OrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation Science
Corynebacterium glutamicumCorynebacteriumCorynebacterium InfectionsCorynebacterium diphtheriaeBacterial ProteinsBacteriaGene Expression Regulation, BacterialCorynebacterium pseudotuberculosisMetabolic EngineeringMolecular Sequence DataDNA, BacterialGenes, BacterialPropionibacterium acnesGene DeletionMycolic AcidsBrevibacteriumOxaloacetic AcidBiotechnologyEscherichia coliActinomycetaceaeEncyclopedias as TopicArcanobacterium
StrainsDiphtheriaeMycobacteriumPseudomonasBiosynthesisStrainEscherichiaPathogensBacillusBiotechnologyMetabolic pathwaysGeneATCCSpecies of the genusMutantsAmycolatopsisRecombinantGlucoseGenusMetabolicallyCultivationCoryneformSoil bacteriaPlants and bacteriaCytoplasmic membraneBiotechnologicalCharacteristicBurkholderiaGranulesGenes involvedProteinsLysineEnzymesFermentationAccumulateIntracellularSubstancesUbiquitousAbundantProductionEnzymeCarbon sourceHumansYeastPlasmidWidelyBacteriocinsFoundOrganismsFungiCommerciallyPseudotuberculosisIdentification
Strains7
  • The region comprising orf1 and orf2 displayed a strikingly low G+C content and was present exclusively in C. glutamicum strains. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • When present in mixtures with glucose, the recombinant C. glutamicum strains co-utilized D-galacturonate with glucose and D-glucuronate with glucose, respectively. (springeropen.com)
  • When transformed with the plasmid for uptake and catabolism of the aldohexuronates, model producer strains were able to grow with and produce from D-galacturonate or D-glucuronate as sole carbon source. (springeropen.com)
  • A direct fermentative approach to renewable methyl anthranilate (MANT) production from glucose is possible with metabolically engineered Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum strains harboring a synthetic plant-originating metabolic pathway. (kaist.ac.kr)
  • Comparative analyses of the exoproteomes of two C. pseudotuberculosis strains, in addition to comparison with other experimentally determined corynebacterial exoproteomes, were helpful to gain novel insights into the contribution of the exported proteins in the virulence of this bacterium. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Study was conducted to enhance lysine production by Corynebacterium glutamicum, strains MTCC1815 and MTCC 2745. (thapar.edu)
  • Both these strains accumulated aminoriboflavin, whereas only the latter produced roseoflavin. (biomedcentral.com)
Diphtheriae12
Mycobacterium1
  • Recently, some specific Gram-positive bacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Corynebacterium glutamicum , were found to possess a novel cell wall structure consisting of an arabinogalactan layer covalently linked to the peptidoglycan layer, and a special outer membrane consisting of mycolic acids (mycomembrane) [ 19 ]. (nature.com)
Pseudomonas4
  • These acidic sugars are naturally consumed by most plant pathogenic bacteria such as Erwinia carotovora , Pseudomonas syringae , and Agrobacterium tumefaciens , but also by E. coli . (springeropen.com)
  • The three kinds of soil bacteria involved in this study - Corynebacterium glutamicum, Pseudomonas syringae, Bacillus subtilis - are harmless. (npr.org)
  • Pseudomonas stutzeri DSM4166 is a diazotrophic Gram-negative bacterium isolated from t. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Past studies have shown that the most abundant groups of soil bacteria are Arthrobacterium, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus mycoides, and Pseudomonas fluorescens (2). (ukessays.com)
Biosynthesis6
  • 2022. "Cg1246, a New Player in Mycolic Acid Biosynthesis in Corynebacterium Glutamicum. (paris-saclay.fr)
  • They are produced via different biosynthesis pathways 9 . (microbiologyjournal.org)
  • Using E.coli cells as an example, it was shown that the aromatic biosynthesis pathway (shikimic acid pathway) in bacteria could be successfully optimised for the production of aromatic amino acids such as L-phenylalanine, L-tryptophan, p-aminophenylalanine and phenylglycine. (uni-stuttgart.de)
  • Additionally, an alternative MVA-independent pathway has been identified for the biosynthesis of IPP and DMAPP in bacteria, algae and plants which is named the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway and lacks the first two steps of the DXP pathway (Rodríguez-Concepción and Boronat 2012 ). (springeropen.com)
  • Ergothioneine production by Corynebacterium glutamicum harboring heterologous biosynthesis pathways. (hokudai.ac.jp)
  • Dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS) is a regulatory enzyme in the lysine biosynthetic pathway and is the first and major rate-limiting enzyme for lysine biosynthesis in plants and bacteria. (canada.ca)
Strain6
  • By using this procedure, clones of the restriction-deficient mutant strain C. glutamicum RM3 harboring a plasmid library of the wild-type chromosome were checked for their restriction properties. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • Considering the significance of bioflocculant in metal sequestration and antibiofilm activity, the present study was focused at searching the strain producing the bioflocculant and simultaneously acting as an antibiofilm agent under optimum conditions. (microbiologyjournal.org)
  • The strain can grow and produce glutamate at temperatures above up to 45oC in contrast to C. glutamicum that is only efficient at around 30oC. (up.ac.za)
  • The strain Candida tropicalis S4 produced 6 g L -1 of ethanol from 56 g L -1 of xylose, while the strain C. tropicalis E2 produced 22 g L -1 of xylitol. (scielo.br)
  • Finally, on combining the cheap nitrogen source and the clarification strategy, 114.6 g L −1 l ‐lactic acid with a productivity of 2.61 g L −1 h −1 was produced by A69 strain in a 5 L bioreactor. (retelprojekt.pl)
  • Research published in Biotechnology for Biofuels shares the above aims and recent highlights in the journal include the discovery of novel fungal enzymes that help breakdown biomass for bio-refining as well as the engineering of a strain of Corynebacterium glutamicum that can produce bio-gasoline, whilst tolerating harsh industrial processing. (diwou.com)
Escherichia3
  • RP4-mediated transfer of mobilizable plasmids in intergeneric conjugation of Escherichia coli donors with Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 is severely affected by a restriction system in the recipient that can be inactivated by a variety of exogenous stress factors. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • Neither aldohexuronic acid supported growth of C. glutamicum as sole or combined carbon source, although its genome encodes a putative uronate isomerase sharing 28% identical amino acids with UxaC from Escherichia coli . (springeropen.com)
  • Foodborne diseases are caused by food contaminated by pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter, and Clostridium, a critical threat to human health. (usda.gov)
Pathogens3
  • Different bacteriocins act against Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria, fungal pathogens and amoeba cells. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The search for and study of substances that have bactericidal or bacteriostatic properties against human and animal pathogens are also required for the development of new antibiotic therapy or disinfectants for objects and surfaces that have been in close contact with patients and therefore may carry pathogenic bacteria. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • As a novel antibacterial agent against foodborne pathogens, endolysins are peptidoglycan hydrolases encoded by bacteriophages that lyse bacterial cells by targeting their cell wall, notably in Gram-positive bacteria due to their naturally exposed peptidoglycan layer. (usda.gov)
Bacillus4
  • Several bacterial species are capable of producing bioflocculant like Alcaligenes latus, Bacillus firmus 3 , Aspergillus sp. (microbiologyjournal.org)
  • Bacillus subtilis produces 66 derived antimicrobials, and Bacillus brevis produces 23 peptide antibiotics [ 6 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • To enhance the production of the volatile natural hydrocarbon isoprene, released by plants, animals and bacteria, the Kudzu isoprene synthase ( kIspS ) gene has been heterologously expressed in Bacillus subtilis DSM 402 and Bacillus licheniformis DSM 13 using the pHT01 vector. (springeropen.com)
  • Bacillus subtilis uses the DXP pathway and was found to be the best naturally isoprene producing bacteria (Kuzma et al. (springeropen.com)
Biotechnology4
  • Succinic acid is one of the key platform chemicals which can be produced via biotechnology process instead of petrochemical process. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Corynebacterium glutamicum is an important workhorse of research and the biotechnology industry. (fz-juelich.de)
  • For thousands of years, biotechnology has been used as a natural process to produce food such as cheese, bread and beer. (nrw.de)
  • In this webinar, we address the possibilities of biotechnology for food production and show which ingredients and products can be produced by biotechnological processes, as well as how this can contribute to climate protection. (nrw.de)
Metabolic pathways2
Gene10
  • A basic pattern of gene expression and of relative expression levels during different growth phases was obtained for Corynebacterium glutamicum R grown on different carbon sources. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Identification, sequence analysis, and expression of a Corynebacterium glutamicum gene cluster encoding the three glycolytic enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, 3-phosphoglycerate kinase, and triosephosphate isomerase. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • A mutation in the C. glutamicum ltsA gene caused susceptibility to lysozyme, temperature-sensitive growth, and L-glutamate production. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To study the ltsA gene function in C. glutamicum, we have screened lysozyme-sensitive mutants of C. glutamicum whose sensitivities were complemented by ltsA gene and examined L-glutamate production by these mutants. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The bacteria isolated from sewage identified as Proteus mirabilis using 16S rRNA gene made up of D-Mannose, D-Fructose, D-Sucrose, and D-Galactose could be identified by Gas liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). (microbiologyjournal.org)
  • L-Glutamic acid is produced by culturing a coryneform bacterium having L-glutamic acid producing ability, in which trehalose synthesis ability is decreased or deleted by, for example, disrupting a gene coding for trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, a gene coding for maltooligosyltrehalose synthase, or both of these genes to produce and accumulate L-glutamic acid in the medium, and collecting the L-glutamic acid from the medium. (justia.com)
  • In the case of both E. coli and C. glutamicum, it was shown that the targeted chromosomal integration of genes (partly in higher gene copy numbers) has advantages over plasmid-based expression. (uni-stuttgart.de)
  • 2007 ). The isoprene synthase gene was not identified in bacteria yet, however it has been characterized from many plants such as Populus species, e.g. aspen, Poplar Alba (Beatty et al. (springeropen.com)
  • The pckA gene, encoding the gluconeogenic enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), was cloned by PCR amplification from the purple nonsulfur bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris No. 7. (asm.org)
  • The objectives were to evaluate the effects of Corynebacterium glutamicum cell mass (CGCM) supplementation, replacing blood plasma in diets, on the gene expressions of biomarkers associated with peptidoglycan and their correlation with intestinal health in nursery pigs. (usda.gov)
ATCC1
Species of the genus2
  • Both of these indels serve as molecular markers for species of the genus Corynebacterium. (wikipedia.org)
  • This organism is a recently proposed new species of the genus capable of producing significant quantities of glutamic acid (glutamate), an important enhancer of taste in the food industry. (up.ac.za)
Mutants2
  • This plasmid, termed pRES806, is able to complement the restriction-deficient phenotype of different C. glutamicum mutants. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • C. glutamicum lysozyme-sensitive mutants were isolated after N -methyl- N '-nitro- N -nitrosoguanidine (NTG) mutagenesis by a research group of Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). (biomedcentral.com)
Amycolatopsis1
  • His master and PhD thesis have dealt with the natural production of vanillin using the bacterium Amycolatopsis sp. (nrw.de)
Recombinant4
  • Yeasts have many advantages as biotechnological producers relative to bacteria, however, no recombinant producers of bacterial antibiotics in yeasts are known. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Expression systems for lactic acid bacteria have been developed for metabolic engineering applications as well as for food-grade recombinant protein production. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The highest isoprene production was observed by recombinant B. subtilis harboring the pHT01- kIspS plasmid which produced 1434.3 μg/L (1275 µg/L/OD) isoprene. (springeropen.com)
  • Additionally, recombinant B. subtilis produced fivefold higher than the recombinant B. licheniformis , which produced 437.2 μg/L (249 μg/L/OD) isoprene when incubated at 37 °C for 48 h induced with 0.1 mM IPTG. (springeropen.com)
Glucose2
  • The bacterium likes glucose and temperatures around 30 degrees Celsius as well as a neutral pH value of 7. (fz-juelich.de)
  • A number of recent studies have been focused on the genetic engineering of S. cerevisiae , aimed at making it able to produce ethanol from glucose and xylose. (scielo.br)
Genus6
Metabolically2
  • Purple nonsulfur bacteria (PNSB) are metabolically versatile organisms which are able to grow either aerobically in the dark or anaerobically in the light using hydrogen or organic compounds as electron donors and subsequently fixing CO 2 ( 16 ). (asm.org)
  • Micro-organisms are increasingly being metabolically engineered to produce biodegradable plastics. (diwou.com)
Cultivation2
  • Metabolic network analysis during fed-batch cultivation of Corynebacterium glutamicum for pantothenic acid production: first quantitative data and analysis of by-product formation. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • This feature is very beneficial for industrial applications, because less heat removal is required in fermenters to be used for cultivation of these bacteria. (up.ac.za)
Coryneform5
  • A non-pathogenic species of coryneform bacteria, Corynebacterium glutamicum, was originally isolated as an L-glutamate producing bacterium and is now used for fermentative production of various amino acids. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Coryneform bacteria are rod-shaped, non-sporulating Gram-positive bacteria that are widely distributed in nature. (biomedcentral.com)
  • One of the non-pathogenic species of coryneform bacteria, Corynebacterium glutamicum, is now used for industrial production of amino acids. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The ability and speed with which a coryneform bacterium can produce L-lysine are improved when the coryneform bacterium contains an aspartokinase in which feedback inhibition by L-lysine and L-threonine is substantially desensitized. (justia.com)
  • The L-lysine-producing ability and the L-lysine-producing speed are improved in a coryneform bacterium harboring an aspartokinase in which feedback inhibition by L-lysine and L-threonine is substantially desensitized, by successively enhancing DNA coding for a dihydrodipicolinate reductase, DNA coding for a dihydrodipicolinate synthase, DNA coding for a diaminopimelate decarboxylase, and DNA coding for a diaminopimelate dehydrogenase. (justia.com)
Soil bacteria1
  • One researcher by the name of Sergei Winogradsky had observed that soil bacteria don't typically exist within isolated colonies but rather adhered colonies found in the soil, which can be tracked inside by the shoe of students (3). (ukessays.com)
Plants and bacteria1
Cytoplasmic membrane2
  • MVs are released from the outer membrane of bacterial cells, such as outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) from Gram-negative bacteria, and from the cytoplasmic membrane of cells, such as MVs from Gram-positive bacteria. (nature.com)
  • The granules are located in the cytoplasmic membrane of the bacteria and serve as energy reserves. (stemcelldaily.com)
Biotechnological2
  • Since its discovery, C. glutamicum has become an indispensable microorganism for the biotechnological industry [ 9 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • It has a low solubility in water as well as a low boiling point of 34 °C which enables withdrawal from the upper gas phase of a bioreactor when produced via biotechnological processes (Xue and Ahring 2011 ). (springeropen.com)
Characteristic1
Burkholderia2
  • The lung infection is caused by the soil-dwelling bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei . (npr.org)
  • amino acid acylase produced by Burkholderia sp. (justia.com)
Granules2
  • One of the distinctive features of this bacterium is the presence of metachromatic granules in its cytoplasm. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • These granules are composed of polyphosphate and serve as energy reserves for the bacterium. (stemcelldaily.com)
Genes involved1
Proteins1
Lysine2
  • An easily transferable metabolic engineering strategy for access of C. glutamicum to aldohexuronates was developed and applied to growth and production of the amino acids L-lysine and L-ornithine as well as the terpene lycopene from D-galacturonate or D-glucuronate. (springeropen.com)
  • Lysine can be produced by inducing mutation in the Corynebacteria sps. (thapar.edu)
Enzymes8
  • C. glutamicum shows high tolerance against lysis by lytic enzymes such as egg white lysozyme that catalyzes hydrolysis of β-1,4 glycoside bond between N -acetylglucosamine and N -acetymuramic acid of peptidoglycan. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In humans, for example, this intestinal bacterium is responsible for the production of vitamin K. Biotechnologists use the organism to produce fine chemicals, enzymes or drugs, such as insulin. (fz-juelich.de)
  • Jülich researchers use it to produce enzymes that can, for example, be used as biocatalysts in the production of active substances. (fz-juelich.de)
  • We are investigating enzymes that can make or cleave C-C bonds, as these are suitable biocatalysts in chemo-enzymatic syntheses, e.g. to produce novel hydroxylated compounds. (uni-stuttgart.de)
  • The resultant product is no longer sensitive to aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, a strategy that antibiotic-producing species employ to counter drug resistance in competing species. (hokudai.ac.jp)
  • Once amino acid biosynthetic enzymes start to accumulate, the cell is able to produce its own amino acids, and a new growth phase begins. (go.jp)
  • Sorghum juice-derived ethanol is cheaper to produce than corn ethanol because it doesn't require the cooking and enzymes that corn requires for conversion of starch to sugar to fuel grade alcohol. (retelprojekt.pl)
  • PEPCKs have been generally classified according to their nucleotide specificities: enzymes from bacteria, yeast, and plants mainly use adenosine nucleotides, but enzymes from a variety of eukaryotes and mammals use guanosine or inosine phosphates ( 24 ). (asm.org)
Fermentation2
  • Growth and fermentation of D-xylose by Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing a novel D-xylose isomerase originating from the bacterium Prevotella ruminicola TC2-24. (scielo.br)
  • 2010 ). Their work involved metabolic engineering of E. coli capable of producing high yields of isoprene, in addition to developing a large-scale fermentation process with high rates of the isoprene recovered from the off-gas. (springeropen.com)
Accumulate1
  • R. opacus is a Gram-positive actinomycete bacterium that can accumulate triacylglycerols (TAGs), a biodiesel precursor, up to ~ 78% of its cell dry weight when grown on sugars [ 25 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Intracellular2
  • Generally, bacteria produces a variety of polysaccharides which are classified based on location such as, intracellular, extracellular, and capsular polysaccharides. (microbiologyjournal.org)
  • Thus, rapid changes of the intracellular (neutral) pH of the sensor bacteria to the external pH in a more acidic or alkaline environment/buffer are indicative of a disruption of membrane integrity. (uni-ulm.de)
Substances1
  • However, it is not workers who are toiling away at heavy machines inside them, but tiny bacteria that metabolise and produce an amazing variety of substances. (fz-juelich.de)
Ubiquitous2
  • Listeria monocytogenes is a ubiquitous, Gram-positive soil bacterium and a frequent contaminant of processed food products. (uni-ulm.de)
  • This ubiquitous nature of bacteria allows them to grow in vast variety of places such as beneath the ground soil, on desk chairs, on door handles, in lakes, and in/on countless of other surfaces. (ukessays.com)
Abundant3
  • Utilization of the hexuronic acids D-galacturonic acid (abundant in pectin-rich waste streams such as peels and pulps) and D-glucuronic acid (a component of the side-chains of plant xylans) for growth and production with C. glutamicum has not yet been studied. (springeropen.com)
  • Microorganisms of various types exist in all three domains of life (the Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya), and they are by far the most abundant life forms on Earth. (researchgate.net)
  • The rapid proliferation of bacteria and abundant EPS in the vascular system will block xylem vessels and disrupt water flow, causing wilt disease symptoms and eventually the death of infected plants ( Genin and Deny, 2012 ). (ppjonline.org)
Production6
  • Corynebacterium glutamicum , which is used in industrial amino acid production at a million-ton scale, has been engineered towards utilization of alternative carbon sources. (springeropen.com)
  • Recently, efforts with C. glutamicum have shifted from optimizing production processes to also include access to alternative carbon sources. (springeropen.com)
  • This bio-based production platform will allow MANT, an important and widely used compound to impart grape scent and flavor, to be produced in a completely natural and sustainable manner. (kaist.ac.kr)
  • When biotin of 100pg/mL is liked, L-glutamic was produced at maximum of 300 pg/mL with lactose act as carbon source and temperature of 37°C for production. (envirobiotechjournals.com)
  • Bacteria represent a superior alternative for the production of pigments. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In different projects involving both academic and industrial partners, these sensor bacteria are used to screen larger collections of bacteria, e.g. starter cultures for food production, to identify producers of (novel) bacteriocins. (uni-ulm.de)
Enzyme1
  • Two examples of CSIs are a two-amino-acid insertion in a conserved region of the enzyme phosphoribose diphosphate:decaprenyl-phosphate phosphoribosyltransferase and a three-amino-acid insertion in acetate kinase, both of which are found only in Corynebacterium species. (wikipedia.org)
Carbon source3
  • Heterologous expression of the genes for both uptake and catabolism of D-galacturonic acid and D-glucuronic acid was required to enable growth of C. glutamicum with either aldohexuronic acid as the sole carbon source. (springeropen.com)
  • Carbon catabolite repression in bacteria: choice of the carbon source and autoregulatory limitation of sugar utilization. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • When enzymatic hydrolysate of corn stover was used as carbon source, 10.3 g/L succinic acid was produced. (biomedcentral.com)
Humans1
  • They may be found as members of the normal microflora of humans, where these bacteria find a suitable niche in virtually every anatomic site. (up.ac.za)
Yeast1
  • More recent work in the journal shows how bioplastic precursors can also be produced in yeast and bacteria . (diwou.com)
Plasmid1
  • In this study a rapid test procedure based on intergeneric conjugal plasmid transfer that permitted the distinction between restriction-negative and restriction-positive C. glutamicum clones was developed. (uni-bielefeld.de)
Widely3
  • In the present study, bioflocculant derived from bacteria are widely explored in bioremediation such as removing heavy metal and inhibiting biofilm formation. (microbiologyjournal.org)
  • Succinic acid, a four-carbon dicarboxylic acid produced as an intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid cycle or as an end product of anaerobic metabolism, has been widely used in the agricultural, food and pharmaceutical industries [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This kind of RP systems are widely found in bacteria and the mitochondria in plants and animals, which serve many different physiological processes 5 . (nature.com)
Bacteriocins1
  • Once identified, the bacteriocins produced by these bacteria, their mechanisms of action and receptors can be analyzed and characterized again using the developed sensor bacteria. (uni-ulm.de)
Found3
  • In a few microseconds, Buie and his colleagues found, a single raindrop can create hundreds of tiny airborne droplets, each one carrying as many as several thousand live bacteria. (npr.org)
  • They found that the Goldilocks conditions for producing spray loaded with bacteria is exactly what you'd find in certain tropical places - sandy clay soils, a soil temperature of 86 degrees Fahrenheit and droplets falling at about 3 miles an hour. (npr.org)
  • This is because many students walk across grass fields or through puddles on their way to class and the bacteria found in these environments could be brought inside by students or professors. (ukessays.com)
Organisms2
  • Corynebacterium glutamicum was produced, large amount of L-glutamic acid than other organisms. (envirobiotechjournals.com)
  • Like other organisms, different species of bacteria are able to grow in the same place/environment or atop the same surface making difficult to determine what type of bacteria are most prevalent (1). (ukessays.com)
Fungi1
Commercially2
  • Some, such as C. glutamicum, are commercially and industrially useful. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is currently used commercially to produce glutamate and other amino acids and compounds. (up.ac.za)
Pseudotuberculosis1
Identification2
  • Identification and alignment of the promoter regions of the transcriptional start sites of glycolytic genes revealed strong similarities to the σ A consensus promoter sequences of Gram-positive bacteria. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Among these tests, the acid-fast stain, catalase test, Gram-Stain, and endospore test, were most useful in the identification of the bacteria. (ukessays.com)