Precursor plasma choline and betaine concentrations. Medical search. Frequent questions

Supplementation with pc and menaquinone-4 was also tested in rats, showing a clear suppression of nodule formation (Precursors of hepatic cancer) and preneoplastic liver lesions in supplemented rats, compared to the control group. (foodpharmacy.blog)
Buchman al, awal m, jenden d, roch m, kang s-h: The effect of lecithin supplementation on plasma choline concentrations during a marathon. (foodpharmacy.blog)
44 Deficiency of this neurotransmitter has also been suspected to occur in CFS and supplementation with choline ( see below ) can also be helpful. (vitality101.com)
Supplementation of the diet with small amounts of choline can prevent certain pathological conditions. (orffa.com)
Although a great deal more work is required examining how pc ingestion relates to hcy concentrations, the limited data available indicates that pc supplementation, in high enough doses, may lower hcy concentrations. (foodpharmacy.blog)
Supplementation with foods rich in SCFAs precursors not only affects the content of gut-derived SCFAs, but also maintains and enhances the steady state of gut microecology by selectively promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut, thereby regulating physiological function and contribute to host health. (btbuspxb.com)
However, plasma levels of FC and CE significantly decreased and the ratio of FC to CE also significantly decreased, suggesting that ubiquinol-10 supplementation improved cholesterol metabolism. (cesupplement.com)

The purpose of the current study was to further explore the effects of phosphatidylcholine (PC) provided by eggs versus a choline bitartrate (CB) supplement on the gut microbiota, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) formation, and plasma carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin in MetS. (mdpi.com)
Excessive consumption of choline (greater than 7.5 grams per day) can cause low blood pressure, sweating, diarrhea and fish-like body smell due to trimethylamine, which forms in the metabolism of choline. (wikipedia.org)
Such an alimentation is associated with nutritional biomarkers, including trimethylamine N -oxide (TMAO) and its precursors. (biomedcentral.com)
TMAO and its precursors (trimethylamine [TMA], betaine, choline, and carnitine) as well as thio-amino-acids (cysteine, homocysteine and methionine) were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. (biomedcentral.com)
The authors argue that dietary choline, found mostly as phosphatidylcholine, enters the intestine where our gut bacteria convert it to free choline and then to trimethylamine, a gas that smells like rotting fish. (westonaprice.org)
Studies in humans have shown that neither phosphatidylcholine nor choline-rich foods produce detectable increases in trimethylamine. (westonaprice.org)
Choline chloride and choline stearate led to the production of large amounts of trimethylamine, but lecithin (phosphatidylcholine), the main form of choline found in food, led to only a small increase. (westonaprice.org)
Choline-rich foods like liver and eggs did not produce any increase in urinary trimethylamine or TMAO over control levels. (westonaprice.org)
By contrast, other forms of choline travel to the colon where gut bacteria make enzymes that convert them to trimethylamine. (westonaprice.org)

In most animals, choline phospholipids are necessary components in cell membranes, in the membranes of cell organelles, and in very low-density lipoproteins. (wikipedia.org)
Dietary requirements can be met by choline by itself or in the form of choline phospholipids, such as phosphatidylcholine. (wikipedia.org)

Like in other animal species, suboptimal concentration of (phosphatidyl)choline in the pet's diet is associated with a reduced capacity of the liver to synthesize VLDL, which results in the accumulation of fat in the liver of dogs and cats 1 . (orffa.com)

Choline forms various salts, for example choline chloride and choline bitartrate. (wikipedia.org)
Choline chloride can be made by treating TMA with 2-chloroethanol: (CH3)3N + ClCH2CH2OH → [(CH3)3NCH2CH2OH]+Cl− The 2-chloroethanol can be generated from ethylene oxide. (wikipedia.org)
Further, feeding mice five-fold or ten-fold higher concentrations of choline chloride than they would ordinarily receive, or simply feeding them TMAO itself, increased atherosclerotic lesion size, and atherosclerotic lesion size correlated with blood levels of TMAO. (westonaprice.org)
Betaine is closely linked to choline due to its relationship within the transmethylation pathway, which allows for the use of betaine to partly or completely replace choline chloride in animal diets. (orffa.com)

TMAO and its precursors do not appear to be substantial prognosis factors for HFrH, beyond usual cardiac- and kidney-related risk factors, whereas homocysteine is an independent risk factor for all-cause death in patients with T2D. (biomedcentral.com)
In support of this hypothesis, the authors showed that blood levels of choline, its metabolic byproduct betaine, and TMAO all correlated with the incidence and severity of cardiovascular disease in humans, although this was not prospective data showing that the occurrence of these compounds in the blood early in life predicted the development of heart disease later in life. (westonaprice.org)

A PEMT enzyme moves three methyl groups from three S-adenosyl methionines (SAM) donors to the ethanolamine group of the phosphatidylethanolamine to form choline in the form of a phosphatidylcholine. (wikipedia.org)
They found that 60 percent of free choline and 30 percent of carnitine, another potential precursor, was excreted in the urine as one of these two products, but that neither betaine nor phosphatidylcholine converted to either product at all. (westonaprice.org)
Choline, per se, is essential as a building block for acetylcholine and phosphatidylcholine. (orffa.com)

Choline is not formally classified as a vitamin despite being an essential nutrient with an amino acid-like structure and metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
Betaine is a functional nutrient with interesting osmoprotective properties and is a well-known methyl (CH 3 ) donor in animal metabolism. (orffa.com)
In the animal body, betaine is a natural metabolite in the transmethylation metabolism (Figure 1). (orffa.com)
The food sources of gut-derived SCFAs precursors, gut microbes involved in SCFAs metabolism and their metabolic pathways were summarized. (btbuspxb.com)
There also is evidence of cross-talk between choline and energy metabolism [ 19 ], which may subsequently affect neurocognition by modulating fat deposition and insulin sensitivity [ 20 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

We previously demonstrated that intake of three eggs/d for 4 weeks increased plasma choline and decreased inflammation in subjects with metabolic syndrome (MetS). (mdpi.com)
SCFAs are produced through different metabolic pathways from SCFAs precursors by various gut microorganisms independently or synergistically. (btbuspxb.com)
The objective of this study was to determine if choline intake is correlated with working memory performance, and if this relationship is modified by diagnosis and metabolic control. (biomedcentral.com)
Recent and historical blood Phe concentrations were collected as measures of metabolic control. (biomedcentral.com)
Clinical monitoring of choline intake is essential for all individuals with PKU but may have important implications for working memory functioning among patients with good metabolic control. (biomedcentral.com)

Choline has historically been produced from natural sources, such as via hydrolysis of lecithin. (wikipedia.org)

Choline is the parent compound of the cholines class, consisting of ethanolamine residue having three methyl groups attached to the same nitrogen atom. (wikipedia.org)
A second functional role of choline is the delivery of methyl groups for transmethylation reactions (Figure 1). (orffa.com)
As a methyl donor, choline provides active methyl groups for the remethylation of homocysteine into methionine. (orffa.com)
For the delivery of free methyl groups, choline needs to be converted into betaine via an irreversible 2-step oxidation reaction in the mitochondria (Figure 2). (orffa.com)

The aim of this review is to highlight current insights into the roles of choline and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in maternal and infant nutrition, with special emphasis on dietary recommendations, gaps in dietary intake, and synergistic implications of both nutrients in infant brain and eye development. (mdpi.com)
Eliminate dietary (Or supplemental if your diet is deficient) choline at your peril. (foodpharmacy.blog)
In humans, certain PEMT-enzyme mutations and estrogen deficiency (often due to menopause) increase the dietary need for choline. (wikipedia.org)
In knockout mice, PEMT inactivation makes them completely dependent on dietary choline. (wikipedia.org)
Does Dietary Choline Contribute to Heart Disease? (westonaprice.org)
Most recently, my article entitled "Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Silent Epidemic of Nutritional Imbalance" contained a major section on the role of dietary choline in protecting against fatty liver disease, which itself is a powerful and independent risk factor for heart disease. (westonaprice.org)
Reggio Emilia, Italy) on lactation performance and rumen measures of dairy cows fed 2 concentrations of dietary CP. (vetagro.com)
As an alternative to a very high fat ketogenic diet, ketones precursors for oral intake are being developed to achieve ketosis without the need for dietary carbohydrate restriction. (epiphanyasd.com)

Humans are capable of some de novo synthesis of choline but require additional choline in the diet to maintain health. (wikipedia.org)
The synthesis of choline from ethanolamine may take place in three parallel pathways, where three consecutive N-methylation steps catalyzed by a methyl transferase are carried out on either the free-base, phospho-bases, or phosphatidyl-bases. (wikipedia.org)
In humans and most other animals, de novo synthesis of choline is via the phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) pathway, but biosynthesis is not enough to meet human requirements. (wikipedia.org)
Yet, choline is traditionally added within the vitamin B-complex to pet food, as the de novo synthesis can be inadequate under some conditions. (orffa.com)

Suboptimal choline intake may contribute to these impairments, but this relationship has not been previously investigated in PKU. (biomedcentral.com)

Having this specific characteristic, betaine is a zwitterion (dipolar ion) and this allows betaine to be both highly water soluble and able to hold water molecules. (orffa.com)

Vegetables with pasta and rice also contribute to choline intake in the American diet. (wikipedia.org)
Working memory performance was 0.32 z-scores (95% CI 0.06, 0.58) lower, on average, in participants with PKU compared to participants without PKU, and this difference was not modified by total choline intake (F[1,75] = 0.85, p = 0.36). (biomedcentral.com)

Choline is required to produce acetylcholine - a neurotransmitter - and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), a universal methyl donor. (wikipedia.org)

Symptomatic choline deficiency causes non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and muscle damage. (wikipedia.org)
In the classical sense, choline is not a true vitamin as animals are able to synthesize choline in the liver. (orffa.com)

The gut-derived SCFAs, in particular, acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid, are fermented and transformed from SCFAs precursors by gut microbiota. (btbuspxb.com)

Like folate (vitamin B9), cobalamin (vitamin B12) and choline, betaine has a specific role in the existing methyl transferation pathways to remethylate homocysteine into methionine. (orffa.com)
To begin identifying additional drivers of cognitive variability, the present study investigated choline, which affects the brain through several pathways. (biomedcentral.com)

Choline can also be released from more complex choline containing molecules. (wikipedia.org)

In humans, choline is absorbed from the intestines via the SLC44A1 (CTL1) membrane protein via facilitated diffusion governed by the choline concentration gradient and the electrical potential across the enterocyte membranes. (wikipedia.org)

Choline is an essential nutrient for humans and many other animals. (wikipedia.org)

Thereby, betaine protects cells from the negative effects of dehydration, which results in reduced cellular activity, protein denaturation and loss of enzyme production. (orffa.com)

The addition of histidine, C6 sugar amine, and betaine to a Sarnat score-based clinical regression model significantly improved model performance (Akaike information criterion and adjusted r 2 ) for Bayley-III cognitive, motor, and language scores. (nature.com)
Plasma metabolites may help to predict neurological outcomes in neonatal brain injury and enhance current clinical predictors. (nature.com)

The required conversion of choline into betaine makes betaine a more efficient methyl donor compared to choline. (orffa.com)
Supplemented betaine, which is not used as a methyl donor, can be used by (stressed) cells as an osmoprotectant. (orffa.com)

In spite of the beneficial functionality of betaine in animal nutrition, there is no nutritional requirement identified for the application of betaine in pet food. (orffa.com)
12 However, this beneficial effect seems to be overridden at higher concentrations by distinct hazardous electrophysiologic effects. (researchgate.net)

However, the concentration of vitamin C in the body is tightly regulated by intestinal absorption from the diet and recycling by the kidneys. (ironpinoy.com)

When betaine is taken up inside cells, it increases the water retention capacity of the cells. (orffa.com)

Higher plasma levels of betaine are advantageous, as it will increase the tolerance of cells to unfavourable conditions (e.g. in cases of renal failure). (orffa.com)
A reduction in PLP availability appears to primarily affect kynureninase activity, limiting NAD production and leading to higher concentrations of kynurenine, 3-hydroxykynurenine, and xanthurenic acid in blood and urine ( Figure 2 ) (9) . (oregonstate.edu)

In regression models, histidine and C6 sugar amine were significantly associated with cognitive, motor, and language and betaine with cognitive and motor Bayley-III composite scores. (nature.com)
Physical exercise significantly increased the plasma lactate concentration both after placebo and phosphatidylserine. (foodpharmacy.blog)

Choline and DHA play a significant role in infant brain and eye development, with inadequate intakes leading to visual and neurocognitive deficits. (mdpi.com)
Likewise, Dr. Emily Deans has recently been writing about the role of choline in mental health , something I had covered in less detail in my 2007 article on pregnancy nutrition . (westonaprice.org)

Our study presents novel associations of plasma metabolites from the first 24 h of life and 2-year neurodevelopmental outcomes for infants with NE. (nature.com)

Yet, particularly based on recent research, betaine has some unique properties to support pet health and pet food production. (orffa.com)

The source of gut-derived SCFAs precursors are various, and non-digestible carbohydrates such as resistant starch, non-starch polysaccharides and oligosaccharide are considered as the main SCFAs precursors in food. (btbuspxb.com)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of two sources of rumen-protected choline (RPC) supplemented from 21 d pre- to 35 d postpartum. (vetagro.com)

For example, phosphatidylcholines (PC) can be hydrolyzed to choline (Chol) in most cell types. (wikipedia.org)
A better water balance by organic osmoprotectants, such as betaine, relieves the pressure on the ion pumps and stabilises the electrolyte concentration in and out of the cell. (orffa.com)
‍ Cell hydration is perturbed by manifold osmotic stressors because cells' plasma membranes are semipermeable to water and solutes. (ppexmed.com)

Disruption of this pathway results in elevated blood Phe and reduced tyrosine (Tyr) concentrations, which lead to profound chemical and morphological changes in the brain [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

La estancia postdoctoral que disfruté en el Dementia Research Laboratory (King's College, Londres), me permitió, además de desarrollar mi habilidades técnicas e intelectuales, el ponerme en contacto y comenzar colaboraciones de investigación, que se mantiene a dia de hoy. (unav.edu)

Thereby, betaine improves the cellular water balance in the gut, muscle and animal tissues. (orffa.com)

SLC44A1 has limited ability to transport choline: at high concentrations part of it is left unabsorbed. (wikipedia.org)

Choline is widespread in nature in living beings. (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy1

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs9

Supplementation7

Trimethylamine9

Phospholipids2

Phosphatidyl Choline1

Chloride4

TMAO2

Phosphatidylcholine3

Metabolism5

Metabolic5

Lecithin1

Methyl groups4

Dietary8

Synthesis4

Suboptimal1

Water-soluble1

Intake2

Neurotransmitter1

Liver2

Microbiota1

Pathways2

Molecules1

Membrane1

Nutrient1

Enzyme1

Clinical2

Donor2

Beneficial2

Vitamin1

Increases1

Higher2

Significantly2

Role2

Outcomes1

Production1

Food1

Study1

Cell3

Blood1

Research1

Muscle1

Ability1

Nature1