• TI-1 antigen, which has an activity that can directly activate B cells and TI-2 antigen, which has highly repetitive structure and causes simultaneous cross-linking of specific B cell receptors (BCR) on B lymphocyte. (wikipedia.org)
  • TI-1 antigens activate B-cells via Toll like receptors, which are expressed in humans on the surface of B lymphocytes after BCR stimulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • The activation of B lymphocytes is caused by cross-linking of a critical number of B cell receptors, which leads to accumulation of BCRs and cross activation of these receptors. (wikipedia.org)
  • Jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) generate a diverse repertoire of B and T cell antigen receptors through the rearrangement of immunoglobulin V, D, and J gene fragments, whereas jawless fish (agnathans) assemble diverse lymphocyte antigen receptor genes through the genomic rearrangement of leucine-rich repeat (LRR) - encoding molecules. (scielo.br)
  • Lipopeptides act as immunomodulators by interacting with pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), expressed on antigen-presenting cells (macrophages and dendritic cells) to activate immune functions [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • DCs detect viral antigens via pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), including RIG-I, MyD88-reliant, and TRIF-dependent toll-like receptors (TLRs), Etoposide that leads to the creation of type I IFN and effective antigen-presenting cell (APC) function (6C8). (woofahs.com)
  • They all express pattern recognition receptors (PRR's) and ligand engagement results in activation of intracellular signaling pathways that mobilize antimicrobial defenses, inflammation and adaptive immune responses (Basu and Fenton 2004). (vitamindwiki.com)
  • 2 The interaction of IVIG with a large number of components of the immune system including Fc receptors, complement molecules, cytokines, B and T lymphocytes, neutrophils and NK cells, may explain at least in part their anti-inflammatory effects. (academie-medecine.fr)
  • The efficacy of a therapeutic antibody depends on the Fab fragment and its binding activity to the target antigen, but also depends on the Fc fragment and its interaction with key Fc receptors.Therefore, candidates must be tested against a panel of receptors during antibody engineering. (acrobiosystems.com)
  • Activated T cells induce proliferation and differentiation of resting B cells in vitro through their CD40 molecules and lymphokine receptors. (uthscsa.edu)
  • However, despite constitutive B cell expression of CD40 and lymphokine receptors, widespread nonspecific polyclonal B cell activation by activated T cells is seldom observed in vivo. (uthscsa.edu)
  • Bishop, GA, Warren, WD & Berton, MT 1995, ' Signaling via major histocompatibility complex class II molecules and antigen receptors enhances the B cell response to gp39/CD40 ligand ', European Journal of Immunology , vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 1230-1238. (uthscsa.edu)
  • Upon engagement of cell surface receptors such as the T cell receptor, co-stimulatory molecules, and cytokine receptors, the PI3K-Akt pathway is activated, resulting in downstream responses via phosphorylating a range of intracellular proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The so called B-cells have receptors that recognize foreign antigen, but the T-cells have similar receptors and are tied to both the innate and the adaptive immune response. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
  • In contrast to T cells, which did not exhibit a significant difference, B cells from PPARγ +/- showed an enhanced proliferative response to stimulation by either lipopolysaccharide or cross-linking of antigen receptors. (jci.org)
  • Antigen-specific ligation of T-cell receptors induces effector mechanisms that either directly or indirectly promote lysis of infected cells. (cdc.gov)
  • The integration of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from microorganisms with their surface receptors in the immune cells, induces the production of several cytokines and chemokines that presents either a pro- and/or anti-inflammatory role by stimulating the secretion of a great variety of antibody subtypes and the activation of mechanisms of controlling the disease, such as the regulatory T cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • they have receptors for the crystallizable fragment (Fc) region of immunoglobulin (Ig) G and for complement, which enable them to bind with immune complexes and present the complex to B cells in germinal centers of secondary lymphoid organs. (msdmanuals.com)
  • CD134 thereby plays roles in T-cell activation as well as the regulation of differentiation, proliferation or apoptosis of normal and malignant lymphoid cells. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • CD24 is involved in regulating B cell apoptosis and in preventing terminal differentiation of B cells into antibody-secreting plasmablasts and plasma cells. (stemcell.com)
  • Chlordecone reduced total B cell and GC B-cell apoptosis without affecting proliferation, another feature shared by E2 treatment. (nih.gov)
  • Similarities in the effects of chlordecone and E2 on specific immune functions, such as diminished apoptosis in GC B cells, may provide valuable clues regarding key events in the acceleration of autoimmunity by E2, chlordecone, and other agents. (nih.gov)
  • This cytokine is an important mediator of the inflammatory response, and is involved in a variety of cellular activities, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. (arigobio.cn)
  • Its roles include regulation of proliferation, promotion of immune system and activation of apoptosis in B cells. (intechopen.com)
  • In these cells, IL-21 does not promote proliferation but enhances apoptosis and chemotaxis. (intechopen.com)
  • Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. (lookformedical.com)
  • STAT5 plays crucial regulatory roles in cell proliferation, anti-apoptosis, early B cell differentiation, and T cell development. (biolegend.com)
  • The cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) typically express CD8 and induce apoptosis of cells on which they recognize foreign antigens presented by MHC class I molecules, providing a defense against intracellular pathogens such as viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Even though the response on TI antigens is not dependent on T lymphocytes, there are some cytokines, produced mainly by T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells, necessary for eliciting reaction against these antigens. (wikipedia.org)
  • The precise spatial and temporal impact of immune cells and their cytokines on fracture healing remains obscure. (hindawi.com)
  • The normal process of fracture repair begins with an immediate inflammatory response as the innate immune system (macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, and NK cells) responds with a variety of cytokines that recruit and activate several cell types, including osteoprogenitor mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), to the site of injury [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Les IgIV intéragissent avec de nombreux composants du système immunitaire comme les récepteurs Fc, le complément, les cytokines, les lymphocytes T et B, les cellules dendritiques, les granulocytes et les cellules NK, ce qui explique en partie leurs effets anti-inflammatoires. (academie-medecine.fr)
  • Thus, blockade of activating FcγR inhibits binding of opsonized antigens, induction of effector functions and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by macrophages, and degranulation of granulocytes. (academie-medecine.fr)
  • In conditions such as like ITP that is autoantibody-mediated, IVIG Fc fragmentmediated competitive blockade of activating FcγR might inhibit: binding of opsonized antigens, induction of effector functions and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by macrophages, and degranulation of granulocytes [1, 12]. (academie-medecine.fr)
  • Endothelial and epithelial cells, and resident macrophages are potent producers of inflammatory cytokines, interleukins, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α, which are distinguished from another set that is treated in this study. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
  • These cytokines are integral to lymphocyte activation, function, and proliferation. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
  • The CD4+ T helper cells are primarily responsible for helping other immune cells through direct cell-cell interactions or by secreting cytokines after recognizing viral peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules. (cdc.gov)
  • This association of phenotype and function is not absolute, since CD4+ cells may exhibit lytic activity, while CD8+ cells secrete antiviral cytokines, notably interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor. (cdc.gov)
  • At infection sites, activated T cells secrete cytokines (eg, interferon-gamma [IFN-gamma]) that induce production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor, preventing macrophages from leaving. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The field of Lymphocyte Surface Antigens and Activation Mechanisms is examined in two chapters. (scielo.br)
  • Osteoprogenitor MSCs not only differentiate into bone, but they also exert modulatory effects on immune cells via a variety of mechanisms. (hindawi.com)
  • MSCs can promote host tissue repair through several different mechanisms including donor cell engraftment, release of cell signaling factors, and the transfer of healthy organelles to the host. (frontiersin.org)
  • However, the tumor microenvironment (TME) imposes different mechanisms that facilitate the impairment of DC functions, such as inefficient antigen presentation or polarization into immunosuppressive DCs. (mdpi.com)
  • Previous studies have shown that B cell development and activation in GC are controlled by different molecular mechanisms, such as protein phosphorylation, transcription, microRNA, and epigenetic modification. (umontreal.ca)
  • The signaling mechanisms of IL-21 in different cell types have been identified. (intechopen.com)
  • However, we know less about the biological effects of IL-21 and its signaling mechanisms in leukemia cells and monocytes. (intechopen.com)
  • One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). (lookformedical.com)
  • TI-1 antigens are classified as B-cell mitogens, because they induce numerous cell divisions. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the context of cancer, appropriately activated DCs can induce anti-tumor immunity by activating innate immune cells and tumor-specific lymphocytes that target cancer cells. (mdpi.com)
  • DC and CD14+ cells were able to induce plasmocyte differentiation. (cnrs.fr)
  • Animal models for human tumour mental animals is not easy to answer does induce adult T-cell leukaemia/ viruses that make use of animal virus- for these agents, because cancer bi- lymphoma (ATLL), albeit in monkeys es are scarce. (who.int)
  • However bacterial polysaccharides and lipopolysaccharides, and some polymeric proteins, can stimulate B lymphocytes without involvement of helper T cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • In a very interesting chapter, Z. PANCER and M. D. COOPER first consider the emergence of lymphocytes as a novel circulatory cell type in vertebrates and then discuss phylogenetic aspects of the superfamily of LRR - containing proteins and their role in immunity. (scielo.br)
  • Targeted cell therapies are possible through the generation of recombinant fusion proteins that combine a toxin such as diphtheria toxin (DT) with an antibody or other molecule that confers specificity. (scienceexhibitions.org)
  • A heterogeneous family of water-soluble structural proteins found in cells of the vertebrate lens. (lookformedical.com)
  • Specifically, cell-mediated responses typically focus on peptides from internal influenza proteins, which are far less susceptible to antigenic variation. (cdc.gov)
  • In contrast, T cells, which mediate cellular immune responses, can target internal proteins common to heterologous viral strains. (cdc.gov)
  • This review summarizes some immunological factors involved in the development and control of this oral disease, such as: the participation of inflammatory cells in local inflammation, the synthesis of chemotaxis proteins with activation of the complement system and a range of antimicrobial peptides, such as defensins, cathelicidin and saposins. (bvsalud.org)
  • Posttranscriptional Control of T Cell Effector Function by Aerobic Glycolysis. (concordia.ca)
  • Insufficient persistence and effector function of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-redirected T cells have been challenging issues for adoptive T cell therapy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Functionally, Akt inhibition did not dampen cell-mediated effector function, while Th1 cytokine production increased. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 4 ]. A relationship between activated or lymphocytes and enzyme-linked immuno- memory-effector lymphocyte populations sorbent assay (ELISA) for CD117. (who.int)
  • Vaccine strategies that concentrate on stimulating T cell immunity will at best generate reactive and persisting T cell responses that can suppress virus without preventing infection, limiting or preventing the damage the virus cause. (scielo.br)
  • Autophagy takes on critical functions in innate immunity, like the clearance of cytoplasmic pathogens (14), delivery of viral antigen to endosomal TLRs (14), as well as the launching of antigen onto MHC substances for T cell demonstration (15, 16). (woofahs.com)
  • Indeed, blocking the inhibitory pathways operational in the microenvironment results in enhanced T-cell-dependent, anti-tumor immunity. (tue.nl)
  • Chemotherapeutic drugs not only directly kill tumor cells but also shape the tumor microenvironment and potentiate anti-tumor immunity. (tue.nl)
  • A local defense system with components of both innate and adaptive immunity has evolved to discriminate between non-pathogenic antigens and potential pathogens and to clear pathogens. (vitamindwiki.com)
  • The main players in innate immunity in the lungs include the airway epithelium itself, alveolar macrophages and dendritic cells. (vitamindwiki.com)
  • Currently, the prefusion F protein is considered the most effective antigen for inducing protective immunity. (fortunejournals.com)
  • Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. (lookformedical.com)
  • NK cells, a component of innate immunity, are variably affected. (medscape.com)
  • A vaccine approach based on cell-mediated immunity that avoids some of these drawbacks is discussed here. (cdc.gov)
  • We review the literature on the role of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity in influenza infection and the available data on the role of these responses in protection from highly pathogenic influenza infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Greater understanding of how each subset contributes to protective immunity and how T-cell memory is maintained and recalled in a secondary infection would contribute to development of effective vaccines that use these basic features of the immune response. (cdc.gov)
  • Mouse models of influenza A virus pneumonia provide a well-developed experimental system to analyze T cell-mediated immunity. (cdc.gov)
  • Th)1 cells.5 Meanwhile, the function and immunity of with genetic predisposition, involving multiple cells, DCs are closely regulated by miRNAs. (cdc.gov)
  • Deficiencies are highly variable with regard to symptoms, phenotype, genotype, severity, etc, because many cells and molecules are required for both natural and adaptive immunity . (lu.se)
  • However, clear evidence for functional NK cell subsets exists in humans and the presence of NK cells in the thymus and immature NK cells in the liver suggests specific functions for NK cells in the tissues. (scielo.br)
  • However, chlordecone treatment did not alter the composition of splenic B-cell subsets in marked contrast to the decrease in transitional B cells and increase in marginal zone B cells seen in E2-treated mice. (nih.gov)
  • Various T cell subsets including CD8+ T cells, bulk T cells, central memory T cells and naïve/memory T cells were isolated from PBMC of healthy donors, activated with CD3/CD28 beads, and transduced with a lentiviral vector encoding a second-generation CD19CAR containing a CD28 co-stimulatory domain. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We found that Akt inhibition did not compromise CD19CAR T cell proliferation and expansion in vitro, independent of the T cell subsets, as comparable CD19CAR T cell expansion was observed after culturing in the presence or absence of Akt inhibitor. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Functionally distinct T-cell subsets are broadly identified according to their differential expression of CD4 and CD8 coreceptors. (cdc.gov)
  • Although NK precursors and immature NK cells have been identified in mice and humans, the precise sites where NK cell maturation take place are not yet fully defined. (scielo.br)
  • Target cell depletion was determined using a newly developed porcine B-cell lymphoma tumor mouse model in which mice were injected with LCL13271 cells. (scienceexhibitions.org)
  • Anti-tumor activity was evaluated after adoptive transfer of the CD19CAR T cells into CD19+ tumor-bearing immunodeficient mice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Once adoptively transferred into CD19+ tumor-bearing mice, Akti treated CD19CAR T cells exhibited more antitumor activity than did untreated CD19CAR T cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mice primed with either ovalbumin or methylated BSA also showed enhanced antigen-specific immune response of both T and B cells, an immunological abnormality that exacerbated antigen-induced arthritis. (jci.org)
  • In particular, the T-cell immune response to influenza infection has been well characterized in C57BL/6 (B6,H2 b ) mice. (cdc.gov)
  • One exception is hu- humanized SCID mice, the use of al oncogenic viruses that are strictly man T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 surrogate hosts has not proven very species-specific, causing cancer in (HTLV-1): in addition to its ability to useful for defining tumour site con- humans only. (who.int)
  • Inoculation with a high dose strains of LMP1 transgenic mice vide a powerful tool in mechanistic of EBV caused a B-cell lymphopro- were established that express LMP1 studies on the role of individual viral liferative disorder in these mice, under the control of the immunoglob- genes in cancer. (who.int)
  • The resulting mTOR activation instigates MZ B-cell proliferation, immunoglobulin G (IgG) class switching, and plasmablast differentiation through a rapamycin-sensitive pathway that integrates metabolic and antibody-inducing transcription programs, including NF-κB. (upf.edu)
  • They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation. (lookformedical.com)
  • The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that signals delivered via the B cell antigen (Ag) receptor (membrane immunoglobulin, mIg) and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules enhance B cell responsiveness to CD40‐mediated signals, providing specificity to the Ag‐nonspecific, MHC‐unrestricted CD40 signal. (uthscsa.edu)
  • The basic and common immunologic defect in common variable immunodeficiency is a failure of B-lymphocyte differentiation into plasma cells that produce the various immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes. (medscape.com)
  • 1) Antibody deficiency disorders are defects in immunoglobulin-producing B cells . (lu.se)
  • The integrin LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18) plays a critical role in the interaction of T cells with antigen presenting cells (APCs) to promote lymphocyte differentiation and proliferation. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
  • This integrin can be present either in a closed or in an open active conformation and its activation upon T-cell receptor (TCR) stimulation is a critical step to allow interaction with APCs. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
  • All pets succumbed to tumors and the ones treated using the monovalent non-depletion of porcine antigen showing cells (APCs) for research looking Xanthiazone into the induction of transplantation tolerance autoimmune disease and tumor treatment. (scienceexhibitions.org)
  • T cell activation leads to increased expression of CTLA-4 an inhibitory receptor which binds to CD80 and CD86 on APCs. (scienceexhibitions.org)
  • CTLA-4 depletes CD80 and CD86 ligands of neighboring APCs through trans-endocytosis to impair the CD28-CD80/CD86 stimulation so as to down regulate the T-cell immune response (Qureshi et al. (scienceexhibitions.org)
  • Although some antigens (Ags) can stimulate the immune response directly, T cell-dependent acquired immune responses typically require antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to present antigen-derived peptides within major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Extracellular antigens (eg, from many bacteria) that are phagocytosed or endocytosed can be processed into peptides and complexed with surface class II MHC molecules on professional APCs, which specialize in presenting antigens to CD4 helper T (Th) cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Dendritic cells in the skin act as sentinel APCs, taking up antigen, then traveling to local lymph nodes where they can activate T cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The adaptive immune response, primarily comprised of T and B lymphocytes, has important implications in the fracture healing process as well [ 3 , 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • During RSV contamination, pulmonary dendritic cells (DC) travel innate immune system responses that immediate the resultant adaptive immune system response. (woofahs.com)
  • Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells that have a notable role in the initiation and regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. (mdpi.com)
  • Only those antigens that penetrate the innate immune responses evoke the more specific adaptive immune responses. (vitamindwiki.com)
  • The encoded protein is secreted by cells of both the innate and adaptive immune systems. (arigobio.cn)
  • For most protein antigens, the production of antibodies by B lymphocytes is dependent on stimulation of helper T cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • The non-protein microbial antigens cannot stimulate classical T cell response by themselves, but they are able to elicit the production of antibodies, so that is why we call them T cell or thymus independent antigens. (wikipedia.org)
  • In higher concentrations, TI-1 antigens bind to BCR and TLR of various clones of B lymphocytes, which leads to production of multiclonal antibodies. (wikipedia.org)
  • But when the concentration of TI-1 is lower, it can activate only B lymphocytes with specific binding of TI-1 on their BCR, and leads to production of monoclonal antibodies. (wikipedia.org)
  • It results in proliferation and differentiation of B lymphocytes and production of antibodies. (wikipedia.org)
  • That may explain why children up to 5 years are not capable of producing effective antibodies against polysaccharide antigens, as the majority of their B cell population is immature. (wikipedia.org)
  • Traditional polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies are the product of normal B cell development and genetic recombination. (cellsignal.cn)
  • While polyclonal antibodies are secreted by many different B cell clones and recognize multiple antigenic epitopes, monoclonals originate from a single B cell clone and are specific for just one epitope. (cellsignal.cn)
  • Where polyclonal antibodies are purified directly from the serum of the immunized host, and monoclonals are purified from either hybridoma-derived tissue culture supernatant or ascites, recombinant antibodies are instead purified from the tissue culture supernatants of transfected host cell lines. (cellsignal.cn)
  • FcRn expressed in endosomal compartment of intestinal epithelium, vascular endothelium and macrophages regulates the serum IgG levels by binding to the pinocytosed antibodies and recirculating them to cell surface without intracellular degradation. (academie-medecine.fr)
  • The end result of the immune reaction is the production of specific antibodies and antigen-reactive cells. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
  • Vaccine approaches against respiratory virus infections such as influenza have relied on inducing antibodies that protect against viral infection by neutralizing virions or blocking the virus's entry into cells. (cdc.gov)
  • Phagocytosis of invading microorganisms by immune cells was first discovered by the father of cellular immunology Ilya Metchnikoff in 1882, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize. (frontiersin.org)
  • Browse our immunology service offerings by cell type and connect with our specialists . (xenodiagnostics.com)
  • These findings indicate that PPARγ plays a critical role in the control of B cell response and imply a role in diseases in which B cell hyperreactivity is involved, such as arthritis and autoimmunity. (jci.org)
  • It depends on a stage-wise developmental process that includes B cell activation, antigen processing and presentation to T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, proliferation and somatic hypermutation in GC, selection and eventual differentiation into antibody-secreting plasma cells (PC) or memory B cells. (umontreal.ca)
  • The nodules resemble to some extent the GERMINAL CENTER of lymph node follicles and most likely represent neoplastic proliferation of lymph node-derived follicular center B-LYMPHOCYTES. (lookformedical.com)
  • This enabled identification of TFs that can be uniquely associated to the tumor cells of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), follicular lymphoma (FL), hairy cell leukemia (HCL), and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). (lu.se)
  • Follicular dendritic cells are a distinct lineage (a different cell type than conventional dendritic cells), do not express class II MHC molecules, and therefore do not present antigen to Th cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • T independent antigen elicits antibody production by B lymphocytes without T lymphocyte involvement. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mammalian cell lines are most commonly used for recombinant antibody production, although cell lines of bacterial, yeast, or insect origin are also suitable. (cellsignal.cn)
  • Initially discovered as the major endogenous pyrogen, induces prostaglandin synthesis, neutrophil influx and activation, T-cell activation and cytokine production, B-cell activation and antibody production, and fibroblast proliferation and collagen production. (arigobio.cn)
  • Antibody production is severely impaired even when mature B cells are present, because of the lack of T-cell help. (medscape.com)
  • 3) T cell deficiencies result usually in combined immunodeficiencies (CIDs), where both T cells and antibody production are defective. (lu.se)
  • that is histopathological y very simi- T cel s, B cel s, natural kil er cel s, LMP1 of EBV can transform ro- lar to that caused by hepatitis B vi- macrophages, and dendritic cells, dent fibroblasts and is expressed rus (HBV) in humans, but it does so and this humanized mouse model in most of the human cancers as- through a different mechanism. (who.int)
  • Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) (also known as CD152) is a major negative regulator of T cell responses which interacts with the B7-1 (CD80) / B7-2 (CD86) ligands on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell. (scielo.br)
  • Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen-4 Xanthiazone (CTLA-4) also called CD152 can be an essential co-stimulatory molecule which acts as a poor regulator for T cell proliferation and differentiation. (scienceexhibitions.org)
  • An example is ipilimumab, whic upregulates cytotoxic T-cells to destroy cancer cells, but it has runaway destructive effects on the GI tract. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
  • Intracellular antigens (eg, viruses) can be processed and presented to CD8 cytotoxic T cells by any nucleated cell because all nucleated cells express class I MHC molecules. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In multicellular organisms, and more particularly in animals with a well-developed immune system, phagocytosis is mostly performed by specialized, professional phagocytes: macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), and neutrophils. (frontiersin.org)
  • Both chlordecone and E2 activated splenic B cells and enhanced GC reactions, as shown by upregulated protein expression of GL7, CXCR5, and CXCR4. (nih.gov)
  • Both treatments increased B-cell bcl-2 and shp-1 gene expression and enhanced ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 protein levels in GC B cells. (nih.gov)
  • This effect was paralleled by increased nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFATs), and activator protein-1 (AP-1) activation and preceded by a rapid T-cell receptor (TCR)-induced externalization of the annexin-1 receptor. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Together these results demonstrate that annexin-1 is a molecular "tuner" of TCR signaling and suggest this protein might represent a new target for the development of drugs directed to pathologies where an unbalanced Th1/Th2 response or an aberrant activation of T cells is the major etiologic factor. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Neural factors are a class of protein molecules with neurotrophic activity that can promote the survival and regeneration of nerve cells. (acrobiosystems.com)
  • Rac1 protein regulates glycogen phosphorylase activation and controls interleukin (IL)-2-dependent T cell proliferation. (concordia.ca)
  • An 11-kDa protein associated with the outer membrane of many cells including lymphocytes. (lookformedical.com)
  • The influenza A viruses infect host epithelial cells by attaching to a cellular receptor (sialic acid) by the viral surface protein hemagglutinin (HA). (cdc.gov)
  • MSCs are able to evade the host cell immune system due to their low expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules and complete lack MHC class II molecules and other costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD40L, CD80, and CD86) required for immune cell stimulation [ 15 - 17 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Monocytes and cord blood-derived CD14+ cells promoted B cell proliferation in the presence of an anti-CD40 stimulus, whereas DC supported B cell proliferation when activated through the BCR. (cnrs.fr)
  • When B cells were activated via the BCR or CD40, they released the leukocyte attractant CCL5, and this chemokine is one of the main chemokines expressed in diffuse large B cell lymphoma. (cnrs.fr)
  • To test this hypothesis, both an Ag‐specific mouse B cell clone CH12.LX, and freshly isolated resting splenic B cells were cultured with either soluble or membrane‐bound forms of the T cell ligand for CD40 (CD40L), in the presence or absence of additional signals provided by Ag or anti‐IgM, interleukin‐4, and class II‐specific monoclonal antibody (mAb). (uthscsa.edu)
  • The ability of class II MHC‐mediated signals to enhance Ag‐specific B cell responsiveness to CD40‐mediated signaling may selectively promote the activation of B cell clones capable of cognate interactions with helper T cells. (uthscsa.edu)
  • The oxaliplatin induced upregulation of PD-L1 and downregulation of costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 resulted in decreased T-cell proliferation. (tue.nl)
  • Overview of the Immune System The immune system distinguishes self from nonself and eliminates potentially harmful nonself molecules and cells from the body. (msdmanuals.com)
  • CD117 by immunohistochemical methods sion molecules, involved in cell-cell and in order to clarify the role of the infiltrating cell matrix interactions and thought to take inflammatory cells in the pathomechanisms part in cell motility [ 2,3 ]. (who.int)
  • CD24 is differentially expressed during T and B cell development, and is not found on the majority of mature peripheral T cells or plasma cells. (stemcell.com)
  • We show that the coculture of monocytes with B cells from peripheral blood or from diffuse large B cell lymphoma enabled prolonged B cell survival. (cnrs.fr)
  • The objective of this work is to demonstrate the presence of glycogen in activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and to investigate the impact of low nutrient levels on the glycogen content of these cells. (concordia.ca)
  • A group of malignant lymphomas thought to derive from peripheral T-lymphocytes in lymph nodes and other nonlymphoid sites. (lookformedical.com)
  • Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were treated with (left), or without (right) recombinant human IL-2 for 15 minutes, fixed with Fixation Buffer (Cat. (biolegend.com)
  • CD44 percentage values in peripheral T-lymphocytes were significantly higher in patients than controls, as detected by flow cytometry. (who.int)
  • A classification of B-lymphocytes based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells. (lookformedical.com)
  • Inhibition of Akt signaling during ex vivo priming and expansion gives rise to CD19CAR T cell populations that display comparatively higher antitumor activity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This part of immune response may be important in some early stages of infection by extracellular pathogens, because it is rapidly activated and does not require T cell help or clonal maturation and expansion. (wikipedia.org)
  • Particularly, yolk sac-derived macrophages including microglia may possibly have different tasks since they are confronted with different target structures, mainly apoptotic cells during developmental tissue remodeling, while bone marrow-derived macrophages have a higher chance to be confronted with pathogens, mainly during defense against invading microbes. (frontiersin.org)
  • NK cells coordinate tumor immunosurveillance and the immune response against pathogens. (scielo.br)
  • The size of the plasma pool ensures the vast diversity of IgG repertoire in IVIG that interacts with a large number of self-antigens, in addition to pathogens and external antigens [2]. (academie-medecine.fr)
  • Lymphocytes of the immune system become activated in order to fight pathogens. (concordia.ca)
  • In vitro studies based on MCF-7 cell proliferation and induction of vitellogenin in primary culture of rainbow trout hepatocytes. (cdc.gov)
  • However, they have a different origin and are a unique macrophage cell type in the adult organism. (frontiersin.org)
  • Furthermore, SIRT1 influences immune system function in varied methods by regulating procedures such as for example lymphocyte activation, T-cell proliferation and differentiation, and macrophage secretion (21). (woofahs.com)
  • Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. (lookformedical.com)
  • This development occurs under the influence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), which is secreted by various cell types (eg, endothelial cells, fibroblasts). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Anti-angiogenic therapy is an old method to fight cancer that aims to abolish the nutrient and oxygen supply to the tumor cells through the decrease of the vascular network and the avoidance of new blood vessels formation. (mdpi.com)
  • Besides killing tumor cells, oxaliplatin bolsters immunosuppressive pathways, resulting in decreased activation of T cells by human plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). (tue.nl)
  • CD80+ LCL13271 tumor cells. (scienceexhibitions.org)
  • ALCL was recognized in 1985, when tumor cells consistently demonstrated labeling by the monoclonal antibody Ki-1, a marker later shown to recognize the CD30 antigen. (medscape.com)
  • GEP analyses were performed on highly purified, flow-cytometry sorted tumor-cells from eight subgroups of BCLs. (lu.se)
  • A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes. (lookformedical.com)
  • Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. (lookformedical.com)
  • The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease. (lookformedical.com)
  • A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes. (lookformedical.com)
  • B-cell lymphoid tumors that occur in association with AIDS. (lookformedical.com)
  • B-cell lymphomas (BCLs) constitute a diverse set of tially identify new functional, diagnostic, and therapeutic tumors, both morphologically and clinically, that are mainly targets. (lu.se)
  • Differentiation of CH12.LX cells and proliferation of splenic B cells in response to both forms of CD40L was greatly enhanced by exposure to mIg‐mediated signals, with greatest enhancement seen when cells were cultured with Ag prior to receiving other signals. (uthscsa.edu)
  • Disruption of TACI-mTOR interaction by rapamycin, truncation of the MyD88-binding domain of TACI, or B-cell-conditional mTOR deficiency interrupts TACI signaling via NF-κB and cooperation with TLRs, thereby hampering IgG production to T-cell-independent antigens but not B-cell survival. (upf.edu)
  • However, studies have shown that the sustained activity of Akt progressively drives T cells toward terminal differentiation and diminished anti-tumor activity [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We therefore hypothesized that manipulation of the magnitude of Akt activation may prevent terminal differentiation of CAR T cells as they are expanded to a therapeutic dose. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is produced by activated T cells and it plays many diverse roles by regulating the functions of normal and abnormal cells. (intechopen.com)
  • Phagocytosis is a term coined from the Greek to describe the receptor-mediated engulfment and degradation of dead cells and microbes. (frontiersin.org)
  • Activated DCs migrate to lung-draining lymph nodes (LDLN) and dictate T-cell maturation via co-stimulatory marker demonstration, proinflammatory cytokine launch, and antigen demonstration. (woofahs.com)
  • IL6: This gene encodes a cytokine that functions in inflammation and the maturation of B cells. (arigobio.cn)
  • Vitamin D generated in tissues is responsible for many of the immunomodulatory actions of vitamin D. The effects of vitamin D within the lungs include increased secretion of the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin, decreased chemokine production, inhibition of dendritic cell activation and alteration of T cell activation. (vitamindwiki.com)
  • It acts as an adhesion or co-stimulatory molecule and is involved in lymphocyte activation, proliferation and differentiation through homophilic interactions or by binding to ligands such as P-selectin (CD62P). (stemcell.com)
  • Exposure to oxaliplatin markedly increased expression of the T-cell inhibitory molecule programmed death receptor-ligand 1 (PD-L1) on human pDCs and also TLR9-induced IFNα secretion. (tue.nl)
  • Human CD38, a surface molecule expressed by immature and activated T and B lymphocytes, has been characterized as a molecule transducing activation and proliferation signals, and intervening in adhesion to endothelium via its ligand CD31. (nih.gov)
  • These studies described failure of B-cell differentiation because of altered B-cell surface-molecule expression. (medscape.com)
  • In this paper, we review the current literature on both in vitro and in vivo studies on the role of the immune system in fracture repair, the use of MSCs in the enhancement of fracture healing, and interactions between MSCs and immune cells. (hindawi.com)
  • Employing in vitro cell culture of inherited mitochondrial disease and an in vivo animal experimental model of low-grade inflammation (high fat feeding), we show human-derived MSCs to alter mitochondrial function. (frontiersin.org)
  • This was achieved by isolation of PBMCs from human blood, followed by in-vitro activation of the cells by a general activator and a T cell-specific activator. (concordia.ca)
  • Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. (lookformedical.com)
  • Proliferative/expansion potential, phenotypical characteristics and functionality of the propagated CD19CAR T cells were analyzed in vitro and in vivo after 17-21 day ex vivo expansion. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition to their efficient lipid-lowering effects, statins exhibit independent so called pleiotropic effects potentially affecting several immune response properties including immune cell activation, migration, cytokine generation, immune metabolism, and survival. (archivesofmedicalscience.com)
  • Monocytes and dendritic cells (DC) had similar antiapoptotic activity on healthy B cells but displayed differences with respect to B cell proliferation. (cnrs.fr)
  • Large B cell lymphomas can comprise numerous CD14+ cells in the tumor stroma, which raises the question of whether monocytes can support B cell survival and proliferation. (cnrs.fr)
  • These findings identify IFN-gamma as a modulator of monocytic CD38 expression and indicate that CD38 plays a specific role in the activation and adhesion processes performed by monocytes. (nih.gov)
  • Burkitt lymphoma, or small noncleaved cell lymphoma, is a highly aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) characterized by the translocation and deregulation of the c-myc gene on chromosome 8. (medscape.com)
  • Biopsy findings were consistent with small noncleaved cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. (medscape.com)
  • Under these conditions, diffuse large lymphoma B cells proliferated, and addition of B cell-activating factor of the TNF family (BAFF) and IL-2 enhanced cell division. (cnrs.fr)
  • Lymphoma b cell. (lookformedical.com)
  • B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. (lookformedical.com)
  • Malignant lymphoma in which the lymphomatous cells are clustered into identifiable nodules within the LYMPH NODES. (lookformedical.com)
  • Extranodal lymphoma of lymphoid tissue associated with mucosa that is in contact with exogenous antigens. (lookformedical.com)
  • A form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma having a usually diffuse pattern with both small and medium lymphocytes and small cleaved cells. (lookformedical.com)
  • This ulcerated nodule of localized primary cutaneous CD30+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma is relatively nonspecific in appearance. (medscape.com)
  • genic models are inadequate for number of activated CD8-positive T LMP1 was strongly expressed in the understanding the cancer etiology in cells increased considerably in the lymphoma tissues but was hardly the context of natural viral infection. (who.int)
  • SCID is considered a pediatric emergency because survival depends on expeditious stem cell reconstitution, usually by bone marrow transplantation (BMT). (medscape.com)
  • Dendritic cells are present in the skin (as Langerhans cells), lymph nodes, and tissues throughout the body. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In this chapter, we will focus on IL-21's biological effects and signaling pathways as well as discuss the potential implications and applications of IL-21 in leukemia cells. (intechopen.com)
  • Dysfunction in a myriad of overlapping signalling pathways can promote endothelial cell (EC) proliferation and differentiation, smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation, migration and vasoconstriction, pericyte proliferation, migration and differentiation, endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition, immune cell infiltration and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling in the pulmonary artery. (ersjournals.com)
  • Binding specificity and affinity to the target cells was analyzed using flow cytometry. (scienceexhibitions.org)
  • In this study, highly purified, flow-cytometry sorted, classified in relation to normal B-cell differentiation [1]. (lu.se)
  • Next, an overview of several current models of hematopoietic lineage trees to identify developmental branching points between the lymphoid and myeloid cell compartments is discussed. (scielo.br)
  • Immune function refers to the ability of the immune system to recognize and destroy foreign invading foreign bodies (bacteria, fungi, viruses, etc.) and to remove senescent, damaged, dead and mutated cells as a mechanism of resistance to disease. (biomedcentral.com)
  • White blood cells of the donor's immune system which remain within the donated tissue (the graft) recognize the recipient (the host) as foreign (non-self). (wikipedia.org)
  • After cloning the antibody genes into an expression vector, this is then transfected into an appropriate host cell line for antibody expression. (cellsignal.cn)
  • The majority of mantle-cell lymphomas are associated with a t(11;14) translocation resulting in overexpression of the CYCLIN D1 gene (GENES, BCL-1). (lookformedical.com)
  • The effects of chlordecone and E2 treatment on splenic germinal center (GC) and marginal zone B cells were examined. (nih.gov)
  • Here we show that mTOR coordinates immunometabolic reconfiguration of marginal zone (MZ) B cells, a pre-activated lymphocyte subset that mounts antibody responses to T-cell-independent antigens through a Toll-like receptor (TLR)-amplified pathway involving transmembrane activator and CAML interactor (TACI). (upf.edu)
  • Consistent with these findings, blood CD4+ cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis showed a marked up-regulation of annexin-1 expression. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Studies have demonstrated the importance of the Akt pathway in the regulation of T cell differentiation and memory formation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • MicroRNAs not only participate in determining DCs phenotype and then naive T lymphocyte differentiation, but also participate in the regulation of airway inflammation and airway remodeling in asthma. (cdc.gov)
  • Immature B cells are anergized, so they do not elicit any immune response. (wikipedia.org)
  • It was reported recently that PPARγ activation by its agonistic ligands modifies lymphocyte function. (jci.org)
  • Anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCLs) are distinguished from other lymphomas by their anaplastic cytology and constant membrane expression of the CD30 antigen (an activation marker for B or T cells). (medscape.com)
  • Since RSV enters the sponsor cell cytosol straight through membrane fusion (12), DC activation depends on autophagic equipment to mediate endosomal TLR-dependent cytokine creation and appropriate innate immune system responses. (woofahs.com)
  • Molecular Components of the Immune System The immune system consists of cellular components and molecular components that work together to destroy antigens (Ags). (msdmanuals.com)
  • TI-1 antigens have an intrinsic B cell activating activity, that can directly cause proliferation and differentiation of B lymphocytes without T cell stimulation and independently of their BCR specificity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Moreover, additional stimulation by dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages is required. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is likely that polyclonal B-cell lymphoproliferation in AIDS is a complex result of EBV infection, HIV antigenic stimulation, and T-cell-dependent HIV activation. (lookformedical.com)
  • Dysregulation of the NF-κB pathway in B cells from PPARγ +/- was indicated by spontaneous NF-κB activation, as well as increased IκBα phosphorylation and gel-shift activity following LPS stimulation. (jci.org)