Although spores from diseased juniper plants infect healthy hosts in the fall, symptoms are usually not seen until late winter or early spring. (wikipedia.org)
the pathogen does not infect healthy, mature twigs. (wikipedia.org)
Macrophomina phaseolina is one of the most destructive necrotrophic fungal pathogens that infect more than 500 plant species throughout the world. (biomedcentral.com)
Infects1
Phomopsis blight of juniper only infects young, succulent tissue such as immature leaves or branches. (wikipedia.org)
Lesion1
A small, raised pustule usually develops at the centre of the lesion, especially on the lower leaf surface. (infonet-biovision.org)
Conidia3
Infection begins with the germination of asexual conidia, borne from pycnidia, on susceptible tissue, the mycelia gradually move inwards down the branch, and into the main stem. (wikipedia.org)
Phomopsis juniperovora reproduces by conidia (asexual spores), which are produced in survival structures called pycnidia. (wikipedia.org)
During wet, rainy periods, the conidia are released from the pycnidia and spread to uninfected tissue via rain splash. (wikipedia.org)
Fungus1
The fungus is capable of forming pycnidia in dry shoots for up to two years after the tissue has died off. (wikipedia.org)
Mycelia1
Gray-black mycelia and sclerotia are produced (Figure 1 c) and the infected area exhibits disease symptoms (Figure 1 d). (biomedcentral.com)
New shoots that are normally yellow-green in color begin to turn to red brown and then ashen gray as they slowly die from the fungal disease. (wikipedia.org)
Within 3 weeks of infection P. juniperovora can produce viable spores for reinfection, however, pycnidia formation is most common on dying shoots. (wikipedia.org)
Aphids are found in clusters (colonies) on stems, young shoots and pods and underside of leaves. (infonet-biovision.org)
Moist weather1
Under moist weather the lesions become covered with a pink spore mass. (infonet-biovision.org)
Lower leaf surface1
Lesions form on lower leaf surface tends to be more diffuse. (codemint.net)
Produces3
b ) Pathogen produces extensive and profuse aerial hyphae to invade the stem bark. (biomedcentral.com)
Alternaria spot on curcubits and cotton produces brown, grey or tan lesions (spots) on cotyledons, leaves and bracts varying from 1 to 10mm in diameter (Report of Plant Disease, 1989). (codemint.net)
Cercospora leaf spot produces circular to irregular cherry-red to reddish brown lesions up to 10mm diameter on cowpea (Singh and Allen, 1979). (codemint.net)
Blight3
Phomopsis blight of juniper is a foliar disease discovered in 1917 caused by the fungal pathogen Phomopsis juniperovora. (wikipedia.org)
Diseases caused by M. phaseolina (e.g., seedling blight, charcoal rot, stem rot, and root rot) are favored with higher temperatures (30-35°C) and low soil moisture [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
This is the stage at which the disease is most readily distinguished from bacterial blight. (infonet-biovision.org)
Symptoms3
Although the observation of symptoms is the first step in identification of this pathogen, the presence of both alpha and beta spores in the pycnidium must be verified in order to confirm the existence of P. juniperova. (wikipedia.org)
Udugama, 2002).Wild blueberry leaf spot caused by Septoria sp, symptoms appears as small water soaked blisters on the bottom side of the leaf. (codemint.net)
1996).Initial symptoms on the leaves are small circular reddish-brown spots which enlarge, becoming surrounded by irregular shaped water-soaked areas. (codemint.net)
Crop3
Further understanding of the M. phaseolina genome-based plant-pathogen interactions will be instrumental in designing rational strategies for disease control, essential to ensuring global agricultural crop production and security. (biomedcentral.com)
Recently, increased incidence of the pathogen on diverse crop species has been reported worldwide [ 12 - 14 ], highlighting the importance of this disease to crop production in drought prone regions. (biomedcentral.com)
If the resources for this method of diagnosis are not available, contact a local extension office to be directed to an expert in plant pathogens or a laboratory that can assist with the process. (wikipedia.org)
The disease progresses from leaf yellowing to wilting and ultimately plant death (Figure 1 f). (biomedcentral.com)
Pods1
Such lesions become zonate and under favorable conditions spread rapidly causing extensive blighting of leaves, pods and stems of cowpea (Singh and Allen, 1979). (codemint.net)
Dead2
At the end of the prime growing season, new spores (contained in pycnidia) overwinter on dead, dry tissue until conditions improve, in which the reproductive cycle starts up again. (wikipedia.org)
Parts of the brown dead areas may crack, giving the leaf a ragged appearance. (infonet-biovision.org)
Formation1
The M. phaseolina hyphae initially invade the cortical tissue of jute plants, followed by sclerotia formation, causing stem rot disease (Figure 1 b, c). (biomedcentral.com)
Common1
Spot is a common descriptive term applied to a number of diseases affecting Bread. (codemint.net)
Conditions1
These conditions promote pycnidia to release their spores, which possess an optimal germination temperature range between 24 and 28 degrees Celsius. (wikipedia.org)
Result1
Some insects also cause damage that appears like a spot disease.Leaf spot may result in defoliation in some Bread(Nix, 2014). (codemint.net)
Small2
The infection progresses inward from the tips of branches and forms small lesions at points where infected tissue meets healthy tissue. (wikipedia.org)
At first they appear as small, yellow-green spots with reddish-brown centres, more conspicuous on the upper surface of the leaf. (infonet-biovision.org)
Turn yellow1
Older or vigorous plants may tolerate bean fly attack, but their leaves turn yellow, their growth is stunted and their yield reduced. (infonet-biovision.org)
Areas1
Areas with heavy shade and poor drainage allow for moist, slow drying areas for the disease to thrive in. (wikipedia.org)
Older1
Individual leaf spots initially occur on older leaves and then progress to younger leaves are approximately 0.80cm in diameter with ash colored centers and purple to brown borders and circular to oval in shaped. (codemint.net)
Shape2
It is distinguished from other leaf diseases by their smaller size and shape. (codemint.net)
14. Archaebacteria differ from eubacteria in (AIPMT 2014) (a) cell membrane structure (b) mode of nutrition (c) cell shape (d) mode of reproduction. (recruitmenttopper.com)
Wild2
Beta spores are rarely found in the wild, but proliferate when P. juniperova is grown on cultures of potato dextrose agar. (wikipedia.org)
Septoria spot produceslesions on wild blueberry and banana that are dark red, circular to irregular, 2-4mm in diameter, appearing similar on both leaf surfaces (Singh and Allen, 1979). (codemint.net)
Female flies lay eggs on young leaves, piercing the leaves and sucking the exuding sap resulting in yellow blotches on the leaves, which are the first signs of bean fly attack and are useful for early detection of this pest. (infonet-biovision.org)