Progressive massiveSilicosisIncreasing prevalence and severityType of pneumoconiosisAsbestosisPulmonaryIncidenceInhalationHigh-prevalenceChronicRadiographsCOPDDustSeverityTuberculosisCommonly2019MortalityDisparitySilicaMinersDiseasesPneumoniaOpacitiesProfusionSexesWorkersRatiosCohortEstimatesWorkerFindingsProgressionRestrictivePreventionChestDeaths100,000Rapidly progressiveDecreaseExposuresGloballyDataDiagnosisHealth
Progressive massive4
- Despite significant progress made in reducing dust exposures in underground coal miners in the United States, severe cases of coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP), including progressive massive fibrosis (PMF), continue to occur among coal miners. (bmj.com)
- Our recent work implicates exposure to respirable silica and silicates in increased prevalence and severity of Coal Worker's Pneumoconiosis and progressive massive fibrosis (PMF), as well as newly recognized accelerated silicosis in stone fabricators. (nationaljewish.org)
- The clinical manifestations of coal worker pneumoconiosis range from minimal symptoms to progressive massive fibrosis with impaired lung function. (msdmanuals.com)
- In complicated coal worker pneumoconiosis or progressive massive fibrosis, nodules coalesce to form larger parenchymal masses, usually in the upper posterior lung fields, and symptoms are prominent. (msdmanuals.com)
Silicosis10
- Depending upon the type of dust, the disease is given different names: Coalworker's pneumoconiosis (also known as coal miner's lung, black lung or anthracosis) - coal, carbon Aluminosis - Aluminium Asbestosis - asbestos Silicosis (also known as "grinder's disease" or Potter's rot) - crystalline silica dust Bauxite fibrosis - bauxite Berylliosis - beryllium Siderosis - iron Byssinosis - Byssinosis is caused by cotton dust inhalation and typically demonstrates a different pattern of lung abnormalities from most other pneumoconiosis. (wikipedia.org)
- Silicosis is a primary pneumoconiosis involving fibronodular lung disease caused by inhalation of silica dust. (medscape.com)
- [ 1 ] Although silicosis has been recognized for many centuries, its prevalence increased markedly with the introduction of mechanized mining. (medscape.com)
- We computed prevalence rate ratios and 95% con- he pneumoconioses are a group of irreversible but fi dence intervals (CIs) to separately compare pulmonary preventable interstitial lung diseases, most commonly mycosis prevalence at death among persons with silicosis, associated with inhalation of asbestos fi bers, coal mine asbestosis, and CWP with that for persons in the refer- dust, or crystalline silica dust. (cdc.gov)
- In response to inquiries ent group and to compare pulmonary mycosis prevalence from silica-exposed workers concerned about diagnoses at death among persons with silicosis with that for per- of coccidioidomycosis or cryptococcal meningitis for their sons in the 2 pneumoconiosis comparison groups. (cdc.gov)
- Among the 48 tion of coal worker pneumoconiosis (CWP) versus no men- decedents who had silicosis and mycosis, 9 also had tuber- tion. (cdc.gov)
- 1 Although the disease was thought to be disappearing in Britain at the turn of this century, wider use of chest radiographs following World War I showed pneumoconiosis, similar to silicosis, among coal miners in South Wales. (mhmedical.com)
- The Hawk's Nest tragedy (1932-1934), in which more than 400 workers died of acute silicosis and tuberculosis after working on the tunnel at Gauley Bridge, West Virginia, reinforced the prevalent theory that silica content was the critical etiological agent in pneumoconiosis. (mhmedical.com)
- 4 Because of the relatively high silica content and similarity to silicosis, the term "anthracosilicosis" was used to describe the pneumoconiosis found among those miners. (mhmedical.com)
- Classic occupational interstitial lung diseases such as asbestosis, silicosis, and coal workers' pneumoconiosis still comprise a substantial burden of disease in modern industrial societies, while other occupational causes of pulmonary fibrosis and granulomatous inflammation are frequently misclassified as idiopathic. (bvsalud.org)
Increasing prevalence and severity1
- Pneumoconiosis is a major occupational lung disease with increasing prevalence and severity worldwide. (nature.com)
Type of pneumoconiosis1
- a major type of pneumoconiosis) has been increasing over the last decade and now exceeds 10% among long-tenured miners nationwide and 20% in central Appalachia 1 . (nature.com)
Asbestosis1
- Contrary to this trend, the incidence of asbestosis strongly increased until a few years ago rendering it the currently most frequently recorded pneumoconiosis [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Pulmonary12
- The estimated annual average prevalence of lifetime asthma, current asthma, asthma attack, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cigarette smoking status, any tobacco use, smokeless tobacco use, and dual tobacco use was based on the public-use National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) for adults aged ≥18 years, from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), ( http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm ). (cdc.gov)
- Pneumoconiosis in combination with multiple pulmonary rheumatoid nodules in rheumatoid arthritis patients is known as Caplan's syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
- Regarding diagnostic tests, both low-dose chest CT scans and diffusion capacity as part of pulmonary function testing have been found to be more sensitive for early evidence of progressive pneumoconiosis (Perret et al. (acoem.org)
- Among persons who died with pneumoconiosis, the contributing cause of death (any mention on death cer- aspergillosis was the most common pulmonary mycosis. (cdc.gov)
- Background/aim: This study aimed to compare high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) findings with those of chest X-ray (CXR) and to evaluate the relationship of pulmonary function test (PFT) parameters with HRCT and CXR findings in cases of dental technician's pneumoconiosis. (tubitak.gov.tr)
- In this participant sample, small opacities were predominant (70% of the individuals), and worsening of PFT parameters was associated with the prevalence of pulmonary parenchymal changes. (tubitak.gov.tr)
- Simple coal worker pneumoconiosis is characterized by upper lobe predominance of small rounded nodular opacities and typically is not associated with symptoms or pulmonary dysfunction. (msdmanuals.com)
- OBJECTIVES: Coal miners suffer increased mortality from non-malignant respiratory diseases (NMRD), including pneumoconioses and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, compared with the US population. (cdc.gov)
- The prevalence, burden and risk factors associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Commonwealth of Independent States (Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan): results of the CORE study. (medscape.com)
- Pneumoconioses are restrictive pulmonary diseases caused by chronic inhalation of mineral dust. (biomedcentral.com)
- In 1942, the Committee on Industrial Pulmonary Diseases of the Medical Research Council introduced the term "coal workers' pneumoconiosis. (mhmedical.com)
- NTM lung disease is caused by organisms commonly found in water and soil and it can be difficult to diagnose as its symptoms are similar to other co-existing lung diseases, like bronchiectasis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, and pneumoconiosis. (globalgenes.org)
Incidence14
- Incidence rates and prevalence proportions are commonly used to express the populations health status. (biomedcentral.com)
- This study investigates the impact of different operational definitions of numerators and denominators on incidence rates and prevalence proportions. (biomedcentral.com)
- All different operational definitions affect incidence rates and prevalence proportions to some extent. (biomedcentral.com)
- When comparing incidence rates and prevalence proportions from different sources, it is important to be aware of the operational definitions applied and their impact. (biomedcentral.com)
- Incidence rates and prevalence proportions of symptoms and diseases in the general population are important indicators of a population's health status [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- The comparison of incidence rates and prevalence proportions between studies and countries, and determining factors explaining differences, results in increased knowledge on both prevention and aetiology of diseases [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- From epidemiological handbooks, the definitions of incidence rates and prevalence proportions are not unambiguous. (biomedcentral.com)
- The incidence rate 'represents the frequency of new occurrences of a medical disorders in the studied population at risk of the medical disorder arising in a given period of time' and the prevalence proportion is 'the part (percentage or proportion) of a defined population affected by a particular medical disorder at a given point in time, or over a specified period of time' [ 4 , 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Incidence is a rate of occurrence and thus related to a longitudinal design, whereas prevalence is the frequency of occurrence at a given point in time and connects to a cross-sectional sample [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- As a consequence, the comparability of incidence rates and prevalence proportions between different sources is challenging. (biomedcentral.com)
- Significant progress has been made globally in lowering age-standardized rates of deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), prevalence, and incidence of COPD, asthma, and pneumoconiosis in both sexes combined. (healthdata.org)
- The prevalence of pneumoconiosis among sandblasting workers and the incidence of cancer among surrounding residents remain high. (robotspare.com)
- Where available, prevalence and incidence data are also presented. (bvsalud.org)
- incidence and prevalence of occupational asthma in various occu- pational cohort studies depend on the agent(s) to which the Asthma has been defined as a chronic inflammatory disorder of workers are exposed and the levels of their exposure. (cdc.gov)
Inhalation7
- Coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) is a chronic occupational lung disease caused by long-term inhalation of dust, which triggers inflammation of the alveoli, eventually resulting in irreversible lung damage. (cdc.gov)
- Pneumoconiosis is the general term for a class of interstitial lung disease where inhalation of dust ( for example, ash dust, lead particles, pollen grains etc) has caused interstitial fibrosis. (wikipedia.org)
- Coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) is a slowly progressive parenchymal lung disease caused by the inhalation of coal mine dust. (bmj.com)
- Coal worker pneumoconiosis results from the inhalation of dust generated by the drilling, blasting, or crushing of coal and by the equipment and processes used to extract coal. (msdmanuals.com)
- Coal worker pneumoconiosis is caused by chronic inhalation of coal mining dust, typically for ≥ 10 years. (msdmanuals.com)
- Talcosis, a granulomatous inflammation of the lungs caused by inhalation of talcum dust, is a rare form of pneumoconiosis. (biomedcentral.com)
- PMF is a form of coal worker's pneumoconiosis (CWP), which occurs when prolonged excessive inhalation of coal mine dust causes severe scarring of lung tissue. (hartleylawgrp.com)
High-prevalence2
- The researchers studied a population in a high-prevalence area in rural Ethiopia, where they estimated that siblings of an affected person were five times more likely to develop symptoms than people in the general population. (nih.gov)
- Environmental dust and domestic fire pollution resulting in non-occupational pneumoconiosis and high prevalence of respiratory morbidity are the main problems suffered by local people. (hlhealthcare.co.in)
Chronic2
- Prevalence of pneumoconiosis and chronic bronchitis in foundry workers. (sjweh.fi)
- The prevalence of pneumoconiosis, chronic bronchitis, and impaired lung function was studied among those 1,000 foundry workers (response rate 93.1%) with the longest exposure time (minimum 4.2, mean 17, SD 9 years) from a representative sample of 20 foundries. (sjweh.fi)
Radiographs6
- Pneumoconiosis was diagnosed from 100 x 100 mm radiographs, and the false positives and false negatives were evaluated from normal-size radiographs from all those with a positive finding and a sample of those with a negative finding. (sjweh.fi)
- To assess the prevalence, severity, and geographic distribution of pneumoconiosis among current surface coal miners, CDC obtained chest radiographs of 2,328 miners during 2010-2011 through the Coal Workers' Health Surveillance Program of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (cdc.gov)
- Radiographs were classified for changes consistent with CWP, according to the International Labour Office (ILO) International Classification of Radiographs of Pneumoconiosis ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
- This study aims to develop an artificial intelligence (AI)-based model to assist radiologists in pneumoconiosis screening and staging using chest radiographs. (nature.com)
- This study develops a deep learning-based model for screening and staging of pneumoconiosis using man-annotated chest radiographs. (nature.com)
- Current clinical diagnosis of pneumoconiosis is mainly based on the examination of chest radiographs (i.e. (nature.com)
COPD4
- Estimated annual average prevalences of lifetime asthma, current asthma, asthma attack, COPD, cigarette smoking status, smokeless tobacco use, any tobacco use, and dual tobacco use by current industry, current occupation and sex were calculated. (cdc.gov)
- More specifically, the gender disparity in mortality rates was evident in COPD and pneumoconiosis. (healthdata.org)
- Nonetheless, because flow limitation may occur with occupational exposure to organic asthma and COPD are common diseases in the general popula- dusts such as cotton (byssinosis), flax, hemp, jute, sisal, and various tion, even a small increase in the percentage of prevalence due grains. (cdc.gov)
- The prevalence of COPD in the US is an important medical issue. (bookofodds.com)
Dust11
- Mixed-dust pneumoconiosis The reaction of the lung to mineral dusts depends on many variables, including size, shape, solubility, and reactivity of the particles. (wikipedia.org)
- The term "pneumoconiosis" summarizes all lung diseases caused by excessive exposure to dust (e.g., silica, asbestos, coal, and mixed dust), which often occurs in the workplace. (nature.com)
- Evidence from human, animal and mechanistic data suggests that occupational exposure to dusts and/or fibres (silica, asbestos and coal dust) causes pneumoconiosis. (cdc.gov)
- In this paper, we present a systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalences and levels of occupational exposure to silica, asbestos and coal dust. (cdc.gov)
- These estimates of prevalences and levels will serve as input data for estimating (if feasible) the number of deaths and disability-adjusted life years that are attributable to occupational exposure to silica, asbestos and coal dust, for the development of the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates. (cdc.gov)
- Objectives: We aimed to systematically review and meta-analyse estimates of the prevalences and levels of occupational exposure to silica, asbestos and coal dust among working-age (≥ 15 years) workers. (cdc.gov)
- We included all study types with objective dust or fibre measurements, published between 1960 and 2018, that directly or indirectly reported an estimate of the prevalence and/or level of occupational exposure to silica, asbestos and/or coal dust. (cdc.gov)
- Cumulative dust exposure is the most important risk factor in the development of coal worker pneumoconiosis. (msdmanuals.com)
- Coal dust has a significant impact on miners' health, leading miners to have the most common occupational disease, Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis. (edu.au)
- The prevalence of pneumoconiosis was related to the number of years underground, particles per cubic meter, and free silica content of the dust. (mhmedical.com)
- Therein, NIOSH stated that 'the prevalence of PMF is the result of overexposures and/or increased toxicity stemming from changes in dust composition. (hartleylawgrp.com)
Severity1
- If the classifications of the presence or severity of pneumoconiosis by two B Readers were not in agreement, the radiograph was sent for classification to a third B Reader. (cdc.gov)
Tuberculosis1
- currently, largely reflected the prevalence of tuberculosis, pneumonia, lower respiratory tract infections and opportunist lung infections in those with HIV. (who.int)
Commonly3
- This system has greatly facilitated pneumoconiosis screening and staging by providing a commonly accepted standard and guidelines. (nature.com)
- Rheumatoid arthritis is the most commonly diagnosed systemic inflammatory arthritis, with a lifetime prevalence of up to 1% worldwide. (aafp.org)
- Tucked away in the version of the Build Back Better Act passed by the House-Section 138502, to be precise-there is a small paragraph extending an excise tax that funds a trust providing benefits to certain coal miners with c oal workers' pneumoconiosis, commonly known as " black lung disease. (newrepublic.com)
20191
- The high SDI quintile, on the other hand, had the highest age-standarzied rate of prevalence but the lowest deaths in 2019. (healthdata.org)
Mortality3
- The mortality of pneumoconiosis patients remained at a high level in recent years, with over 21,000 deaths each year since 2015. (wikipedia.org)
- Mortality is highest in the most recent birth cohorts, perhaps reflecting increased rates of severe pneumoconiosis. (cdc.gov)
- Obesity associated sleep related breathing disorders (which are associated with hypertension and excess cardio and cerebrovascular mortality) is also increasingly being recognised in South Asia and also probably has a higher prevalence amongst Afro Caribbeans. (who.int)
Disparity1
- The authors provide a discussion of the paper, "Coal workers' pneumoconiosis prevalence disparity between Australia and the United States," a peer-reviewed paper that appeared in the technical papers section of the July 2012 issue of Mining Engineering magazine. (smenet.org)
Silica3
- The prevalences and levels of occupational exposure to dusts and/or fibres (silica, asbestos and coal): a systematic review and meta-analysis from the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury. (cdc.gov)
- Pathology and Mineralogy Demonstrate Respirable Crystalline Silica Is a Major Cause of Severe Pneumoconiosis in U.S. Coal Miners. (msdmanuals.com)
- One reason for the relatively late recognition of CWP as a distinct disease entity in the United States was the early emphasis placed on the etiological role of silica in pneumoconiosis. (mhmedical.com)
Miners9
- The Act also established a surveillance system for assessing prevalence of pneumoconiosis among underground coal miners, but this surveillance does not extend to surface coal miners. (cdc.gov)
- With enforcement of the exposure limit, the prevalence of CWP among underground coal miners declined from 11.2% during 1970-1974 to 2.0% during 1995-1999, before increasing unexpectedly in the last decade, particularly in Central Appalachia ( 1,2 ). (cdc.gov)
- Clinicians should be aware of the risk for advanced pneumoconiosis among surface coal miners, in addition to underground coal miners, to facilitate prompt disease identification and intervention. (cdc.gov)
- The crude prevalences of CWP, PMF, advanced pneumoconiosis, and r-type opacities among participating surface coal miners were calculated. (cdc.gov)
- In 2005, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) reported a concerning increase in rapidly progressive coal workers pneumoconiosis (CWP), particularly in young miners (Antao et al. (acoem.org)
- As part of a larger Pneumoconiosis coalition, we recently received funding from the Alpha Foundation for Improving Mine Safety & Health to explore risk factors and prevalence of mental illness in U.S. coal miners. (nationaljewish.org)
- This appeared to be happening: Prevalence declined until the late 1990s, when only 0.33 percent of working miners had the severe form of the disease, known as complicated coal workers' pneumoconiosis. (publicintegrity.org)
- Miners' black lung, now called coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) was first documented among Scottish coal miners in 1837. (mhmedical.com)
- Black lung disease affects one-fifth of veteran miners in Central Appalachia, according to a 2018 report by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, and disease prevalence has risen dramatically since 2000. (newrepublic.com)
Diseases2
- The authors said their study provides a research model for other fibrosing diseases, such as filariasis and pneumoconiosis, and for complex gene-environment inflammatory diseases, which are often poorly understood. (nih.gov)
- A handout on this topic is available at http://familydoctor.org/familydoctor/en/diseases-conditions/rheumatoid-arthritis.html . (aafp.org)
Pneumonia1
- This pathway complements our catalog of research reagents for the study of Pneumonia , Pneumoconiosis, Farmer's Lung, Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis, Respiratory Hypersensitivity. (symptoma.com)
Opacities2
- In 1980, the International Labor Organization (ILO) established a standardized system to classify radiographic abnormalities of pneumoconiosis according to the profusion level of small opacities observed in the lung 10 . (nature.com)
- Title : Profusion of opacities in simple coal workers' pneumoconiosis is associated with reduced lung function Personal Author(s) : Blackley, David J.;Laney, A. Scott;Halldin, Cara N.;Cohen, Robert A. (cdc.gov)
Profusion1
- An ILO profusion subcategory of ≥2/1 was considered advanced pneumoconiosis. (cdc.gov)
Sexes1
- In addition, an increase of 81.1% in the number of pneumoconiosis cases were observed for both sexes from 1990 to 2017 worldwide. (medgadget.com)
Workers5
- Since this was a prevalence study, the selective removal of workers from dusty jobs probably led to underestimates of all the health effects studied. (sjweh.fi)
- Prevalence of coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) is reported by tenure and time period. (cdc.gov)
- Rapidly progressive coal workers' pneumoconiosis in the United States: geographic clustering and other factors. (acoem.org)
- In terms of clinical data, motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities, neurobehavioral tests, and subjective symptom assessments, there were no differences and no dose-dependent changes in either the means or the prevalence of abnormal findings between NMP-exposed and referent workers. (go.jp)
- The prevalence of Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis (CWP) increased with the increasing coal production. (edu.au)
Ratios1
- prevalence ratios were calculated using log binomial regression, adjusting for important confounders. (cdc.gov)
Cohort1
- For the independent test cohort, pneumoconiosis screening accuracy was 0.973, with both sensitivity and specificity greater than 0.97. (nature.com)
Estimates3
- We combined prevalence estimates by industrial sector (ISIC-4 2-digit level with additional merging within Mining, Manufacturing and Construction) using random-effects meta-analysis. (cdc.gov)
- Estimates of CTD prevalence in developed countries range between 3-7% of the population 3 , and they are generally more common in women. (dermatoljournal.com)
- It is designed to collect data that can be used to understand disability, to develop public health policy, to produce simple prevalence estimates of selected health conditions, and to provide descriptive baseline statistics on the effects of disabilities. (cdc.gov)
Worker1
- Following the enactment of the Coal Mine Health and Safety Act in 1969, there was a decline in coal worker pneumoconiosis in the United States. (msdmanuals.com)
Findings1
- The overall prevalence of pneumoconiosis was 3.8%, when allowance had been made for false positive and false negative findings. (sjweh.fi)
Progression1
- Because of the lengthy and unnoticeable progression of pneumoconiosis, and the seriousness of its outcomes, regular screening of the population at potential risk is the key to the early intervention and prevention of pneumoconiosis. (nature.com)
Restrictive1
- Pneumoconiosis often causes restrictive impairment, although diagnosable pneumoconiosis can occur without measurable impairment of lung function. (wikipedia.org)
Prevention2
- Action plan for prevention and treatment of pneumoconiosis. (chinacdc.cn)
- Continue to find innovative ways to participate in further skills development and research for the more accurate diagnosis, compensation and prevention of pneumoconioses. (nioh.ac.za)
Chest1
- Evaluation of dental technician's pneumoconiosis using chest X-rayand " by RECAİ ERGÜN, DİLEK ERGÜN et al. (tubitak.gov.tr)
Deaths2
- Despite having moderate age-standardized prevalence rates, the low-middle and low SDI quintiles had the highest age-standardized rates of CRD deaths. (healthdata.org)
- International efforts can now focus on LE in developing countries by increasing income and health facilities, improving the overall situation, and by decreasing deaths, fertility, and HIV prevalence rate. (globalhealthprojects.org)
100,0002
- A publication from the National Institutes of Health based on United States Medicare data from 1997-2007 determined that the annual prevalence of patients infected with PNTM in the United States increased 8.2% per year from 20 cases/100,000 to 47 cases/100,000 in people over 65. (globalgenes.org)
- The Bernalillo County study estimated a prevalence of 80.9 cases per 100,000 population in men and 67.2 cases per 100,000 population in women. (medscape.com)
Rapidly progressive1
- County based prevalences were derived for both CWP and rapidly progressive cases. (bmj.com)
Decrease1
- In many industrialised countries, improvements in occupational health lead to a general decrease of pneumoconiosis over the last 5 decades. (biomedcentral.com)
Exposures1
- Studies of airborne fungi provide prevalence data that are important to estimate patients' exposures to molds. (medscape.com)
Globally1
- The prevalence as of 2021 of pneumoconiosis is around 527,500 cases, with over 60,000 new patients reported globally in 2017. (wikipedia.org)
Data3
- SAS ® software (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) was used to analyze the data and to calculate the estimated frequencies and prevalences with corresponding 95% confidence intervals. (cdc.gov)
- Materials and methods: CXR, PFT, and HRCT data of 89 dental technicians who were diagnosed with pneumoconiosis were retrospectively evaluated. (tubitak.gov.tr)
- Although little published data exist comparing worldwide prevalence, significant differences are apparent. (medscape.com)
Diagnosis2
- Finally, the diagnosis for each subject (normal, stage I, II, or III pneumoconiosis) was determined by summarizing the subregion-based prediction results. (nature.com)
- However, radiograph-based diagnosis of pneumoconiosis still requires a well-trained and experienced radiologist to visually identify subtle graphic patterns and features described in the ILO guidelines. (nature.com)
Health2
- The World Health Organization (WHO) says Ethiopia has the highest prevalence of podoconiosis, with an estimated 1 million of the world's 4 million cases, followed by Cameroon, with 500,000. (nih.gov)
- 2017) in IJTMRPH concluded that mining regulations and health and environmental surveillance systems needed to be updated and implemented to protect the safety of minors from Coal Worker's Pneumoconiosis, a rising global concern. (globalhealthprojects.org)