody, and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and ionomycin (PMA+IO), which bypass the TCR, was significantly decreased in all four individuals (Fig. 1a). (sipurpashut.net)
To analyze the interactions between M. tuberculosis and immune cells, human peripheral blood monocyte-derived immature DCs were infected with M. tuberculosis H37Rv wild type strain and flow cytometry was used to analyse cell surface expression markers. (biomedcentral.com)
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from this cohort of individuals were used to map out the viral epitopes targeted by T cells in humans. (cdc.gov)

Soluble CD27 is an important prognostic marker of acute and chronic B cell malignancies. (thermofisher.com)
In addition, when injected into mice, soluble TACI inhibits antibody production to both T cellCdependent and Cindependent antigens. (portefeuillessac.com)

Furthermore, B cells can react to T cellCindependent (TI) antigens that either activate via the BCR and another (innate) receptor (TI-1) or via comprehensive cross-linking from the BCR due to the repetitive character from the antigen (TI-2).10 TI responses are directed against blood-borne pathogens in the splenic marginal zone and in mucosal tissues (analyzed in Cerutti et al11 and Weill et al12). (thebiotechdictionary.com)
The function of the adaptive immune system is to recognize, remember and destroy invading pathogens through their antigens, and relieve pathogen-associated toxicities. (frontiersin.org)

Furthermore, inflammatory mediators released by irradiated dying cells can attract and regulate immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), further killing cancer cells. (nature.com)
γδ T cells recruited into the tumor microenvironment can act as effector cells to mediate cancer immune surveillance. (explorationpub.com)
Therefore, an in-depth understanding of γδ T cells that play conflicting roles in the tumor microenvironment is necessary. (explorationpub.com)

Several findings indicate that infectious events play a role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). At the same time, T-cell autoimmunity to myelin antigens is widely believed to be crucial to the development of MS lesions. (tno.nl)

Finally, the adjuvant effect of CD40mAbs for secondary antibody responses is transferred with T cells rather than B cells. (westminster.ac.uk)
CD40mAb apparently have potent adjuvant effects on both Th1-like cells, and on T cells able to promote B cell antibody production. (westminster.ac.uk)
It is possible that the adjuvant effects of CD40 are mediated at least in part, indirectly, through enhanced antigen presentation by specific B cells, to T cells. (westminster.ac.uk)
However, OT-II cells responding to antigen in the presence of -CD40 adjuvant persisted at day 7 and showed enhanced proliferation in response to antigen by day 3 and are deleted in the absence of -CD40 by day 7. (ubatubasat.com)

B7-H2 interaction costimulates T cell proliferation, development of B cells, plasma cells, follicular helper T cells, and germinal centers. (biolegend.com)
Helper T cells are arguably the most important cells in adaptive immunity, as they are required for almost all adaptive immune responses. (nih.gov)
As dramatically demonstrated in AIDS patients, without helper T cells we cannot defend ourselves even against many microbes that are normally harmless. (nih.gov)
Helper T cells themselves, however, can only function when activated to become effector cells. (nih.gov)
We also consider how innate immune responses determine the nature of adaptive responses by stimulating helper T cells to differentiate into either T H 1 or T H 2 effector cells. (nih.gov)

This occurs when the mature lymphocytes become incapable of responding to the antigens. (tutorialspoint.com)
CD40 has been reported to be transiently expressed on activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and in some mouse strains, the 3/23 mAb has been reported to react with 5-10% of T lymphocytes in adult mouse, but not neonatal, spleen. (bdbiosciences.com)
Les IgIV intéragissent avec de nombreux composants du système immunitaire comme les récepteurs Fc, le complément, les cytokines, les lymphocytes T et B, les cellules dendritiques, les granulocytes et les cellules NK, ce qui explique en partie leurs effets anti-inflammatoires. (academie-medecine.fr)
Compelling evidence has however shown that without the assistance of the helper T lymphocytes, it is indeed difficult for the "helpless" B cells to become functional enough to trigger SLE-related inflammation. (hindawi.com)

Herein, we report morphologic, phenotypic and functional evaluation of Class II+/CD11c+ cells generated by in vivo administration of ProGP-4. (medscimonit.com)
Third, IL-2 therapies aiming at expanding immunosuppressive regulatory T cells in vivo . (frontiersin.org)
We show here that CD40mAbs can also act as strong adjuvants for memory antibody responses, and for T cell responses as measured by ex vivo T cell proliferation to antigen, and delayed type hypersensitivity. (westminster.ac.uk)

CD27 is a 50 kDa member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily that includes CD40 and CD30. (thermofisher.com)

It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs. (lookformedical.com)
OX40 has also shown to decrease the cells' immunosuppressive activity on effector T cells. (genscript.com)
However, some immune cells are immunosuppressive or transform into immunosuppressive phenotypes under specific conditions, leading to the development of radioresistance. (nature.com)

The normal process of fracture repair begins with an immediate inflammatory response as the innate immune system (macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, and NK cells) responds with a variety of cytokines that recruit and activate several cell types, including osteoprogenitor mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), to the site of injury [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
They are activated on the surface of antigen -presenting cells, which mature during the innate immune responses triggered by an infection. (nih.gov)
The innate responses also dictate what kind of effector cell a helper T cell will develop into and thereby determine the nature of the adaptive immune response elicited. (nih.gov)

However, percentages of CD19+CD27+ memory space B cells, important for antibody production, were significantly reduced (Supplementary Table 3). (sipurpashut.net)

The interaction of human B7-H2 and CD28 can costimulate both human mouse naïve T cells and regulatory T cells (Treg). (biolegend.com)
In addition, suppressor immune cells such as FOXP3 + regulatory T cells (Tregs) exert dominant immune suppression to control autoreactive T and B cells. (frontiersin.org)
In this brief review, a detailed account of the putative mechanisms by which the normal physiology of T cells are disturbed and why regulatory T cells fail to alleviate proinflammatory response in SLE will be discussed. (hindawi.com)

Both continue their development in the bone marrow through an antigen-independent process called primary lymphopoiesis (PL). Recognized stages of PL are pro-B cell, pre-B cell, immature B cell, and mature B cell. (medscape.com)

These differences in early T cell migration suggests that the stability of T cell-DC interactions determines commitment to tolerance or immunity6. (ubatubasat.com)
However, non-specific control T cells were not simultaneously visualized, and experiments based on classical immunological methods indicate that the early stages of T cell-DC interactions are comparable in tolerance and priming23,24,27,31,32 and do not commit T cells to either 33. (ubatubasat.com)
Virus-specific antibody responses correlated with protection from encephalitis in all mouse strains, suggesting that Tfh-B cell interactions modulate clinical outcome in this model. (cdc.gov)

B-cell disorders are divided into defects of B-cell development/immunoglobulin production ( immunodeficiencies ) and excessive/uncontrolled proliferation ( lymphomas , leukemias ). (medscape.com)

First, we introduce adipocytes as APCs to participate in T cell-mediated adaptive immune response. (frontiersin.org)
In addition, tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) produced by irradiated tumor cells can be captured by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the TME and presented to T cells. (nature.com)
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) produce and release a broad spectrum of EVs involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. (bmrat.org)

To examine tolerance and immunity in live mice, Goat polyclonal to IgG (H+L)(HRPO) we developed a method for visualizing endogenous DCs simultaneously interacting with antigen-specific and non-specific CD4+ T cells. (ubatubasat.com)
Launch Antigen-specific storage formation Rabbit Polyclonal to Catenin-gamma after an initial infection plays a part in individual wellness greatly. (thebiotechdictionary.com)

Interferon gamma secretion in response to antigen is also enhanced. (westminster.ac.uk)
The use of neutralizing mAb to IL-12 provided direct evidence that enhanced IL-12 secretion induced by anti-CD40 mAb was crucial for the expansion of adoptively transferred T cells. (elsevierpure.com)
Thus, blockade of activating FcγR inhibits binding of opsonized antigens, induction of effector functions and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by macrophages, and degranulation of granulocytes. (academie-medecine.fr)
In conditions such as like ITP that is autoantibody-mediated, IVIG Fc fragmentmediated competitive blockade of activating FcγR might inhibit: binding of opsonized antigens, induction of effector functions and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by macrophages, and degranulation of granulocytes [1, 12]. (academie-medecine.fr)

CD8+ T cells contribute to the development of transplant arteriosclerosis despite CD154 blockade. (ox.ac.uk)
In this study, we have used a model of transplant arteriosclerosis to investigate whether CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are differentially affected by CD154 blockade. (ox.ac.uk)
CONCLUSIONS: Our data provide direct evidence that CD8+ T cells are not targeted effectively by CD154 blockade and that the transplant arteriosclerosis seen after CD154 blockade is not due to recent thymic emigrant T cells. (ox.ac.uk)

The human immune system is capable of producing up to 10 9 different antibody species to interact with a wide range of antigens. (medscape.com)
Immunologic storage is based on long-lived B and T cells produced from the original immune system response. (thebiotechdictionary.com)
DCs comprise a family of antigen presenting cells that act like 'conductors' of the immune response in their capacity to orchestrate signals derived from the different parts of the immune system [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Клітинні компоненти імунної системи The immune system consists of cellular components and molecular components that work together to destroy antigens. (msdmanuals.com)
В-клітини The immune system consists of cellular components and molecular components that work together to destroy antigens. (msdmanuals.com)

In addition, various adipokines secreted by adipocytes regulate the proliferation and differentiation of T cells. (frontiersin.org)

293 cells (3 105) were cotransfected with manifestation vectors directing synthesis of NH2-terminal Flag-tagged wild-type (wt) TACI or TACI deletion mutants along with myc-tagged CAML, TRAF2, TRAF5, and TRAF6 manifestation vectors. (portefeuillessac.com)
S epsilon deletional switch recombination and IgE synthesis in human B cells. (silverchair.com)
We demonstrate that disodium cromoglycate (DSCG), a drug commonly used for the prophylactic treatment of allergic disease, inhibits T cell-driven IgE synthesis by human B cells at concentrations readily achievable in the course of inhaled therapy for asthma. (silverchair.com)

OX40 is constitutively expressed on Tregs and enhances the sensitivity of Tregs to IL-2, thus promoting Treg proliferation. (genscript.com)

B-cell receptor (BCR) and co-receptor CD40 signaling is essential for normal B cells, and there is increasing evidence that signaling via BCR and CD40 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of B-cell lymphoma. (biomedcentral.com)
This review describes how adipocytes participate in adaptive immunity from the perspective of T cells and B cells, and discusses their role in the pathogenesis of various diseases. (frontiersin.org)

An induced state of non-reactivity to grafted tissue from a donor organism that would ordinarily trigger a cell-mediated or humoral immune response. (lookformedical.com)
The adaptive immune response consists of T cell-mediated cellular immunity and B cell-mediated humoral immunity. (frontiersin.org)
T cells play a large role in the cellular immune response, while B cells are intimately involved in the humoral immune response. (frontiersin.org)

T cells recognize antigens presented to them by the major histocompatibility complex of antigen-presenting cells via the TCRs expressed on their surface. (hindawi.com)

In this final section , we discuss the multiple signals that help activate a T cell and how a helper T cell , once activated to become an effector cell , helps activate other cells. (nih.gov)
The two signals that activate a helper T cell. (nih.gov)
A) A mature antigen-presenting cell can deliver both signal 1 and 2 and thereby activate the T cell. (nih.gov)
Adipocytes can directly activate CD4 + T cells through antigen:MHCII complex in a contact-dependent manner. (frontiersin.org)

Mechanistically, hnRNP F directly binds to the G-tracts of Cd40 pre-mRNA to promote the inclusion of Cd40 exon 6 that encodes its transmembrane domain, thus enabling appropriate CD40 cell surface expression. (sustech.edu.cn)

Anatomy35

Organisms9

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs152

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment18

Phenomena and Processes40

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Health Care1

Ligand20

Antibodies15

Receptors16

Monoclonal antibody6

Induces2

Response to T-cell-dependent antigens1

Molecules14

Dendritic cells8

Proteins9

Self antigens10

Molecule6

Activation35

CD40L7

High-affinity5

Endothelial cells2

CD862

Allogeneic7

Isotype3

Stimulation6

Vitro3

Costimulatory1

Inhibition3

Cytokine5

Cytotoxic5

Apoptosis10

Maturation4

Affinity1

Survival6

Peripheral9

Soluble2

Pathogens2

Tumor microenvironment3

Autoimmunity1

Adjuvant4

Helper T cel5

Lymphocytes4

Vivo3

Receptor superfamily1

Immunosuppressive3

Innate3

CD191

Regulatory T cel3

Immature1

Interactions3

Immunoglobulin1

APCs3

Polyclonal2

Secretion4

CD1543

Immune system5

Differentiation of T cells1

Synthesis3

Treg1

Role in the pathogenesis2

Humoral3

Recognize1

Activate4

Transmembrane1