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Influenza, HumanInfluenza A virusInfluenza A Virus, H1N1 SubtypeInfluenza VaccinesInfluenza A Virus, H5N1 SubtypeInfluenza in BirdsInfluenza A Virus, H3N2 SubtypeHemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza VirusPrevalenceInfluenza B virusOrthomyxoviridae InfectionsInfluenza A Virus, H9N2 SubtypeOrthomyxoviridaeInfluenza A Virus, H7N9 SubtypeHemagglutinins, ViralBirdsVaccinia virusHemagglutination Inhibition TestsNeuraminidaseVirus ReplicationReceptors, VirusAntibodies, ViralRNA VirusesDisease OutbreaksPandemicsInfluenza A Virus, H3N8 SubtypeVirus SheddingInfluenza A Virus, H7N7 SubtypeVirus CultivationInfluenza A Virus, H7N1 SubtypeAntigens, ViralPhylogenyInfluenza A Virus, H2N2 SubtypeViral ProteinsMolecular Sequence DataInfluenza A Virus, H5N2 SubtypeVirus DiseasesAntiviral AgentsCell LineRNA, ViralOseltamivirChickensSeasonsGenes, ViralDogsVirus AssemblySimian virus 40Influenza A Virus, H1N2 SubtypeDefective VirusesVaccinationDNA VirusesPlant VirusesAmino Acid SequenceMeasles virusDucksSindbis VirusReassortant VirusesRabies virusVaccines, InactivatedRespiratory Syncytial VirusesHepatitis B virusRisk FactorsPoultryChick EmbryoFerretsMadin Darby Canine Kidney CellsNeutralization TestsAmantadineWest Nile virusCross-Sectional StudiesHIV InfectionsPolymerase Chain ReactionSequence Analysis, DNAPopulation SurveillanceVesicular stomatitis Indiana virusVirus ActivationCercopithecus aethiopsVero CellsVirionTime FactorsViral Plaque AssayInfluenza A Virus, H7N3 SubtypeVaccines, AttenuatedDNA, ViralUnited StatesMice, Inbred BALB CZanamivirInfluenzavirus CVirus AttachmentVirus LatencyCross ReactionsVirologyParainfluenza Virus 1, HumanDrug Resistance, ViralViral Core ProteinsPneumonia, ViralChinaNucleoproteinsVirus InactivationVirulence
H7N2H5N1PathogenicityNeuraminidaseH1N1InfectType A VirusesStrainsHumansLPAICirculatesMorbidityInfectionH9N2SwineH7N9Detected in birdsCirculateBirdsVaccinePandemicIsolationSeasonalSurveillanceUncommonPoultry and wildGeneticVaccinesVaccinationOutbreakAntiviralClinical presentationHostsBatsSevereCharacteristicsSpeciesAssessThreatNipahMildChickenIdentifyAnimalHighlyBackgroundUpper
H7N22
  • For example, an "A(H7N2) virus" designates an influenza A virus subtype that has an HA 7 protein and an NA 2 protein. (cdc.gov)
  • H7N2, H7N3 and H7N7) have occasionally been found to infect humans, H7N9 has previously been isolated only in birds, with outbreaks reported in the Netherlands, Japan, and the United States. (wikipedia.org)
H5N13
  • Although subtype H7 infections have resulted in a smaller proportion of hospitalizations and deaths in humans than those caused by subtype H5N1, some subtype H7 strains appear more adapted for human infection on the basis of their virus-binding properties and illness rates among exposed persons. (cdc.gov)
  • Similarly, an "A(H5N1)" virus has an HA 5 protein and an NA 1 protein. (cdc.gov)
  • 400 million poultry have been culled since 2003 as a result of efforts to control highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza ( http://www.fao.org/avianflu/en/index.html ), and there are increasing biological and ecological consequences. (nationalacademies.org)
Pathogenicity3
  • Most influenza viruses that infect wild or domestic birds cause no or limited illnesses and deaths and are characterized as being low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Avian influenza A viruses are classified into the following two categories: low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) A viruses, and highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • surveillance focused on the subset of avian influenza viruses that pose significant risk of infecting humans, including certain viruses of low pathogenicity in poultry. (nationalacademies.org)
Neuraminidase3
  • Of these, the 2 viral surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), form the basis of multiple serologically distinct virus subtypes. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza A viruses are divided into subtypes based on two proteins on the surface of the virus: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (wikipedia.org)
  • Multiple subtypes of AIVs including nine hemagglutinin (HA) and seven neuraminidase (NA) subtypes were isolated form the environmental samples. (biomedcentral.com)
H1N12
  • Only two influenza A virus subtypes A(H1N1)pdm09, and A(H3N2), are currently circulating among people. (cdc.gov)
  • The first pandemic of the 21st century was caused by an H1N1 influenza A virus (IAV) introduced from pigs into humans, highlighting the importance of swine as reservoirs for pandemic viruses. (bvsalud.org)
Infect4
  • Currently, 16 HA and 9 NA subtypes have been identified in wild water birds, the natural host for all influenza A viruses and the reservoir from which viruses emerge to infect domestic poultry and occasionally mammals. (cdc.gov)
  • All known subtypes of influenza A viruses can infect birds, except subtypes A(H17N10) and A(H18N11), which have only been found in bats . (cdc.gov)
  • Avian influenza A viruses that infect birds have evolved into distinct genetic lineages based on the geographic locations where they were first detected. (cdc.gov)
  • Avian influenza A H7 viruses normally circulate amongst avian populations with some variants known to occasionally infect humans. (wikipedia.org)
Type A Viruses1
  • The CDC estimates that the H7N9 virus has the greatest potential compared with other influenza A viruses to cause a pandemic, although the risk is low because, like other type A viruses, it is not easily transmitted between people in its current form. (wikipedia.org)
Strains5
  • Generally, the swine 1A lineage viruses that seeded the 2009 H1 pandemic were antigenically most similar to the H1 pandemic vaccine strains, with the exception of viruses in the genetic clade 1A.1.1.3, which had a two-amino acid deletion mutation near the receptor-binding site, which dramatically reduced antibody recognition. (bvsalud.org)
  • The swine 1B lineage strains, which arose from previously circulating (pre-2009 pandemic) human seasonal viruses, were more antigenically similar to pre-2009 human seasonal H1 vaccine viruses than post-2009 strains. (bvsalud.org)
  • However, there was almost no cross-reactivity in human sera to the 1A.1.1.3 and 1B.2.1 genetic clades of swine viruses, and the 1A.1.1.3 and 1B.2.1 clades were also the most antigenically distant to the human vaccine strains. (bvsalud.org)
  • We demonstrated that the swine H1 lineages were significantly different from the human vaccine strains and that this antigenic dissimilarity increased over time as the viruses evolved in swine. (bvsalud.org)
  • the partners plan to exchange scientific information on avian influenza, share viral isolates, and may eventually manufacture human vaccines against avian viral strains. (nationalacademies.org)
Humans7
  • Influenza A viruses have been detected and are known to circulate in seven different animal species or groups, including humans, wild water birds, domestic poultry, swine, horses, dogs and bats. (cdc.gov)
  • both LPAI and HPAI A viruses have caused mild to severe illness in infected humans. (cdc.gov)
  • An H7N9 virus was first reported to have infected humans in March 2013, in China. (wikipedia.org)
  • an unusually dangerous virus for humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • H7 influenza infections in humans are uncommon, but have been confirmed worldwide in people who have direct contact with infected birds. (wikipedia.org)
  • The OIE is developing influenza surveillance guidelines that encompass birds, domestic mammals, wildlife, and humans. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Influenza viruses cause epidemic disease (influenza virus types A and B) and sporadic disease (type C) in humans. (medscape.com)
LPAI2
  • Only some avian influenza A(H5) and A(H7) viruses are classified as HPAI A viruses, while most A(H5) and A(H7) viruses circulating among birds are LPAI A viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Both HPAI and LPAI viruses can spread rapidly through poultry flocks. (cdc.gov)
Circulates1
  • Equine (horse) influenza A(H3N8) virus routinely circulates and can cause illness in horses, and canine (dog) influenza A(H3N2) virus routinely circulates and can cause illness in dogs. (cdc.gov)
Morbidity2
  • Influenza viruses cause a broad array of respiratory illnesses responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in children. (medscape.com)
  • The existing evidence on HCW influenza vaccination and the reduction of morbidity associated with influenza in patients being cared for by a HCW in health care settings was considered in the context of ethics and acceptability. (canada.ca)
Infection4
  • Clinical illness from subtype H7 infection ranges from conjunctivitis to mild upper respiratory illness to pneumonia. (cdc.gov)
  • We review the history of human infection caused by subtype H7. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, we discuss recently identified molecular correlates of subtype H7 virus pathogenesis and assess current measures to prevent future subtype H7 virus infection. (cdc.gov)
  • 2001. Nipah virus infection in bats (order Chiroptera) in peninsular Malaysia. (nationalacademies.org)
H9N21
  • Six internal genes originated with at least two H9N2 chicken viruses. (wikipedia.org)
Swine3
  • IMPORTANCE Human H1 influenza A viruses (IAV) spread to pigs in North America, resulting in a sustained circulation of two major groups of H1 viruses in swine. (bvsalud.org)
  • Human sera revealed a range of responses to swine IAV, including two groups of viruses with little to no immunity. (bvsalud.org)
  • Swine influenza virus. (medscape.com)
H7N99
  • Influenza A virus subtype H7N9 (A/H7N9) is a bird flu strain of the species Influenza virus A (avian influenza virus or bird flu virus). (wikipedia.org)
  • A 5th epidemic of the H7N9 virus began in October 2016 in China. (wikipedia.org)
  • Researchers have commented on the unusual prevalence of older males among H7N9-infected patients. (wikipedia.org)
  • The H7N9 virus does not kill poultry, which makes surveillance much more difficult. (wikipedia.org)
  • The avian influenza A(H7N9) virus designation of H7N9 identifies it as having HA of the H7 subtype and NA of the N9 subtype. (wikipedia.org)
  • The avian influenza A(H7N9) virus is a subgroup among this larger group of H7 viruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • Until the 2013 outbreak in China, no human infections with H7N9 viruses had ever been reported. (wikipedia.org)
  • Genetic characterisation of avian influenza A(H7N9) shows that the H7N9 virus that infects human beings resulted from the recombination of genes between several parent viruses noted in poultry and wild birds in Asia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Evidence so far suggests that the new H7N9 virus might have evolved from at least four origins. (wikipedia.org)
Detected in birds1
  • For example, avian influenza A viruses that were first detected in birds in Asia can be recognized as genetically different from avian influenza A viruses that were first detected among birds in North America. (cdc.gov)
Circulate1
  • Avian influenza A H7 viruses are a group of influenza viruses that normally circulate among birds. (wikipedia.org)
Birds5
  • In birds, 16 HA and 9 NA subtypes have been identified. (cdc.gov)
  • Most avian influenza A viruses are low pathogenic and cause few signs of disease in infected wild birds. (cdc.gov)
  • HPAI A(H5) and A(H7) virus infections in poultry also can spill back into wild birds, resulting in further geographic spread of the virus as those birds migrate. (cdc.gov)
  • While some wild bird species can be infected with some HPAI A(H5) or A(H7) virus subtypes without appearing sick, other HPAI A(H5) and A(H7) virus subtypes can cause severe disease and mortality in some infected wild birds as well as in infected poultry. (cdc.gov)
  • This chapter focuses on the global phenomenon of avian influenza, its impact on the poultry industry, and potential means to control influenza transmission among birds and mammals. (nationalacademies.org)
Vaccine4
  • Flucelvax® Quad is a mammalian cell culture-based, inactivated seasonal influenza vaccine that has recently been authorized for use in Canada in adults and children ≥9 years of age. (canada.ca)
  • This document, the "Advisory Committee Statement: Canadian Immunization Guide Chapter on Influenza and National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) Statement on Seasonal Influenza Vaccine for 2020-2021", updates NACI's recommendations regarding the use of seasonal influenza vaccines. (canada.ca)
  • NACI continues to recommend that, in the absence of contraindications, HCWs and other care providers in facilities and community settings should be vaccinated annually against influenza, and recommends the inclusion of this group among the particularly recommended recipients of influenza vaccine. (canada.ca)
  • Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) has been authorized for use in Canada since 2011, and was previously considered contraindicated by NACI in individuals with HIV. (canada.ca)
Pandemic2
Isolation1
  • The nucleic acid of influenza A-positive samples were inoculated into embryonated chicken eggs for virus isolation. (biomedcentral.com)
Seasonal4
  • The aim of this study was to analyze the geographic and seasonal distributions of AIVs in the 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous region (PMA) of China, compare the AIVs prevalence in different collecting sites and sampling types, analyze the diversity of AIVs subtypes in environment. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Influenza viruses are highly contagious and can cause seasonal epidemics, manifesting as an acute febrile illness with variable degrees of severity, ranging from mild fatigue to respiratory failure and death. (medscape.com)
  • Histologic findings may include pulmonary changes with alveolar damage similar to seasonal influenza. (medscape.com)
  • Seasonal human influenza causes about 36,000 deaths and 226,000 hospitalizations in the United States annually. (medscape.com)
Surveillance1
  • In this study, we found the avian influenza viruses characteristics of geographic distribution, seasonality, location, samples types, proved that multiple subtypes of AIVs continuously coexisted in the environment associated with poultry and wild bird, highlighted the need for environmental surveillance in China. (biomedcentral.com)
Uncommon1
  • While avian influenza is an uncommon disease of poultry in the United States, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) recognizes the international importance of the disease and has developed considerable animal health policies to detect, prevent, and control avian influenza. (nationalacademies.org)
Poultry and wild1
  • It is very important to understand the avian influenza virus distribution and characteristics in environment associated with poultry and wild bird. (biomedcentral.com)
Genetic2
  • These different lineages can be distinguished by studying the genetic make-up of these viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • These broad lineage classifications can be further narrowed by genetic comparisons that allow researchers to group the most closely related viruses together. (cdc.gov)
Vaccines1
Vaccination3
  • NACI recently reassessed the wording for the recommendation on the vaccination of health care workers (HCWs) and other care providers as a group for whom influenza vaccination is particularly recommended. (canada.ca)
  • NACI considers the receipt of influenza vaccination to be an essential component of the standard of care for all HCWs and other care providers for their own protection and that of their patients. (canada.ca)
  • This group should consider annual influenza vaccination as part of their responsibilities to provide the highest standard of care. (canada.ca)
Outbreak1
  • The chapter concludes with an example of a low-pathogen avian influenza outbreak in a group of commercial poultry farms and the steps the industry took to contain further spread of the virus, minimize the risk of exposure, and monitor and prevent further infections. (nationalacademies.org)
Antiviral1
  • Alimbarova L.M., Ambrosov I.V., Matelo S.K., Barinsky I.F. Antiviral activity of the organic germanium complex with aciclovir against the herpes simplex virus (Herpesviridae: Alphaherpesvirinae: Simplexvirus: Human alphaherpesvirus 1/2) in the in vitro and in vivo systems. (crie.ru)
Clinical presentation2
  • See Clinical Presentation for more detailed information on the signs and symptoms of pediatric influenza. (medscape.com)
  • See Clinical Presentation and Workup for more detailed information on the diagnosis of pediatric influenza. (medscape.com)
Hosts1
  • Recurrent infections of animal hosts with avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have posted a persistent threat. (biomedcentral.com)
Bats2
  • Two additional subtypes, H17N10 and H18N11, have been identified in bats. (cdc.gov)
  • Botvinkin A.D. Bats and viruses: interdisciplinary issues. (crie.ru)
Severe2
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses cause severe disease and high mortality in infected poultry. (cdc.gov)
  • According to a prospective cohort study, as many as 1 in 3 children seeking treatment in the ED for influenza-like illnesses (ILI) at the peak of flu season are at high risk of suffering severe complications. (medscape.com)
Characteristics1
  • The nucleic acid positivity rate of influenza A, H5, H7 and H9 subtypes displayed the different characteristics of geographic distribution. (biomedcentral.com)
Species1
  • In many other animal species, avian influenza A viruses have been reported to cause occasional infections, but do not regularly spread among them (e.g., cats and seals). (cdc.gov)
Assess2
  • The objectives of this report were to assess self-reported hypertension prevalence and treatment among Asian Americans. (cdc.gov)
  • To assess trends in 12 chronic conditions and related risk factors, we calculated annual prevalence estimates and adjusted prevalence ratios (APRs) with predicted marginals accounting for age, race, Hispanic ethnicity, education, and health care coverage. (cdc.gov)
Threat1
  • To address the threat that avian influenza (AI) poses to human health, it is necessary to recognize its broader agricultural and economic implications and to integrate this knowledge into disease control strategies. (nationalacademies.org)
Nipah1
  • The district was in the news earlier due to Nipah virus cases. (ceezad.org)
Mild1
  • Low pathogenic avian influenza viruses cause either no signs of disease or mild disease in chickens/poultry (such as ruffled feathers and a drop in egg production). (cdc.gov)
Chicken1
  • Image taken during the virus' first developmental passage through a chicken egg. (medscape.com)
Identify1
  • Real-time RT-PCR assays for influenza A, H5, H7 and H9 subtypes were performed on all the samples to identify subtypes of influenza virus. (biomedcentral.com)
Animal1
  • Isaeva O.V., Kyuregyan K. K., Mikhailov M. I. Animal delta-like viruses (Kolmioviridae: Deltavirus) and the origin of the human hepatitis D virus (HDV). (crie.ru)
Highly1
  • In poultry, some low-pathogenic viruses can mutate into highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. (cdc.gov)
Background1
  • These strategies are presented, along with background information on the biology, ecology, and epidemiology of avian influenza, by David Swayne and David Suarez of the USDA. (nationalacademies.org)
Upper1