• Nicotine induced a reduction in the proliferative indexes of granulosa and theca cells in pre-antral and antral follicles ( P = 0.001). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Co-Treatment with ginseng also reduced the expression of apoptotic markers and increased the proliferative indexes in granulosa and theca cells in pre-antral and antral follicles and also in stroma cells, in comparison to the nicotine group ( P = 0.001). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, many DEGs were significantly enriched in some pathways closely related to follicle maturation, ovulation and regression, such as ECM-receptor interaction, vascular smooth muscle contraction, progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation, phagosome. (bvsalud.org)
  • Theca and granulosa cells in the follicle may also be damaged during heat stress. (roshddanehkhavaran.com)
  • Reduced quality and accelerated follicle loss with female reproductive aging - does decline in theca dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) underlie the problem? (biomedcentral.com)
  • In females with normal fertility, pre-antral ovarian theca cells respond to stimulation by inhibin B to provide androgen-based support for the developing follicle. (biomedcentral.com)
  • With depletion of follicle numbers, inhibin B is reduced with consequent reduction in theca DHEA. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Folliculogenesis was assessed via histopathology and serum evaluation of estradiol, progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) by ELISA. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Follicle maturation is stimulated when FSH binds to theca cells and LH binds to granulosa cells. (easynotecards.com)
  • The remaining cells in the follicle wall ( i.e. granulosa, membrana and periantral, theca, the theca interna and externa) develop into the corpus luteum. (glowm.com)
  • During the course of folliculogenesis, growth is achieved by cell proliferation and formation of follicular fluid, whereas development involves cytodifferentiation of all the cells and tissues in the follicle. (glowm.com)
  • Specialized hypothalamic neurons secrete pulses of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) into the portal blood vessels, which acts on the gonadotrophs to cause a pulsatile release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which act on ovarian follicle cells to control folliculogenesis. (glowm.com)
  • The relatively narrow intercellular space of the primordial follicle allows ferritin and possibly other molecules of similar size to cross, whereas in the late stages of rapid follicular growth, the shape of granulosa cells must accommodate the increasing flow of egg yolk precursors that accumulate at the surface of the plasma membrane of the follicle [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The complex of a single oocyte (unfertilized egg ), granulosa cells and theca cells , is known as ovarian follicle . (mrshum.com)
  • Luteal phase , where FSH and LH cause the remaining follicle (with its oocyte removed) to transform into the corpus luteum , which secretes progesterone and estrogen . (mrshum.com)
  • Growth of the dominant follicle encompasses enlargement of the oocyte, replication of follicular cells, and formation and expansion of a fluid-filled follicular antrum or cavity, providing a specialized microenvironment for the development of oocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The ovarian cycle is a highly orchestrated, and complex developmental process that depends on functional interactions and critical signaling pathways that communicate between the ovarian microenvironment elements, including the oocyte, granulosa cells, theca cells, and surrounding stromal components, including vascular and immune cells [ 3 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Follicular phase , which is where rising FSH induces proliferation of granulosa cells , which surround the oocyte . (mrshum.com)
  • Granulosa cells in turn secrete zona pellucida , which is a membrane immediately surrounding an oocyte . (mrshum.com)
  • does decline in theca dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) underlie the problem? (biomedcentral.com)
  • Theca cells are the sole ovarian site of synthesis of DHEA, which is both a precursor of androstenedione and an essential ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), the key promoter of genes affecting fatty acid metabolism and fat transport and genes critical to mitochondrial function. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This study showed ginseng protects folliculogenesis via alteration of hypothalamic- pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, induction of proliferation in ovarian somatic cells, reduction of lipid peroxidation, and downregulation of apoptotic markers in the mouse ovary, treated with nicotine. (biomedcentral.com)
  • They showed that DF up-regulates genes regulating E 2 synthesis, anti-apoptosis, cell proliferation and gene transcription. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The role of Eag and HERG channels in cell proliferation and apoptotic cell death in SK-OV-3 ovarian cancer cell line Cancer Cell International. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • RAS protein plays a vital role in the modulation of cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation by molecular pathway signaling. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • RAS family proteins play a vital role in the modulation of cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation by signaling through a set of molecular pathways [ 10 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • LH induces proliferation of theca cells , which surround granulosa cells . (mrshum.com)
  • Only a few follicles in the human ovary survive to complete the cytodifferentiation process, with 99.9% dying by a programmed cell death mechanism called apoptosis. (glowm.com)
  • It is well documented that increased expression of LH receptor (LHR) in granulosa cells (GC) and specific changes of intrafollicular factors such as the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and inhibin-activin-follistatin systems play a critical role in E 2 production in the DF [ 6 , 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The blood carries the hormones to target cells that contain specific receptor proteins for the hormones, and which therefore can respond in a specific fashion to them. (50webs.org)
  • Estradiol enters cells freely and interacts with a target cell receptor. (the-medical-dictionary.com)
  • When the estrogen receptor has bound its ligand it can enter the nucleus of the target cell, and regulate gene transcription which leads to formation of messenger RNA. (the-medical-dictionary.com)
  • These hormones are made in the cell bodies and then transported to the axon terminals. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
  • The gland consists of numerous cell types, which specialize in making and releasing specific hormones. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
  • It is used to produce hormones and cell membranes and is transported in the blood plasma of all mammals. (absoluteastronomy.com)
  • Hormones are recognised by either cell surface receptors (modified amino acids, peptides, proteins) or cytoplasmic/nuclear receptors (steroids). (edu.au)
  • In mammals, magnocellular neurosecretory cells in the paraventricular nucleus and the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus produce neurohypophysial hormones , oxytocin and vasopressin . (cloudfront.net)
  • [7] Much smaller parvocellular neurosecretory cells , neurons of the paraventricular nucleus, release corticotropin-releasing hormone and other hormones into the hypophyseal portal system , where these hormones diffuse to the anterior pituitary . (cloudfront.net)
  • Synthesis:Estriol is only produced in significant amounts during pregnancy as it is made by the placenta from 16-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone sulfate , an androgen steroid made in the fetal liver and adrenal glands.The human. (absoluteastronomy.com)
  • An insignificant reduction was observed in the progesterone hormone. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hormone production happens differently in different endocrine glands(and *inside* of different cells). (drfionand.com)
  • Human insulin is a peptide hormone produced by the beta-cells (β-cell) of the pancreas, and its release is dependent on glucose levels in the circulation, in addition amino acids, incretins and cholecystokinin also promote its release. (researchsquare.com)
  • 1 The main function of insulin is to maintain glucose homeostasis, enabling glucose absorption and inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis, besides acting as an anabolic hormone that favors not only the absorption of amino acids and fatty acids, but also promotes cell growth and energy storage. (researchsquare.com)
  • Progesterone is a steroid hormone , which helps prepare the uterus for pregnancy by creating a uterine lining . (mrshum.com)
  • e. occurs as the cells gradually travel between two closely attached Leydig cells. (easynotecards.com)
  • Increases in the amount of PAPP-A mRNA in granulosa cells during follicular development occurs in some but not all species, indicating that other proteases or protease inhibitors may be involved in IGFBP degradation. (bioone.org)
  • Collectively, the effects of brefeldin A are consistent with a model in which MUC1 surface expression is dependent upon both protein synthesis and membrane release. (healthdrugpdf.com)
  • Furthermore ORP-150, a novel protein that is expressed by macrophages under ischemic conditions, is likely to be critical in enabling these cells to redirect their biosynthetic activities in hypoxia. (healthdrugpdf.com)
  • Given that betaine has been suggested to boost greater levels of muscle protein synthesis and can decrease cortisol levels, it makes sense to put those doses on both ends of your intense training, androgenic vs estrogenic steroids. (tdtraktorist.ru)
  • Protein synthesis and lipogenesis are highly stimulated in the liver at sexual maturity in hens (15 to 20 fold) to support the incorporation of 0.75 kg proteins and 1.5 kg of triglycerides into the yolk over a year of commercial production. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It measures the percentage of blood sugar attached to hemoglobin (the protein which carries oxygen in your blood cells). (whitelotusclinic.ca)
  • Soy protein peptic hydrolysate with bound phospholipids decreases micellar solubility and cholesterol absorption in rats and caco-2 cells. (cmdm.tw)
  • Expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) mRNA in rat hepatoma cells requires endogenous LXR ligands. (cmdm.tw)
  • Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive genetic disease characterized by the hypersecretion of mucus by specialized epithelial cells in the lungs. (healthdrugpdf.com)
  • In insects, chitin is deposited exclusively on the apical sides of epithelial cells, facing the external environment (body surface, gut and tracheal lumen) [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Atthetissuelevel,vitaminC is required for production of collagen and other compounds that comprise the intercellular matrix that binds cells together. (spiritsong.org)
  • It contributes to the rigidity and integrity of cells, tissues or body surfaces in a wide range of organisms, protecting and giving them shape, as seen with cellulose or pectin in plant and algal cell walls. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This provides conditions for increased ceramide synthesis and follicular loss through ceramide-induced apoptosis is accelerated. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We have gained crucial insights into molecular factors and pathways of the cells generating either the supporting gonadal cells or germ cells of both sexes. (lidsen.com)
  • An error during these developmental steps in females may lead to defective gonads, affecting the differentiation and/or function of the gonads and the development, differentiation, and maturity of the germ cells. (lidsen.com)
  • This persons contraception status increases thrombogenicity due to reduced endogenous oestrogen status secondary to germ cells destruction by contraception, over that her consumption of hormonal pills to postpone menstruation further decreases endogenous oestrogen, increased vulnerability for pulmonary thromboembolism. (scirp.org)
  • are the organs that make gametes from germ cells . (mrshum.com)
  • The organs which convert germ cells into gametes. (mrshum.com)
  • As aample, when cortisol is produced under stress or in the context of natural circadian rhythms, the pituitary gland releases ACTH and the adrenal zona faciculata cells take in cholesterol using special proteins and use it to make pregnenolone and convert it to cortisol. (drfionand.com)
  • Interestingly, stimulation of CALU-3 cells with forskolin, a cAMP agonist, slightly increased MUC1 surface expression and decreased MUC1 release. (healthdrugpdf.com)
  • c. requires participation of Sertoli cells. (easynotecards.com)
  • Also within the seminiferous tubules , Sertoli cells are stimulated by FSH , which nurtures the stages of spermatogenesis . (mrshum.com)
  • Granulosa cells can thus be viewed as the homolog to Sertoli cells . (mrshum.com)
  • The decrease in estradiol synthesis has made the appearance of estrus a problem, which is one of the effects of heat stress in the fertility process or low fertility in animals under heat stress. (roshddanehkhavaran.com)
  • The fluid in the theca spaces is then "filtered" by the basal lamina, which selectively permits the passage of particles depending on their size and their molecular charge [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The moment the preferred serum titer was attained, immune spleens were removed through the mice, dissociated, and fused with SP2 o myeloma cells. (liverxreceptor.com)
  • 201T and CALU-3 airway tumor cells were grown to confluency in cell culture plates and Transwell (Costar) filters, respectively, at 37°C in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's medium with 15% fetal bovine serum. (healthdrugpdf.com)
  • The transfer of the major egg yolk proteins such as Very Low Density Lipoproteins (VLDL) containing essentially apovitellenin and apolipoprotein-B, but also vitellogenins and some other plasma proteins from the blood such as serum albumin to the interstitial fluid of the thecae is possible due to the presence of broad discontinuities in the capillary endothelium. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Clear indices of cell death-myocyte disruption, coagulative necrosis, elevation of cardiac proteins in serum-are present by 24 hours. (spiritsong.org)
  • There is a situation where stress will lower the production of estrogen and progesterone: Hypothalamic Amenorrhea. (drfionand.com)
  • IR alters glucose metabolism, resulting in an elevation in insulin production by beta-cells. (researchsquare.com)
  • 2 Deficiency of insulin production or activity results in diabetes mellitus (DM), which can be either type 1 (T1DM) when there is a destruction of the β-cell by an autoimmune process, or type 2 (T2DM) in which there is a failure of the β-cell to produce insulin. (researchsquare.com)
  • One study shows that the endocrine disrupting chemical bisphenol-A works in a fashion that is comparable to diethylstilboestrol at the cell and developmental level and research has clearly shown that many industrial chemicals can affect thyroid function. (hindustantimes.com)
  • Endocrine Pancreas [1] "The transcription factor Pax6 functions in the specification and maintenance of the differentiated cell lineages in the endocrine pancreas. (edu.au)
  • the endocrine portion of the pancreas is composed of clusters of cells called the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans). (50webs.org)