Preferentially expressed on nk cells cell surface proteins nk cell lectin like receptor subfamily b. Medical search. Frequent questions

Natural killer (NK) cells are a distinct lineage of lymphocytes that mediate cytotoxic activity and secrete cytokines upon immune stimulation. (wikipedia.org)
Both T-cell receptor (TCR) αβ- and γδ-positive T lymphocytes express all forms of NK receptors, [ 21 ] predominantly on CD8 + cells. (medscape.com)
Types of B lineage lymphocytes include B cells and antibody secreting cells (plasmablasts and plasma cells). (guidetomalariapharmacology.org)
Lymphocytes of B cell lineage can be distinguished from those of T cell lineage by their lack of CD3e (as part of the T cell receptor complex). (guidetomalariapharmacology.org)
B- and T-lymphocytes predominantly express S1P 1 receptors. (guidetomalariapharmacology.org)
CXCR3 is the receptor for CXCL9, -10 and -11, three CXC chemokines that are preferentially expressed on Th1 lymphocytes. (guidetomalariapharmacology.org)
High expression levels of KLRK1 have been linked to high levels of immune cell infiltration, particularly CD4/8 (+) T lymphocytes. (bvsalud.org)

Viral replication products can also activate NK cells indirectly by interacting with appropriate TLRs on accessory cells, with resultant production of NK cell stimulatory cytokines, such as IL-12. (medscape.com)
The interleukin (IL)-10 family of cytokines includes six immune mediators (IL-10, IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24 and IL-26) with similar protein motif, receptor complex and conserved signaling cascades [ 6 , 7 ]. (ijbs.com)
Two subfamilies exist based on the biological effect, immune regulatory cytokines including IL-10 only, and IL-20 subfamily consisting of the remaining five members (IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24 and IL-26) [ 8 ]. (ijbs.com)

In contrast to the inhibitory receptors, NKG2D and other activating NK receptors trigger the NK cell lysis of various tumor and virally infected cells following ligand engagement. (medscape.com)
Functionally, A5.1 ECs enhanced NKG2D interaction and natural killer cell activation, promoting NKG2D-dependent lysis of ECs. (nih.gov)
One important example involves the NKG2D receptor, which is expressed on a range of white blood cells. (mdpi.com)
In humans, NKG2D binds to a family of eight proteins known as NKG2D ligands. (mdpi.com)
NKG2D ligands are generally absent from the surfaces of healthy cells. (mdpi.com)
By this means, NKG2D provides a rapid response system to detect and eradicate potentially dangerous cells. (mdpi.com)
Expression of NKG2D ligands on cancer cells can be boosted or reduced using a range of drugs, providing opportunities for therapeutic intervention. (mdpi.com)

The CD94/NKG2 complex, on the surface of natural killer cells interacts with Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-E on target cells. (wikipedia.org)
KLRD1 (CD94) is an antigen preferentially expressed on NK cells and is classified as a type II membrane protein because it has an external C terminus. (wikipedia.org)
Thus, cell surface expression of these molecules indicate that the cell can make class I molecules and that its antigen-processing machinery is intact. (medscape.com)
However, when the antigen cannot be cleared, T cells enter a state known as exhaustion. (salk.edu)
Although it is clear that chronic antigen contributes to CD8 T cell exhaustion, less is known about how stress responses in tissues regulate T cell function. (salk.edu)

The inhibitory receptors are predominantly of the LRC family and recognize self-MHC class I molecules as ligands. (medscape.com)
For instance, NK G2D is also expressed on CTLs and their ligands, stress-induced MICA and MICB [ 18 ] or ULBP, [ 19 ] are expressed predominantly (but not exclusively) by cells of epithelial origin. (medscape.com)

HLA-E binds to natural killer cell receptors CD94/NKG2A, B and C". Nature. (wikipedia.org)
The ternary complex containing UFD1L, VCP and NPLOC4 binds ubiquitinated proteins and is necessary for the export of misfolded proteins from the ER to the cytoplasm, where they are degraded by the proteasome. (nih.gov)

NK receptors of both the NKC and LRC family have members with activating and inhibitory functions. (medscape.com)
The ligand for inhibitory receptors of the NKC family, CD94/NKG2A is the nonclassical MHC class I molecule, HLA-E. The murine homolog of HLA-E is Qa-1. (medscape.com)
On engagement of inhibitory receptors by their ligands, protein tyrosine phosphatases are recruited to the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIM) in the cytoplasmic domain of the receptor. (medscape.com)
When target cells lose or express insufficient amounts of MHC class I molecules, as is seen during tumor transformation or infection by certain viruses, there is perturbation of the inhibitory signal through a KIR resulting in its activation. (medscape.com)
the first is through the positive engagement of ligands expressed M de novo only by potentially harmful cells, such as stressed cells, and the second involves the MHC class I-specific inhibitory receptors that recognize the lack of receptor engagement following loss of MHC class I on cells. (medscape.com)
In the absence of SAP, both coreceptors send inhibitory signals to NK cells. (medscape.com)

HN - 2008 (1993) MH - Agouti-Related Protein UI - D054369 MN - D12.644.276.74 MN - D12.776.467.74 MN - D23.529.74 MS - A secreted protein of approximately 131 amino acids that is related to AGOUTI SIGNALING PROTEIN and is also an antagonist of MELANOCORTIN RECEPTOR activity. (nih.gov)

They bear cell surface CD16, the Fcγ receptor, which is engaged by opsonized targets resulting in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). (medscape.com)
Vaccines or, alternatively, the utilization of genetically engineered memory T cells could be methods of engaging and creating cancer-specific T cells with superb memory, lenient activation requirements, potent antitumor cytotoxicity, tumor surveillance, and resilience against immunosuppressive factors in the tumor microenvironment. (salk.edu)

Killer cell lectin-like receptor K1 (KLRK1), a marker highly expressed in immune cells, can bind to its ligands expressed by cancer cells to exert its antitumor effect. (bvsalud.org)
Among the ligands of KLRK1, UL16 binding protein (ULBP) 1-3 showed high expression, which was associated with an increased risk of death. (bvsalud.org)

NK cells also utilize additional mechanisms for mediating their effector functions. (medscape.com)
Germinal center B cells utilize S1P 2 signaling to regulate survival, proliferation. (guidetomalariapharmacology.org)

This ensures that NK cells are triggered only when required and only when they encounter potentially dangerous cells. (medscape.com)

Activation leads to granule exocytosis and release of perforin and granzyme B, which mediate lysis of the target cell. (medscape.com)

We discuss factors that influence CD8 T cell differentiation and function in cancer through a framework that incorporates the classic three-signal model and a fourth signal-metabolism-and also consider the impact of the tumor microenvironment from a T cell perspective. (salk.edu)
The progress in understanding T cell function in cancer has and will continue to improve harnessing of the immune system across broader tumor types to benefit more patients. (salk.edu)

CXCR3 is one of more than 20 distinct chemokine receptors expressed in human leukocytes. (guidetomalariapharmacology.org)
11/05/2007) TOTAL 2008 NEW DESCRIPTORS = 456 MH - A Kinase Anchor Proteins UI - D054758 MN - D12.644.360.24.65 MN - D12.776.157.57.01 MN - D12.776.476.24.69 MS - A structurally-diverse family of intracellular-signaling adaptor proteins that selectively tether specific protein kinase A subtypes to distinct subcellular sites. (nih.gov)

Most forms of effective cancer immunotherapy involve CD8 T cell effector function. (salk.edu)
Ablation of β-adrenergic signalling limits the progression of T cells towards the exhausted state in chronic infection and improves effector functions when combined with immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) in melanoma. (salk.edu)

CD94 (Cluster of Differentiation 94), also known as killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily D, member 1 (KLRD1) is a human gene. (wikipedia.org)
The protein encoded by CD94 gene is a lectin, cluster of differentiation and a receptor that is involved in cell signaling and is expressed on the surface of natural killer cells in the innate immune system. (wikipedia.org)
MHC class I-related chain A (MICA) antigens are surface glycoproteins strongly implicated in innate immunity, and the MICA gene is highly polymorphic. (nih.gov)
Probe Set ID Ref Seq Protein ID Signal Strength Name Gene Symbol Species Function Swiss-Prot ID Amino Acid Sequence 1367452_at NP_598278 16.52 small ubiquitin-related modifier 2 precursor Sumo2 Rattus norvegicus " Ubiquitin-like protein that can be covalently attached to proteins as a monomer or as a lysine-linked polymer. (nih.gov)
This review introduces the gene and protein structure of AGR2. (bvsalud.org)

CB 2 receptor on eosinophils mainly mediates anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory actions e.g. downregulation of pro-inflammatory mediator release. (guidetomalariapharmacology.org)

NK cells also recognize viral pathogens directly through sensing of viral replication products, for example dsRNA through cell surface Toll-like receptor (TLR). (medscape.com)
CD8 T cells are essential components of the immune response against viral infections and tumours, and are capable of eliminating infected and cancerous cells. (salk.edu)

Here, we review the current understanding of T cell function in cancer, focusing on key CD8 T cell subtypes and states. (salk.edu)
In this review we analyze memory T cell subtypes based on their potential utility in cancer immunoprevention with regard to longevity, localization, activation requirements, and efficacy in fighting cancers. (salk.edu)
A particular focus is on how both tissue-resident memory T cells and stem memory T cells could be promising subtypes for engaging in immunoprevention. (salk.edu)

Exhausted CD8 T cells cluster around sympathetic nerves in an ADRB1-dependent manner. (salk.edu)

Human natural killer cell receptors for HLA-class I molecules. (wikipedia.org)

lymphocyte of B lineage ( CL:0000945 ) - A lymphocyte of B lineage is a lymphocyte that expresses CD19 on the cell surface. (guidetomalariapharmacology.org)

[ 1 , 13 ] Since most of the cells of the body bear MHC class I molecules constitutively, healthy self cells are protected from NK-targeted lysis. (medscape.com)

Interestingly, IL-20 subfamily can also activate Stat3, but the outcome is different from the activation of IL-10 [ 11 ]. (ijbs.com)
BCG can activate the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) on the surface of alveolar epithelial cells. (ijbs.com)
The engagement of TLR2 and TLR4 on surface of epithelial cells by BCG can activate the glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) by PI3K-Akt and promote the production of IL-10 and IL-22 [ 17 ]. (ijbs.com)

[ 2 ] HLA-E and Qa -1 are only expressed on the cell surface when their peptide-binding groove is occupied by the leader peptide from other MHC class I molecules. (medscape.com)
Other triggering molecules, such as 2B4 [ 19 ] and NTB-A, [ 20 ] function as coreceptors and are expressed by NK and non-NK cells. (medscape.com)
In kidney transplant recipients, polyreactive anti-MICA sera bound preferentially to ECs from MICA A5.1 donors, suggesting that MICA*008(A5.1) molecules are the preferential antigenic determinants on ECs of grafts. (nih.gov)

Several genes of the C-type lectin superfamily, including members of the NKG2 family, are expressed by NK cells and may be involved in the regulation of NK cell function. (wikipedia.org)

By contrast, they are induced by various forms of cell stress, most notably DNA damage, which is very common in cancer cells. (mdpi.com)

It is expressed primarily in the HYPOTHALAMUS and the ADRENAL GLAND. (nih.gov)

Clinical observations suggest a role for donor MICA antigens expressed on transplant endothelial cells in the alloimmune response, but the effect of MICA genotype is not well understood. (nih.gov)
Compared with wild-type endothelial cells (ECs), homozygosity for MICA A5.1 associated with an endothelial phenotype characterized by 7- to 10-fold higher levels of MICA mRNA and MICA proteins at the cell surface, as well as exclusive release in exosomes instead of enzymatic cleavage. (nih.gov)

KIRs are also sensitive to the loss of HLA class I from the cell surface, a mechanism used by viruses, such as herpes virus and cytomegalovirus, to escape cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) recognition. (medscape.com)

Over fifty members of this family exist, most of which bind specifically to regulatory subunits of CYCLIC-AMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE TYPE II such as CAMP PROTEIN KINASE RIIALPHA or CAMP PROTEIN KINASE RIIBETA. (nih.gov)

The expression of the NK cell receptors is not restricted to NK cells. (medscape.com)
CB 2 receptor expression was detected in human B cells by single cell RNA-sequencing. (guidetomalariapharmacology.org)
We identify that exhausted CD8 T cells increase ADRB1 expression and that exposure of ADRB1 T cells to catecholamines suppresses their cytokine production and proliferation. (salk.edu)

Activating receptors have a short cytoplasmic tail bearing positively charged (acidic) amino acids in their cytoplasmic domain, the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM). (medscape.com)
These coreceptors are members of the CD2 subfamily and activation through these receptors follows binding of their cytoplasmic tail to a 128-amino acid cytoplasmic protein known as signaling lymphocyte-activation molecule-associated protein (SAP). (medscape.com)
This suggests that the agonist may function by removing the Stachel peptide which in turn redocks to the orthosteric pocket for receptor activation. (bvsalud.org)

the complex also influences the Golgi structural integrity, as well as the processing, activity, and endocytic recycling of LDL receptors (By similarity). (nih.gov)

IL-22 and IL-26 function via receptor complex consisting of IL-22RA1/IL-10RB or IL-20RA/IL-10RB [ 11 ]. (ijbs.com)

IL-10 can be produced by hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex infection (Figure 1 ). (ijbs.com)
Malignant disease is associated with increased catecholamine levels in patients, and our results establish a connection between the sympathetic stress response, tissue innervation and T cell exhaustion. (salk.edu)

Comments provided by GtoImmuPdb curators giving more information about why the target is associated with B cells. (guidetomalariapharmacology.org)
Specific cell ontology terms annotated against the target by GtoImmupDb curators. (guidetomalariapharmacology.org)
These help provide a higher level resolution of information exact cell types the target is involved with. (guidetomalariapharmacology.org)

They play a role in focusing the PROTEIN KINASE A activity toward relevant substrates. (nih.gov)
This post-translational modification on lysine residues of proteins plays a crucial role in a number of cellular processes such as nuclear transport, DNA replication and repair, mitosis and signal transduction. (nih.gov)
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) play a pivotal role in human immune responses, cellular communication, organ development, and other processes. (bvsalud.org)

An additional defining characteristic is the commitment to express an immunoglobulin complex. (guidetomalariapharmacology.org)
IL-19, IL-20 and IL-24 induced their signaling through the IL-20RA/IL-20RB receptor complex. (ijbs.com)
However, IL-20 and IL-24 preferentially engage with the IL22RA1/IL-20RB receptor complex. (ijbs.com)
Coatomer complex is required for budding from Golgi membranes, and is essential for the retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport of dilysine-tagged proteins. (nih.gov)

check the tag ADOLESCENCE HN - 2008 BX - Nutrition in Adolescence FX - Adolescent Nutrition Physiology MH - Peritoneal Stomata UI - D054048 MN - A01.047.025.600.700 MN - A10.810 MS - Natural openings in the subdiaphragmatic lymphatic plexus in the PERITONEUM, delimited by adjacent mesothelial cells. (bvsalud.org)

Its endoplasmic reticulum retention sequence, protein disulfide isomerase active site and multiple protein binding sequences endow AGR2 with diverse functions inside and outside breast cancer cells. (bvsalud.org)

B cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis express lower levels of β 2 -ARs compared with healthy subjects. (guidetomalariapharmacology.org)

Regulates E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity of RNF19A (By similarity). (nih.gov)

The immune system provides surveillance measures to identify and remove damaged cell types at an early stage. (mdpi.com)

In a pancreatic cancer model resistant to ICB, β-blockers and ICB synergize to boost CD8 T cell responses and induce the development of tissue-resident memory-like T cells. (salk.edu)

Full documentation can be found in the GtoImmuPdb immuno cell type data documentation (PDF) . (guidetomalariapharmacology.org)
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a malignancy commonly found in the head and neck region, with a low 5-year survival rate. (bvsalud.org)
We found that KLRK1 was highly expressed in HNSCC and correlated with better prognosis. (bvsalud.org)

Coronary sinus, normally located between the LEFT ATRIUM and LEFT VENTRICLE on the posterior surface of the heart, can serve as an anatomical reference for cardiac procedures. (bvsalud.org)
We argue for the notion of immunotherapies as "pro-drugs" that act to augment or modulate T cells, which ultimately serve as the drug in vivo, and for the importance of overall immune health in cancer treatment and prevention. (salk.edu)

Here we show a new link between the stress-associated catecholamines and the progression of T cell exhaustion through the β-adrenergic receptor ADRB1. (salk.edu)

Anatomy28

Organisms16

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs135

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment27

Phenomena and Processes49

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

Lymphocytes7

Cytokines3

NKG2D7

Antigen5

Predominantly2

Binds2

Inhibitory6

Antagonist1

Cytotoxicity2

Ligands2

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Viral2

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Killer1

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Lysis1

Activate3

Molecules3

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MICA2

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